Rust编程知识拾遗:Rust 编程,Option 学习

视频地址

头条地址:https://www.ixigua.com/i6765442674582356483
B站地址:https://www.bilibili.com/video/av78062009?p=1
网易云课堂地址:https://study.163.com/course/introduction.htm?courseId=1209596906#/courseDetail?tab=1

github地址

github地址

介绍

Option类型代表了一个可选的值,每个Option要么是一个Some中包含一个值,要么是一个None。Option的定义如下:

pub enum Option<T> {
    None,
    Some(T),
}

用法

Option主要有以下一些用法:

  • 初始化值;

  • 作为在整个输入范围内没有定义的函数的返回值;

  • 作为返回值,用None表示出现的简单错误;

  • 作为结构体的可选字段;

  • 作为结构体中可借出或者是可载入的字段;

  • 作为函数的可选参数;

  • 代表空指针;

  • 用作复杂情况的返回值。

此处,我们举例说明一下“作为结构体可借出或者是可载入的字段”。

use std::thread;
use std::time::Duration;

struct Worker {
    thread: thread::JoinHandle<()>,
}

impl Worker {
    fn new() -> Worker {
        let thread = thread::spawn(move || {
            println!("start sleep 10 secs ...");
            thread::sleep(Duration::from_secs(10));
        });
        Worker {
            thread: thread,
        }
    }
}

struct ThreadPool {
    workers: Vec<Worker>,
}

impl ThreadPool {
    fn new(size: usize) -> ThreadPool {
        assert!(size > 0);
        let mut workers = Vec::with_capacity(size);
        for _ in 0..size {
            workers.push(Worker::new());
        }

        ThreadPool { workers }
    }
}

impl Drop for ThreadPool {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        for worker in &mut self.workers {
            worker.thread.join().unwrap();//报错,无法编译,thread也无法实现copy trait
            println!("worker thread finished!");
        }
    }
}

fn main() {
    let _pool = ThreadPool::new(3);
    println!("Hello, world!");
}

上述例子中,实现了一个不完整的线程池,在Worker中,有一个字段为线程的句柄。当线程池对象drop时,无法使用mut对象中成员的引用(即通过&mut self.workers取出worker,在调用worker.thread.join())。为了解决此问题,我们可以将Worker结构体修改如下:

struct Worker {
    // thread: thread::JoinHandle<()>,
    thread: Option<thread::JoinHandle<()>>,
}

完整代码为:

use std::thread;
use std::time::Duration;

struct Worker {
    // thread: thread::JoinHandle<()>,
    thread: Option<thread::JoinHandle<()>>,
}

impl Worker {
    fn new() -> Worker {
        let thread = thread::spawn(move || {
            println!("start sleep 10 secs ...");
            thread::sleep(Duration::from_secs(10));
        });
        Worker {
            // thread: thread,
            thread: Some(thread),
        }
    }
}

struct ThreadPool {
    workers: Vec<Worker>,
}

impl ThreadPool {
    fn new(size: usize) -> ThreadPool {
        assert!(size > 0);
        let mut workers = Vec::with_capacity(size);
        for _ in 0..size {
            workers.push(Worker::new());
        }

        ThreadPool { workers }
    }
}

impl Drop for ThreadPool {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        for worker in &mut self.workers {
            // worker.thread.join().unwrap();
            // println!("worker thread finished!");
            
            if let Some(thread) = worker.thread.take() {//此处将thread从Worker的thread字段的Option中拿出来,使用了“Option类型作为结构体中可借出或者是可载入的字段”
                thread.join().unwrap();
                println!("worker thread finished!");
            }
        }
    }
}

fn main() {
    let _pool = ThreadPool::new(3);
    println!("Hello, world!");
}

在ThreadPool的drop实现中,通过option的take方法,将thread从worker中移出,然后调用join,成功解决问题。

方法

  • is_some

    pub fn is_some(&self) -> bool
    

    当Option中有值时,返回true。

  • is_none

    pub fn is_none(&self) -> bool
    

    当Option为None时,返回true。

  • contains

    pub fn contains<U>(&self, x: &U) -> bool
    where
        U: PartialEq<T>, 
    

    当Some中包含给定的值时,返回true。这个是nightly API。

    //示例
    #![feature(option_result_contains)]
    
    let x: Option<u32> = Some(2);
    assert_eq!(x.contains(&2), true);
    
    let x: Option<u32> = Some(3);
    assert_eq!(x.contains(&2), false);
    
  • as_ref

    pub fn as_ref(&self) -> Option<&T>
    

    &Option<T>转换为Option<&T>

    //例子
    let text: Option<String> = Some("Hello, world!".to_string());
    
    let text_length: Option<usize> = text.as_ref().map(|s| s.len());
    println!("still can print text: {:?}", text);
    
  • take

    pub fn take(&mut self) -> Option<T>
    

    把值从Option中拿出来,留下None。

    let mut x = Some(2);
    let y = x.take();
    assert_eq!(x, None);
    assert_eq!(y, Some(2));
    
    let mut x: Option<u32> = None;
    let y = x.take();
    assert_eq!(x, None);
    assert_eq!(y, None);
    
  • copied

    pub fn copied(self) -> Option<T>
    

    Option<&T>得到Option<T>(通过复制来实现)

    let x = 12;
    
    let opt_x = Some(&x);
    assert_eq!(opt_x, Some(&12));
    
    let copied = opt_x.copied();
    assert_eq!(copied, Some(12));
    
  • cloned

    pub fn cloned(self) -> Option<T>
    

    Option<&T>得到Option<T>(通过克隆来实现)

    let x = 12;
    
    let opt_x = Some(&x);
    assert_eq!(opt_x, Some(&12));
    
    let cloned = opt_x.cloned();
    assert_eq!(cloned, Some(12));
    
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