OpenGL学习笔记：混合

其他 2020-03-27 12:15:02 阅读次数: 0

丢弃片段

第一种混合的方法很简单，直接将alpha值为0的片段丢弃即可，这个可以在片段着色器中进行简单处理，需要注意的是，当采样纹理的边缘的时候，OpenGL会对边缘的值和纹理下一个重复的值进行插值（因为我们将它的环绕方式设置为了GL_REPEAT。这通常是没问题的，但是由于我们使用了透明值，纹理图像的顶部将会与底部边缘的纯色值进行插值。这样的结果是一个半透明的有色边框，你可能会看见它环绕着你的纹理四边形。要想避免这个，每当你alpha纹理的时候，请将纹理的环绕方式设置为GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE
完整代码

#include <glad/glad.h>
#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>

#include <stb_image.h>

#include <glm/glm.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/type_ptr.hpp>

#include <shader.h>
#include <camera.h>
#include <model.h>

#include <iostream>

#include <windows.h>

const char *vertexShaderSource = R"1234(#version 330 core
layout (location = 0) in vec3 aPos;
layout (location = 1) in vec2 aTexCoords;

out vec2 TexCoords;

uniform mat4 model;
uniform mat4 view;
uniform mat4 projection;

void main()
{
    TexCoords = aTexCoords;    
    gl_Position = projection * view * model * vec4(aPos, 1.0);
}
)1234";

const char *fragmentShaderSource = R"1234(#version 330 core
out vec4 FragColor;

in vec2 TexCoords;

uniform sampler2D texture1;

void main()
{    
//   FragColor = texture(texture1, TexCoords);
    vec4 texColor = texture(texture1, TexCoords);
    if(texColor.a < 0.1)
        discard;
    FragColor = texColor;
}
)1234";

void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height);
void mouse_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xpos, double ypos);
void scroll_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xoffset, double yoffset);
void processInput(GLFWwindow *window);
unsigned int loadTexture(const char *path);

// settings
const unsigned int SCR_WIDTH = 1280;
const unsigned int SCR_HEIGHT = 720;

// camera
Camera camera(glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 3.0f));
float lastX = (float)SCR_WIDTH / 2.0;
float lastY = (float)SCR_HEIGHT / 2.0;
bool firstMouse = true;

// timing
float deltaTime = 0.0f;
float lastFrame = 0.0f;

int main()
{
	// glfw: initialize and configure
	// ------------------------------
	glfwInit();
	glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR, 3);
	glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR, 3);
	glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_PROFILE, GLFW_OPENGL_CORE_PROFILE);

#ifdef __APPLE__
	glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_FORWARD_COMPAT, GL_TRUE); // uncomment this statement to fix compilation on OS X
#endif

														 // glfw window creation
														 // --------------------
	GLFWwindow* window = glfwCreateWindow(SCR_WIDTH, SCR_HEIGHT, "LearnOpenGL", NULL, NULL);
	if (window == NULL)
	{
		std::cout << "Failed to create GLFW window" << std::endl;
		glfwTerminate();
		return -1;
	}
	glfwMakeContextCurrent(window);
	glfwSetFramebufferSizeCallback(window, framebuffer_size_callback);
	glfwSetCursorPosCallback(window, mouse_callback);
	glfwSetScrollCallback(window, scroll_callback);

	// tell GLFW to capture our mouse
//	glfwSetInputMode(window, GLFW_CURSOR, GLFW_CURSOR_DISABLED);

	// glad: load all OpenGL function pointers
	// ---------------------------------------
	if (!gladLoadGLLoader((GLADloadproc)glfwGetProcAddress))
	{
		std::cout << "Failed to initialize GLAD" << std::endl;
		return -1;
	}

	// configure global opengl state
	// -----------------------------
	glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
	glDepthFunc(GL_LESS); // always pass the depth test (same effect as glDisable(GL_DEPTH_TEST))

	// build and compile shaders
	// -------------------------
	Shader shader(vertexShaderSource, fragmentShaderSource);

	// set up vertex data (and buffer(s)) and configure vertex attributes
	// ------------------------------------------------------------------
	float cubeVertices[] = {
		// positions          // texture Coords
		-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
		0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
		0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
		0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
		-0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
		-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,

		-0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
		0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
		0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
		0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
		-0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
		-0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,

		-0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
		-0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
		-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
		-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
		-0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
		-0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,

		0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
		0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
		0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
		0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
		0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
		0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,

		-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
		0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
		0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
		0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
		-0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
		-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,

		-0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
		0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
		0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
		0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
		-0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
		-0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f
	};

	float planeVertices[] = {
		// positions          // texture Coords (note we set these higher than 1 (together with GL_REPEAT as texture wrapping mode). this will cause the floor texture to repeat)
		5.0f, -0.5f,  5.0f,  2.0f, 0.0f,
		-5.0f, -0.5f,  5.0f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
		-5.0f, -0.5f, -5.0f,  0.0f, 2.0f,

		5.0f, -0.5f,  5.0f,  2.0f, 0.0f,
		-5.0f, -0.5f, -5.0f,  0.0f, 2.0f,
		5.0f, -0.5f, -5.0f,  2.0f, 2.0f
	};

	float transparentVertices[] = {
		// positions         // texture Coords (swapped y coordinates because texture is flipped upside down)
		0.0f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,
		0.0f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,
		1.0f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,

		0.0f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,
		1.0f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,
		1.0f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f
	};

	// cube VAO
	unsigned int cubeVAO, cubeVBO;
	glGenVertexArrays(1, &cubeVAO);
	glGenBuffers(1, &cubeVBO);
	glBindVertexArray(cubeVAO);
	glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, cubeVBO);
	glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(cubeVertices), &cubeVertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
	glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
	glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 5 * sizeof(float), (void*)0);
	glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);
	glVertexAttribPointer(1, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 5 * sizeof(float), (void*)(3 * sizeof(float)));
	glBindVertexArray(0);

	// plane VAO
	unsigned int planeVAO, planeVBO;
	glGenVertexArrays(1, &planeVAO);
	glGenBuffers(1, &planeVBO);
	glBindVertexArray(planeVAO);
	glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, planeVBO);
	glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(planeVertices), &planeVertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
	glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
	glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 5 * sizeof(float), (void*)0);
	glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);
	glVertexAttribPointer(1, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 5 * sizeof(float), (void*)(3 * sizeof(float)));
	glBindVertexArray(0);

	// transparent VAO
	unsigned int transparentVAO, transparentVBO;
	glGenVertexArrays(1, &transparentVAO);
	glGenBuffers(1, &transparentVBO);
	glBindVertexArray(transparentVAO);
	glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, transparentVBO);
	glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(transparentVertices), transparentVertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
	glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
	glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 5 * sizeof(float), (void*)0);
	glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);
	glVertexAttribPointer(1, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 5 * sizeof(float), (void*)(3 * sizeof(float)));
	glBindVertexArray(0);

	// load textures
	// -------------
	unsigned int cubeTexture = loadTexture("marble.jpg");
	unsigned int floorTexture = loadTexture("metal.png");
	unsigned int transparentTexture = loadTexture("grass.png");

	std::vector<glm::vec3> vegetation
	{
		glm::vec3(-1.5f, 0.0f, -0.48f),
		glm::vec3(1.5f, 0.0f, 0.51f),
		glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.7f),
		glm::vec3(-0.3f, 0.0f, -2.3f),
		glm::vec3(0.5f, 0.0f, -0.6f)
	};

	// shader configuration
	// --------------------
	shader.use();
	shader.setInt("texture1", 0);

	// render loop
	// -----------
	while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window))
	{
		// per-frame time logic
		// --------------------
		float currentFrame = glfwGetTime();
		deltaTime = currentFrame - lastFrame;
		lastFrame = currentFrame;

		// input
		// -----
		processInput(window);

		// render
		// ------
		glClearColor(0.1f, 0.1f, 0.1f, 1.0f);
		glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT); // don't forget to clear the stencil buffer!


		glm::mat4 model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
		glm::mat4 view = camera.GetViewMatrix();
		glm::mat4 projection = glm::perspective(glm::radians(camera.Zoom), (float)SCR_WIDTH / (float)SCR_HEIGHT, 0.1f, 100.0f);

		shader.use();
		shader.setMat4("view", view);
		shader.setMat4("projection", projection);

		// floor
		glBindVertexArray(planeVAO);
		glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, floorTexture);
		shader.setMat4("model", glm::mat4(1.0f));
		glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 6);

		// cubes
		glBindVertexArray(cubeVAO);
		glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
		glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, cubeTexture);
		model = glm::translate(model, glm::vec3(-1.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f));
		shader.setMat4("model", model);
		glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 36);
		model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
		model = glm::translate(model, glm::vec3(2.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f));
		shader.setMat4("model", model);
		glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 36);

		// vegetation
		glBindVertexArray(transparentVAO);
		glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, transparentTexture);
		for (GLuint i = 0; i < vegetation.size(); i++)
		{
			model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
			model = glm::translate(model, vegetation[i]);
			shader.setMat4("model", model);
			glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 6);
		}

		// glfw: swap buffers and poll IO events (keys pressed/released, mouse moved etc.)
		// -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
		glfwSwapBuffers(window);
		glfwPollEvents();
		Sleep(100);
	}

	// optional: de-allocate all resources once they've outlived their purpose:
	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
	glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &cubeVAO);
	glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &planeVAO);
	glDeleteBuffers(1, &cubeVBO);
	glDeleteBuffers(1, &planeVBO);

	glfwTerminate();
	return 0;
}

// process all input: query GLFW whether relevant keys are pressed/released this frame and react accordingly
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void processInput(GLFWwindow *window)
{
	if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_ESCAPE) == GLFW_PRESS)
		glfwSetWindowShouldClose(window, true);

	if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_W) == GLFW_PRESS)
		camera.ProcessKeyboard(FORWARD, deltaTime);
	if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_S) == GLFW_PRESS)
		camera.ProcessKeyboard(BACKWARD, deltaTime);
	if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_A) == GLFW_PRESS)
		camera.ProcessKeyboard(LEFT, deltaTime);
	if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_D) == GLFW_PRESS)
		camera.ProcessKeyboard(RIGHT, deltaTime);
}

// glfw: whenever the window size changed (by OS or user resize) this callback function executes
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height)
{
	// make sure the viewport matches the new window dimensions; note that width and 
	// height will be significantly larger than specified on retina displays.
	glViewport(0, 0, width, height);
}

// glfw: whenever the mouse moves, this callback is called
// -------------------------------------------------------
void mouse_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xpos, double ypos)
{
	if (firstMouse)
	{
		lastX = xpos;
		lastY = ypos;
		firstMouse = false;
	}

	float xoffset = xpos - lastX;
	float yoffset = lastY - ypos; // reversed since y-coordinates go from bottom to top

	lastX = xpos;
	lastY = ypos;

	if (glfwGetMouseButton(window, GLFW_MOUSE_BUTTON_RIGHT) == GLFW_PRESS)
		camera.ProcessMouseMovement(xoffset, yoffset);
}

// glfw: whenever the mouse scroll wheel scrolls, this callback is called
// ----------------------------------------------------------------------
void scroll_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xoffset, double yoffset)
{
	camera.ProcessMouseScroll(yoffset);
}

// utility function for loading a 2D texture from file
// ---------------------------------------------------
unsigned int loadTexture(char const *path)
{
	unsigned int textureID;
	glGenTextures(1, &textureID);

	int width, height, nrComponents;
	unsigned char *data = stbi_load(path, &width, &height, &nrComponents, 0);
	if (data)
	{
		GLenum format;
		if (nrComponents == 1)
			format = GL_RED;
		else if (nrComponents == 3)
			format = GL_RGB;
		else if (nrComponents == 4)
			format = GL_RGBA;

		glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, textureID);
		glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, format, width, height, 0, format, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, data);
		glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D);

		// 消除小草的边框
		glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, format == GL_RGBA ? GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE : GL_REPEAT); // for this tutorial: use GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE to prevent semi-transparent borders. Due to interpolation it takes texels from next repeat 
		glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, format == GL_RGBA ? GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE : GL_REPEAT);
		glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR_MIPMAP_LINEAR);
		glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);

		stbi_image_free(data);
	}
	else
	{
		std::cout << "Texture failed to load at path: " << path << std::endl;
		stbi_image_free(data);
	}

	return textureID;
}

混合

混合的颜色计算公式也很好理解，这里需要注意的是颜色混合会和深度测试冲突，需要我们手动调整绘图顺出，防止某些片段别深度测试抛弃。当绘制一个有不透明和透明物体的场景的时候，大体的原则如下：

  1. 先绘制所有不透明的物体。
  2. 对所有透明的物体排序。
  3. 按顺序绘制所有透明的物体。
#include <glad/glad.h>
#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>

#include <stb_image.h>

#include <glm/glm.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/type_ptr.hpp>

#include <shader.h>
#include <camera.h>
#include <model.h>

#include <iostream>

#include <windows.h>

const char *vertexShaderSource = R"1234(#version 330 core
layout (location = 0) in vec3 aPos;
layout (location = 1) in vec2 aTexCoords;

out vec2 TexCoords;

uniform mat4 model;
uniform mat4 view;
uniform mat4 projection;

void main()
{
    TexCoords = aTexCoords;    
    gl_Position = projection * view * model * vec4(aPos, 1.0);
}
)1234";

const char *fragmentShaderSource = R"1234(#version 330 core
out vec4 FragColor;

in vec2 TexCoords;

uniform sampler2D texture1;

void main()
{    
   FragColor = texture(texture1, TexCoords);
}
)1234";

void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height);
void mouse_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xpos, double ypos);
void scroll_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xoffset, double yoffset);
void processInput(GLFWwindow *window);
unsigned int loadTexture(const char *path);

// settings
const unsigned int SCR_WIDTH = 1280;
const unsigned int SCR_HEIGHT = 720;

// camera
Camera camera(glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 3.0f));
float lastX = (float)SCR_WIDTH / 2.0;
float lastY = (float)SCR_HEIGHT / 2.0;
bool firstMouse = true;

// timing
float deltaTime = 0.0f;
float lastFrame = 0.0f;

int main()
{
	// glfw: initialize and configure
	// ------------------------------
	glfwInit();
	glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR, 3);
	glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR, 3);
	glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_PROFILE, GLFW_OPENGL_CORE_PROFILE);

#ifdef __APPLE__
	glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_FORWARD_COMPAT, GL_TRUE); // uncomment this statement to fix compilation on OS X
#endif

														 // glfw window creation
														 // --------------------
	GLFWwindow* window = glfwCreateWindow(SCR_WIDTH, SCR_HEIGHT, "LearnOpenGL", NULL, NULL);
	if (window == NULL)
	{
		std::cout << "Failed to create GLFW window" << std::endl;
		glfwTerminate();
		return -1;
	}
	glfwMakeContextCurrent(window);
	glfwSetFramebufferSizeCallback(window, framebuffer_size_callback);
	glfwSetCursorPosCallback(window, mouse_callback);
	glfwSetScrollCallback(window, scroll_callback);

	// tell GLFW to capture our mouse
//	glfwSetInputMode(window, GLFW_CURSOR, GLFW_CURSOR_DISABLED);

	// glad: load all OpenGL function pointers
	// ---------------------------------------
	if (!gladLoadGLLoader((GLADloadproc)glfwGetProcAddress))
	{
		std::cout << "Failed to initialize GLAD" << std::endl;
		return -1;
	}

	// configure global opengl state
	// -----------------------------
	glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
	glDepthFunc(GL_LESS); // always pass the depth test (same effect as glDisable(GL_DEPTH_TEST))

	glEnable(GL_BLEND);
	glBlendFunc(GL_SRC_ALPHA, GL_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA);

	// build and compile shaders
	// -------------------------
	Shader shader(vertexShaderSource, fragmentShaderSource);

	// set up vertex data (and buffer(s)) and configure vertex attributes
	// ------------------------------------------------------------------
	float cubeVertices[] = {
		// positions          // texture Coords
		-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
		0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
		0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
		0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
		-0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
		-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,

		-0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
		0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
		0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
		0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
		-0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
		-0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,

		-0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
		-0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
		-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
		-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
		-0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
		-0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,

		0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
		0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
		0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
		0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
		0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
		0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,

		-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
		0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
		0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
		0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
		-0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
		-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,

		-0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f,
		0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 1.0f,
		0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
		0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f,
		-0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
		-0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f
	};

	float planeVertices[] = {
		// positions          // texture Coords (note we set these higher than 1 (together with GL_REPEAT as texture wrapping mode). this will cause the floor texture to repeat)
		5.0f, -0.5f,  5.0f,  2.0f, 0.0f,
		-5.0f, -0.5f,  5.0f,  0.0f, 0.0f,
		-5.0f, -0.5f, -5.0f,  0.0f, 2.0f,

		5.0f, -0.5f,  5.0f,  2.0f, 0.0f,
		-5.0f, -0.5f, -5.0f,  0.0f, 2.0f,
		5.0f, -0.5f, -5.0f,  2.0f, 2.0f
	};

	float transparentVertices[] = {
		// positions         // texture Coords (swapped y coordinates because texture is flipped upside down)
		0.0f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,
		0.0f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,
		1.0f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,

		0.0f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,
		1.0f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,
		1.0f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f
	};

	// cube VAO
	unsigned int cubeVAO, cubeVBO;
	glGenVertexArrays(1, &cubeVAO);
	glGenBuffers(1, &cubeVBO);
	glBindVertexArray(cubeVAO);
	glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, cubeVBO);
	glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(cubeVertices), &cubeVertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
	glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
	glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 5 * sizeof(float), (void*)0);
	glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);
	glVertexAttribPointer(1, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 5 * sizeof(float), (void*)(3 * sizeof(float)));
	glBindVertexArray(0);

	// plane VAO
	unsigned int planeVAO, planeVBO;
	glGenVertexArrays(1, &planeVAO);
	glGenBuffers(1, &planeVBO);
	glBindVertexArray(planeVAO);
	glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, planeVBO);
	glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(planeVertices), &planeVertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
	glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
	glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 5 * sizeof(float), (void*)0);
	glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);
	glVertexAttribPointer(1, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 5 * sizeof(float), (void*)(3 * sizeof(float)));
	glBindVertexArray(0);

	// transparent VAO
	unsigned int transparentVAO, transparentVBO;
	glGenVertexArrays(1, &transparentVAO);
	glGenBuffers(1, &transparentVBO);
	glBindVertexArray(transparentVAO);
	glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, transparentVBO);
	glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(transparentVertices), transparentVertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
	glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
	glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 5 * sizeof(float), (void*)0);
	glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);
	glVertexAttribPointer(1, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 5 * sizeof(float), (void*)(3 * sizeof(float)));
	glBindVertexArray(0);

	// load textures
	// -------------
	unsigned int cubeTexture = loadTexture("marble.jpg");
	unsigned int floorTexture = loadTexture("metal.png");
	unsigned int transparentTexture = loadTexture("window.png");

	std::vector<glm::vec3> windows
	{
		glm::vec3(-1.5f, 0.0f, -0.48f),
		glm::vec3(1.5f, 0.0f, 0.51f),
		glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.7f),
		glm::vec3(-0.3f, 0.0f, -2.3f),
		glm::vec3(0.5f, 0.0f, -0.6f)
	};

	// shader configuration
	// --------------------
	shader.use();
	shader.setInt("texture1", 0);

	// render loop
	// -----------
	while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window))
	{
		// per-frame time logic
		// --------------------
		float currentFrame = glfwGetTime();
		deltaTime = currentFrame - lastFrame;
		lastFrame = currentFrame;

		std::map<float, glm::vec3> sorted;
		for (unsigned int i = 0; i < windows.size(); i++)
		{
			float distance = glm::length(camera.Position - windows[i]);
			sorted[distance] = windows[i];
		}


		// input
		// -----
		processInput(window);

		// render
		// ------
		glClearColor(0.1f, 0.1f, 0.1f, 1.0f);
		glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT); // don't forget to clear the stencil buffer!


		glm::mat4 model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
		glm::mat4 view = camera.GetViewMatrix();
		glm::mat4 projection = glm::perspective(glm::radians(camera.Zoom), (float)SCR_WIDTH / (float)SCR_HEIGHT, 0.1f, 100.0f);

		shader.use();
		shader.setMat4("view", view);
		shader.setMat4("projection", projection);

		// floor
		glBindVertexArray(planeVAO);
		glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, floorTexture);
		shader.setMat4("model", glm::mat4(1.0f));
		glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 6);

		// cubes
		glBindVertexArray(cubeVAO);
		glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
		glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, cubeTexture);
		model = glm::translate(model, glm::vec3(-1.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f));
		shader.setMat4("model", model);
		glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 36);
		model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
		model = glm::translate(model, glm::vec3(2.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f));
		shader.setMat4("model", model);
		glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 36);

		// vegetation
		glBindVertexArray(transparentVAO);
		glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, transparentTexture);
		for (std::map<float, glm::vec3>::reverse_iterator it = sorted.rbegin(); it != sorted.rend(); ++it)
		{
			model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
			model = glm::translate(model, it->second);
			shader.setMat4("model", model);
			glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 6);
		}

		// glfw: swap buffers and poll IO events (keys pressed/released, mouse moved etc.)
		// -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
		glfwSwapBuffers(window);
		glfwPollEvents();
		Sleep(100);
	}

	// optional: de-allocate all resources once they've outlived their purpose:
	// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
	glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &cubeVAO);
	glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &planeVAO);
	glDeleteBuffers(1, &cubeVBO);
	glDeleteBuffers(1, &planeVBO);

	glfwTerminate();
	return 0;
}

// process all input: query GLFW whether relevant keys are pressed/released this frame and react accordingly
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void processInput(GLFWwindow *window)
{
	if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_ESCAPE) == GLFW_PRESS)
		glfwSetWindowShouldClose(window, true);

	if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_W) == GLFW_PRESS)
		camera.ProcessKeyboard(FORWARD, deltaTime);
	if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_S) == GLFW_PRESS)
		camera.ProcessKeyboard(BACKWARD, deltaTime);
	if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_A) == GLFW_PRESS)
		camera.ProcessKeyboard(LEFT, deltaTime);
	if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_D) == GLFW_PRESS)
		camera.ProcessKeyboard(RIGHT, deltaTime);
}

// glfw: whenever the window size changed (by OS or user resize) this callback function executes
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height)
{
	// make sure the viewport matches the new window dimensions; note that width and 
	// height will be significantly larger than specified on retina displays.
	glViewport(0, 0, width, height);
}

// glfw: whenever the mouse moves, this callback is called
// -------------------------------------------------------
void mouse_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xpos, double ypos)
{
	if (firstMouse)
	{
		lastX = xpos;
		lastY = ypos;
		firstMouse = false;
	}

	float xoffset = xpos - lastX;
	float yoffset = lastY - ypos; // reversed since y-coordinates go from bottom to top

	lastX = xpos;
	lastY = ypos;

	if (glfwGetMouseButton(window, GLFW_MOUSE_BUTTON_RIGHT) == GLFW_PRESS)
		camera.ProcessMouseMovement(xoffset, yoffset);
}

// glfw: whenever the mouse scroll wheel scrolls, this callback is called
// ----------------------------------------------------------------------
void scroll_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xoffset, double yoffset)
{
	camera.ProcessMouseScroll(yoffset);
}

// utility function for loading a 2D texture from file
// ---------------------------------------------------
unsigned int loadTexture(char const *path)
{
	unsigned int textureID;
	glGenTextures(1, &textureID);

	int width, height, nrComponents;
	unsigned char *data = stbi_load(path, &width, &height, &nrComponents, 0);
	if (data)
	{
		GLenum format;
		if (nrComponents == 1)
			format = GL_RED;
		else if (nrComponents == 3)
			format = GL_RGB;
		else if (nrComponents == 4)
			format = GL_RGBA;

		glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, textureID);
		glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, format, width, height, 0, format, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, data);
		glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D);

		// 消除小草的边框
		glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, format == GL_RGBA ? GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE : GL_REPEAT); // for this tutorial: use GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE to prevent semi-transparent borders. Due to interpolation it takes texels from next repeat 
		glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, format == GL_RGBA ? GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE : GL_REPEAT);
		glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR_MIPMAP_LINEAR);
		glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);

		stbi_image_free(data);
	}
	else
	{
		std::cout << "Texture failed to load at path: " << path << std::endl;
		stbi_image_free(data);
	}

	return textureID;
}
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