数据类型
可以通过查看帮助文档查阅所有支持的数据类型
使用数据类型的原则是：够用就行，尽量使用取值范围小的，而不用大的，这样可以更多的节省存储空间
常用数据类型如下：
整数：int，bit
小数：decimal
字符串：varchar,char
日期时间: date, time, datetime
枚举类型(enum)
特别说明的类型如下：
decimal表示浮点数，如decimal(5,2)表示共存5位数，小数占2位
char表示固定长度的字符串，如char(3)，如果填充’ab’时会补一个空格为’ab ’
varchar表示可变长度的字符串，如varchar(3)，填充’ab’时就会存储’ab’
字符串text表示存储大文本，当字符大于4000时推荐使用
对于图片、音频、视频等文件，不存储在数据库中，而是上传到某个服务器上，然后在表中存储这个文件的保存路径
更全的数据类型可以参考http://blog.csdn.net/anxpp/article/details/51284106
约束
主键primary key：物理上存储的顺序
非空not null：此字段不允许填写空值
惟一unique：此字段的值不允许重复
默认default：当不填写此值时会使用默认值，如果填写时以填写为准
外键foreign key：对关系字段进行约束，当为关系字段填写值时，会到关联的表中查询此值是否存在，如果存在则填写成功，如果不存在则填写失败并抛出异常
说明：虽然外键约束可以保证数据的有效性，但是在进行数据的crud（增加、修改、删除、查询）时，都会降低数据库的性能，所以不推荐使用，那么数据的有效性怎么保证呢？答：可以在逻辑层进行控制
数值类型(常用)
字符串
日期时间类型
数据库命令
查看所有数据库:show databases;
使用数据库:use 数据库名;
查看当前使用的数据库:select database();
创建数据库:create database 数据库名 charset=utf8;
例：create database python charset=utf8;
删除数据库:drop database 数据库名;
例：drop database python;
-- 数据的准备
-- 创建一个数据库
create database python_test charset=utf8;
-- 使用一个数据库
use python_test;
-- 显示使用的当前数据是哪个?
select database();
-- 创建一个数据表
-- students表
create table students(
id int unsigned primary key auto_increment not null,
name varchar(20) default '',
age tinyint unsigned default 0,
height decimal(5,2),
gender enum('男','女','中性','保密') default '保密',
cls_id int unsigned default 0,
is_delete bit default 0
);
-- classes表
create table classes (
id int unsigned auto_increment primary key not null,
name varchar(30) not null
);
-- 查询
-- 查询所有字段
-- select * from 表名;
select * from students;
select * from classes;
select id, name from classes;
-- 查询指定字段
-- select 列1,列2,... from 表名;
select name, age from students;
-- 使用 as 给字段起别名
-- select 字段 as 名字.... from 表名;
select name as 姓名, age as 年龄 from students;
-- select 表名.字段 .... from 表名;
select students.name, students.age from students;
-- 可以通过 as 给表起别名
-- select 别名.字段 .... from 表名 as 别名;
select students.name, students.age from students;
select s.name, s.age from students as s;
-- 失败的select students.name, students.age from students as s;
-- 消除重复行
-- distinct 字段
select distinct gender from students;
-- 条件查询
-- 比较运算符
-- select .... from 表名 where .....
-- >
-- 查询大于18岁的信息
select * from students where age>18;
select id,name,gender from students where age>18;
-- <
-- 查询小于18岁的信息
select * from students where age<18;
-- >=
-- <=
-- 查询小于或者等于18岁的信息
-- =
-- 查询年龄为18岁的所有学生的名字
select * from students where age=18;
-- != 或者 <>
-- 逻辑运算符
-- and
-- 18到28之间的所以学生信息
select * from students where age>18 and age<28;
-- 失败select * from students where age>18 and <28;
-- 18岁以上的女性
select * from students where age>18 and gender="女";
select * from students where age>18 and gender=2;
-- or
-- 18以上或者身高查过180(包含)以上
select * from students where age>18 or height>=180;
-- not
-- 不在 18岁以上的女性 这个范围内的信息
-- select * from students where not age>18 and gender=2;
select * from students where not (age>18 and gender=2);
-- 年龄不是小于或者等于18 并且是女性
select * from students where (not age<=18) and gender=2;
-- 模糊查询
-- like
-- % 替换1个或者多个
-- _ 替换1个
-- 查询姓名中 以 "小" 开始的名字
select name from students where name="小";
select name from students where name like "小%";
-- 查询姓名中 有 "小" 所有的名字
select name from students where name like "%小%";
-- 查询有2个字的名字
select name from students where name like "__";
-- 查询有3个字的名字
select name from students where name like "__";
-- 查询至少有2个字的名字
select name from students where name like "__%";
-- rlike 正则
-- 查询以 周开始的姓名
select name from students where name rlike "^周.*";
-- 查询以 周开始、伦结尾的姓名
select name from students where name rlike "^周.*伦$";
-- 范围查询
-- in (1, 3, 8)表示在一个非连续的范围内
-- 查询 年龄为18、34的姓名
select name,age from students where age=18 or age=34;
select name,age from students where age=18 or age=34 or age=12;
select name,age from students where age in (12, 18, 34);
-- not in 不非连续的范围之内
-- 年龄不是 18、34岁之间的信息
select name,age from students where age not in (12, 18, 34);
-- between ... and ...表示在一个连续的范围内
-- 查询 年龄在18到34之间的的信息
select name, age from students where age between 18 and 34;
-- not between ... and ...表示不在一个连续的范围内
-- 查询 年龄不在在18到34之间的的信息
select * from students where age not between 18 and 34;
select * from students where not age between 18 and 34;
-- 失败的select * from students where age not (between 18 and 34);
-- 空判断
-- 判空is null
-- 查询身高为空的信息
select * from students where height is null;
select * from students where height is NULL;
select * from students where height is Null;
-- 判非空is not null
select * from students where height is not null;
-- 排序
-- order by 字段
-- asc从小到大排列，即升序
-- desc从大到小排序，即降序
-- 查询年龄在18到34岁之间的男性，按照年龄从小到到排序
select * from students where (age between 18 and 34) and gender=1;
select * from students where (age between 18 and 34) and gender=1 order by age;
select * from students where (age between 18 and 34) and gender=1 order by age asc;
-- 查询年龄在18到34岁之间的女性，身高从高到矮排序
select * from students where (age between 18 and 34) and gender=2 order by height desc;
-- order by 多个字段
-- 查询年龄在18到34岁之间的女性，身高从高到矮排序, 如果身高相同的情况下按照年龄从小到大排序
select * from students where (age between 18 and 34) and gender=2 order by height desc,id desc;
-- 查询年龄在18到34岁之间的女性，身高从高到矮排序, 如果身高相同的情况下按照年龄从小到大排序,
-- 如果年龄也相同那么按照id从大到小排序
select * from students where (age between 18 and 34) and gender=2 order by height desc,age asc,id desc;
-- 按照年龄从小到大、身高从高到矮的排序
select * from students order by age asc, height desc;
-- 聚合函数
-- 总数
-- count
-- 查询男性有多少人，女性有多少人
select * from students where gender=1;
select count(*) from students where gender=1;
select count(*) as 男性人数 from students where gender=1;
select count(*) as 女性人数 from students where gender=2;
-- 最大值
-- max
-- 查询最大的年龄
select age from students;
select max(age) from students;
-- 查询女性的最高 身高
select max(height) from students where gender=2;
-- 最小值
-- min
-- 求和
-- sum
-- 计算所有人的年龄总和
select sum(age) from students;
-- 平均值
-- avg
-- 计算平均年龄
select avg(age) from students;
-- 计算平均年龄 sum(age)/count(*)
select sum(age)/count(*) from students;
-- 四舍五入 round(123.23 , 1) 保留1位小数
-- 计算所有人的平均年龄，保留2位小数
select round(sum(age)/count(*), 2) from students;
select round(sum(age)/count(*), 3) from students;
-- 计算男性的平均身高 保留2位小数
select round(avg(height), 2) from students where gender=1;
-- select name, round(avg(height), 2) from students where gender=1;
-- 分组
-- group by
-- 按照性别分组,查询所有的性别
select name from students group by gender;
select * from students group by gender;
select gender from students group by gender;
-- 失败select * from students group by gender;
-- 计算每种性别中的人数
select gender,count(*) from students group by gender;
-- 计算男性的人数
select gender,count(*) from students where gender=1 group by gender;
-- group_concat(...)可以连接字符串一起显示
-- 查询同种性别中的姓名
select gender,group_concat(name) from students where gender=1 group by gender;
select gender,group_concat(name, age, id) from students where gender=1 group by gender;
select gender,group_concat(name, "_", age, " ", id) from students where gender=1 group by gender;
-- having
-- 查询平均年龄超过30岁的性别，以及姓名 having avg(age) > 30
select gender, group_concat(name),avg(age) from students group by gender having avg(age)>30;
-- 查询每种性别中的人数多于2个的信息
select gender, group_concat(name) from students group by gender having count(*)>2;
-- 分页
-- limit start, count
-- 限制查询出来的数据个数
select * from students where gender=1 limit 2;
-- 查询前5个数据
select * from students limit 0, 5;
-- 查询id6-10（包含）的书序
select * from students limit 5, 5;
-- 每页显示2个，第1个页面
select * from students limit 0,2;
-- 每页显示2个，第2个页面
select * from students limit 2,2;
-- 每页显示2个，第3个页面
select * from students limit 4,2;
-- 每页显示2个，第4个页面
select * from students limit 6,2; -- -----> limit (第N页-1)*每个的个数, 每页的个数;
-- 每页显示2个，显示第6页的信息, 按照年龄从小到大排序
-- 失败select * from students limit 2*(6-1),2;
-- 失败select * from students limit 10,2 order by age asc;
select * from students order by age asc limit 10,2;
select * from students where gender=2 order by height desc limit 0,2;
-- 连接查询
-- inner join ... on
-- select ... from 表A inner join 表B;
select * from students inner join classes;
-- 查询 有能够对应班级的学生以及班级信息
select * from students inner join classes on students.cls_id=classes.id;
-- 按照要求显示姓名、班级
select students.*, classes.name from students inner join classes on students.cls_id=classes.id;
select students.name, classes.name from students inner join classes on students.cls_id=classes.id;
-- 给数据表起名字
select s.name, c.name from students as s inner join classes as c on s.cls_id=c.id;
-- 查询 有能够对应班级的学生以及班级信息，显示学生的所有信息，只显示班级名称
select s.*, c.name from students as s inner join classes as c on s.cls_id=c.id;
-- 在以上的查询中，将班级姓名显示在第1列
select c.name, s.* from students as s inner join classes as c on s.cls_id=c.id;
-- 查询 有能够对应班级的学生以及班级信息, 按照班级进行排序
-- select c.xxx s.xxx from student as s inner join clssses as c on .... order by ....;
select c.name, s.* from students as s inner join classes as c on s.cls_id=c.id order by c.name;
-- 当时同一个班级的时候，按照学生的id进行从小到大排序
select c.name, s.* from students as s inner join classes as c on s.cls_id=c.id order by c.name,s.id;
-- left join
-- 查询每位学生对应的班级信息
select * from students as s left join classes as c on s.cls_id=c.id;
-- 查询没有对应班级信息的学生
-- select ... from xxx as s left join xxx as c on..... where .....
-- select ... from xxx as s left join xxx as c on..... having .....
select * from students as s left join classes as c on s.cls_id=c.id having c.id is null;
select * from students as s left join classes as c on s.cls_id=c.id where c.id is null;
-- right join on
-- 将数据表名字互换位置，用left join完成
-- 自关联
-- 省级联动 url:http://demo.lanrenzhijia.com/2014/city0605/
-- 查询所有省份
select * from areas where pid is null;
-- 查询出山东省有哪些市
select * from areas as province inner join areas as city on city.pid=province.aid having province.atitle="山东省";
select province.atitle, city.atitle from areas as province inner join areas as city on city.pid=province.aid having province.atitle="山东省";
-- 查询出青岛市有哪些县城
select province.atitle, city.atitle from areas as province inner join areas as city on city.pid=province.aid having province.atitle="青岛市";
select * from areas where pid=(select aid from areas where atitle="青岛市")
-- 子查询
-- 标量子查询
-- 查询出高于平均身高的信息
-- 查询最高的男生信息
select * from students where height = 188;
select * from students where height = (select max(height) from students);
-- 列级子查询
-- 查询学生的班级号能够对应的学生信息
-- select * from students where cls_id in (select id from classes);
作者：阿超
原创公众号：『Python日常笔记』，专注于 Python爬虫等技术栈和有益的程序人生，会将一些平时的日常笔记都慢慢整理起来，也期待你的关注和阿超一起学习，公众号回复【csdn】优质资源。
