软件工程专业英语选词填空

第一单元

microcomputer	微型计算机n	computing	计算n，计算v	digital	数字的adj	base	基于v
advent	出现v	mode	模式n	circuit	电路n	significance	重要性n
chip	芯片n	appear	出现v	speed	速度n，加速v	transistor	晶体管n
minicomputer	小型计算机n	combine	结合v	categorization	分类n	integration	集成n

We can define a computer as a device that accepts input,processes data,stores data,and produces output.According to the mode of processing,computers are either analog or digital.  They can also be classified as mainframes, minicomputers, workstations, or microcomputers. All else (for example, the age of the machine) being equal, this categorization provides some indication of the computer’s speed,size,cost,and abilities. 
Ever since the advent of computers,there have been constant changes.First-generation computers of historic significance, such as UNIVAC (通用自动计算机), introduced in the early 1950s,were based on vacuum tubes.Second-generation computers, appearing in the early 1960s, were those in which transistors replaced vacuum tubes. In third-generation computers, dating from the 1960s, integrated circuits replaced transistors.In fourth-generation computers such as microcomputers,which first appeared in the mid-1970s,large-scale integration enabled thousands of circuits to be incorporated on one chip. Fifth-generation computers are expected to combine very-large-scale integration with sophisticated approaches to computing, including artificial intelligence and true distributed processing. 

对应译文：

我们可以将计算机定义为接受输入、处理数据、存储数据并产生输出的设备。根据处理 方式 的不同，计算机可以是模拟的，也可以是 数字 的。它们也可以分为大型机、 小型计算机 、工作站或微型计算机。在其他条件相同的情况下(例如，机器的年龄)，这种 分类 提供了计算机 速度 、大小、成本和能力的一些指示。

自从计算机 出现 以来，一直在不断地变化。具有历史 意义 的第一代计算机，如20世纪50年代初引入的通用自动计算机，是 基于 真空管的。20世纪60年代初 出现 的第二代计算机是用 晶体管 代替真空管的计算机。从20世纪60年代开始，在第三代计算机中，集成 电路 取代了晶体管。在第四代计算机中，如20世纪70年代中期首次出现的 微型计算机 ，大规模 集成 使成千上万的电路集成在一个 芯片 上。第五代计算机有望将大规模集成与复杂的 计算 方法 结合 起来，包括人工智能和真正的分布式处理。

第二单元

commercial	商业的adj	light	光n，明亮的adj，点亮v	disc	圆盘光盘n	optical	光学的adj
laser	激光n	represent	代表v	floppy	软的adj	retrieve	检索，重新得到v
access	访问v	store	存储v，商店n	erase	擦除v	flat	扁平的adj
reflect	反射v	equivalent	相当的adj	information	信息n	surface	表面n

CD-ROM stands for compact disc read-only memory.Unlike floppy and hard disks, which use magnetic charges to represent 1s and 0s,optical discs use reflected light.On a CD-ROM disc,1s and 0s are represented by flat areas and bumpy(高低不平的)areas(called“pits”)on its bottom surface.The CD-ROM disc is read by a laser that projects a tiny beam of light on these areas.The amount of reflected light determines whether the area represents a 1 or a 0. 
Like a commercial CD found in music stores,a CD-ROM is a “read-only” disc. Read-only means it cannot be written on or erased by the user.Thus,you as a user have access only to the data imprinted(压印)by the publisher. 
A single CD-ROM disc can store 650 megabytes(兆字节)of data.That is equivalent to 451 floppy disks.With that much information on a single disc,the time to retrieve or access the information is very important.An important characteristic of CD-ROM drives is their access rate. 

对应译文：

CD-ROM是光盘只读存储器的缩写。与 软盘 和硬盘使用磁荷来表示1和0不同， 光盘 使用反射光。在CD-ROM光盘,0和1表示 平面 区域和高低不平的区域。在它的底部 表面 。CD-ROM光盘由 激光 读取，激光将一束微小的 光束 投射到这些区域。 反射 光的数量决定了这个区域 代表 的是1还是0。

和音乐商店里的 商业 CD一样，CD-ROM是只读的 磁盘 。只读意味着它不能被用户写入或 删除 。因此,作为一个用户只能 访问 到被出版商压印的数据。

一个CD-ROM光盘可以 存储 650兆字节的数据。这 相当 于451张软盘。对于单个磁盘上的那么多 信息， 检索 或访问信息的时间非常重要。CD-ROM驱动器的一个重要特性是它们的访问速率。

 

第三单元

reuse	复用v，复用的adj	translate	翻译v	step	步骤n	memory	内存n
high-level	高水平的adj	computer	计算机n	machine	机器n	execution	执行n
program	程序n	processing	处理n	inconvenient	不便利的adj	separate	分离v，分开的adj
programming	程序设计n	combine	结合v	programmer	程序员n	powerful	强大的，强有力的adj

A programming language is a language used to write instructions for the computer.It lets the programmer express data processing in a symbolic manner without regard to machine-specific details.
The difficulty of writing programs in the machine language of 0s and 1s led first to the development of assembly language, which allows programmers to use mnemonics(助记符) for instructions and symbols for variables. Such programs are then translated by a program known as an assembler into the binary encoding used by the computer.Other pieces of system software known as linking loaders (连接装入程序) combine pieces of assembled code and load them into the machine’s main memory unit,where they are then ready for execution.The concept of linking separate pieces of code was important,since it allowed“libraries”of programs to be built up to carry out common tasks—a first step toward the increasingly emphasized notion of software reuse. Assembly language was found to be sufficiently inconvenient that higher-level languages(closer to natural languages)were invented in the 1950s for easier,faster programming; along with them came the need for compilers,programs that translate high-level language programs into machine code.As programming languages became more powerful and abstract,building efficient compilers that create high-quality code in terms of execution speed and storage consumption became an interesting computer science problem in itself. 

对应译文：

编程语言是一种用来为计算机编写指令的语言。它允许程序员以符号的方式表示数据 处理 ，而不考虑机器特定的细节。

用0和1的 机器 语言编写程序的困难首先导致汇编语言的发展，它允许 程序员 使用助记符作为指令和符号、变量。然后，这些程序被称为汇编程序的程序 翻译 成 计算机 使用的二进制编码。其他称为连接装入程序的系统软件将组装好的代码 组合 在一起，并将它们加载到机器的主 内存 单元中，然后它们就可以执行了。连接 独立 代码段的概念很重要，因为它允许建立 程序 的“库”来执行共同的任务--这是向日益强调的软件 重用 概念迈出的第一 步 。汇编语言被发现是非常不方便的，更高级的语言(更接近自然语言)是在20世纪50年代为了更简单、更快的 编程 而发明的。他需要编译器，将 高级 语言程序转换成机器代码的程序.随着编程语言变得更加 强大 和抽象，构建高效的编译器来创建更高的- 执行 速度和存储消耗方面的高质量代码本身就成了一个有趣的计算机科学问题。

第四单元

similar	相似的adj	computer	计算机n	directly	直接地adv	compiler	编译v
produce	产生v	engineer	工程师n	assembler	汇编程序	low-level	低水平的adj
program	程序n	instruction	指令n	machine	机器n	different	不同的adj
translation	翻译n	manufacturer	制造商n	language	语言n	version	版本n

A compiler,in computer science,is a computer program that translates source code into object code.Software engineers write source code using high-level programming languages that people can understand.Computers cannot directly execute source code, but need a compiler to translate these instructions into a low-level language called machine code.
Compilers collect and reorganize(compile)all the instructions in a given set of source code to produce object code.Object code is often the same as or similar to a computer’s machine code.If the object code is the same as the machine language,the computer can run the program immediately after the compiler produces its translation.If the object code is not in machine language,other programs—such as assemblers,binders(联编程序),linkers,and loaders(加载程序)—finish the translation.
Most computer languages use different versions of compilers for different types of computers or operating systems,so one language may have different compilers for personal computers(PC)and Apple Macintosh computers. Many different manufacturers often produce versions of the same programming language, so compilers for a language may vary between manufacturers. 

对应译文：

在计算机科学中，编译器是一种将源代码转换为目标代码的计算机程序。软件 工程师 使用人们可以理解的高级编程 语言 编写源代码。计算机不能 直接 执行源代码，但需要 编译器 将这些指令翻译成一种称为机器码的 低级 语言。

编译器收集并重新组织(编译)给定源代码集中的所有 指令 ，以 生成 目标代码。对象代码通常与计算机的计算机代码相同或 类似 。如果目标代码与 机器 语言相同，计算机可以在编译器生成 翻译 后立即运行 程序 。如果目标代码不是机器语言，则其他程序比如 汇编器 、联编程序、链接器和加载程序完成翻译。

大多数计算机语言对不同类型的计算机或操作系统使用不同 版本 的编译器，因此一种语言可能有不同的个人 计算机 和编译器电脑。许多不同的制造商通常会生成同一种编程语言的版本，因此一种语言的编译器在 制造商 之间可能会有所不同。

第五单元

aspect	方面n	software	软件n	environment	环境n	most	最adv，大部分的adj，大多数n
different	不同的adj	practice	实践v	maintenance	维护n	type	类型n，打字v
adapt	适应v	modify	修改v	way	方法n	response	响应n
expensive	昂贵的adj	fault	故障n	necessary	必要的adj	system	系统n

There are three different types of software maintenance. Firstly, there is maintenance to repair software faults. Coding errors are usually relatively cheap to correct; design errors are more expensive as they may involve rewriting several program components. Requirements errors are the most expensive to repair because of the extensive system redesign that may be necessary. Secondly, there is maintenance to adapt the software to a different operating environment. This type of maintenance is required when some aspect of the system’s environment such as the hardware, the platform operating system or other support software changes. The application system must be modified to adapt it to cope with these environmental changes. And thirdly, there is maintenance to add to or modify the system’s functionality. This type of maintenance is necessary when the system requirements change in response to organizational or business change. The scale of the changes required to the software is often much greater than for the other types of maintenance. In practice, there isn’t a clear-cut distinction between these types of maintenance. When you adapt the system to a new environment, you may add functionality to take advantage of new environmental features. Software faults are often exposed because users use the system in unanticipated ways. Changing the system to accommodate their way of working is the best way to fix these faults.

对应译文：

有三种不同类型的软件维护。首先，对软件 故障 进行维护。编码错误通常比较便宜来纠正，而设计错误则比较 费钱 。因为它们可能涉及重写几个程序组件。需求错误是 最 昂贵的修复，因为广泛的系统重新设计，这可能是 必要 的。其次，对软件进行维护，使其适应 不同 的运行环境。当系统环境的某些 方面 ，如硬件、平台操作系统或其他支持软件的更改。应用 系统 必须进行 修改 ，以适应这些环境变化。第三，要对系统的功能进行添加或修改的 维护 。当系统需求 因 组织或业务而发生变化时，这种 类型 的维护是必要的。 软件 所需更改的规模通常比其他类型的维护要大得多。在 实践 中，这些类型的维护并没有明确的区别.当您使系统 适应 新环境时，您可以添加功能以利用新的 环境 特性。由于用户以意想不到的 方式 使用系统，所以经常暴露软件故障。改变系统以适应他们的工作方式是修复这些故障的最好方法。

第六单元

equipment	设备n	important	重要的adj	access	通道n，接近、访问、存取v	center	中心n
avaliable	可用的adj	text	文本n	use	使用v，用途n	every	每adv
develop	发展v	database	数据库n	experimental	实验的adj	link	联系n，链接v
nonprofit	非营利的adj	online	联机的adj	public	公众的adj，公众n	limited	有限的adj，高级列车n

A database is any collection of data organized for storage in a computer memory and designed for easy access by authorized users. The data may be in the form of text, numbers, or encoded graphics. Small databases were first developed or funded by the U.S. government for agency or professional use. In the 1960s, some databases became commercially available, but their use was funnelled through a few so-called research centers that collected information inquiries and handled them in batches (批，批量). Online databases—that is, databases available to anyone who could link up to them by computer—first appeared in the 1970s. Since their first, experimental appearance in the 1950s, databases have become so important that they can be found in almost every field of information. Government, military, and industrial databases are often highly restricted, and professional databases are usually of limited interest. A wide range of commercial, governmental, and nonprofit databases are available to the general public, however, and may be used by anyone who owns or has access to the equipment that they require.

对应译文：

数据库是为存储在计算机内存中并为授权用户方便 访问 而设计的任何数据集合。数据可以是 文本 、数字或编码图形的形式。所有数据库最初是由美国政府 开发 或资助的，供机构或专业人员 使用 。在20世纪60年代，一些数据库开始商业 化 ，但这些数据库的使用是通过几个所谓的研究 中心 来收集信息查询并分批处理。 在线 数据库（即，可以通过计算机 链接 到它们的任何人可用的数据库）——首先出现在1970年代。自从20世纪50年代第一次 实验性 地出现以来，数据库变得非常 重要 ，几乎可以在每一个信息领域找到它们。政府、军方和工业数据库往往受到高度限制，专业 数据库 通常是 有限的 的兴趣。然而，广泛的商业、政府和 非营利 数据库可供 公众 使用，并可供拥有或使用所需 设备 的任何人使用。