PythonUI library automation Selenium Commentary

Introduction: look Selenium tool assembly includes a series of

Selenium IDE: is embedded into FireFox browser plug-in for recording and playback on Firefox Selenium scripts; although only available in Firefox, but it will be recorded script converted into a variety of Selenium WebDriver supported programming languages, and then extended to a wider range of browser type;

2.Selenium WebDriver: supports multiple languages, for operating a browser API; supports all types of browsers, across operating systems; WebDriver for many languages ​​provide comprehensive, third-party library implements web test automation;

3.Selenium Standalone Server: include Selenium Grid, remote control, distributed deployment, enabling efficient implementation and expansion of Selenium scripts;

Grid using automated testing can run in parallel so that, even in the cross-platform operation heterogeneous environment, comprising a mobile terminal such as mainstream Android, iOS;

Readiness to learn: Python language and grammar, as some of the preparation and environment configuration, we have to practice later;

Here I mainly explain the basis Selenium WebDriver Python, Selenium can automatically manipulate the browser to do a lot, such as interactive simulations with the browser, and support for the most popular browsers; writing automated foot languages ​​need Selenium client library support so choose Python

First, set up the environment

去官网下载Python安装包https://www.python.org/
配置Python环境，这里安装的时候可以选择部署Path
如果没有添加成功手动在系统环境变量添加python安装根目录及根目录下的scripts目录
WIN7用户Path下面添加相对变量这里添加Python_HOME变量Python_HOME 值：C:\Python37 及在Path变量后添加以下内容
Path %Python_HOME\%;%Python_HOME\Scripts\%;
WIN10用户就只能绝对路径C:\Python37\Scripts\;C:\Python37\;
下载浏览器的驱动程序http://chromedriver.storage.googleapis.com/index.html
把exe文件存放到任意系统环境目录下，建议存放在python安装根目录或scripts目录
之后执行终端命令：pip3 install -U selenium  这里也可以是pip install selenium
安装Selenium：使用pip工具https://pip.pypa.io/en/latest/ 按照文档需要先执行脚本get-pip.py 

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The correspondences compatible driver version number Chrom browser

------------2019年兼容版本对照表-----------
注：支持chromeV74版本的driver版本号比较特别一点
ChromeDriver 76.0.3809.12 (2019-06-07)---------Supports Chrome version 76
ChromeDriver 75.0.3770.8 (2019-04-29)---------Supports Chrome version 75
ChromeDriver v74.0.3729.6 (2019-03-14)--------Supports Chrome v74
ChromeDriver v2.46 (2019-02-01)----------Supports Chrome v71-73
--------以下为2018年兼容版本对照表-------
ChromeDriver v2.45 (2018-12-10)----------Supports Chrome v70-72
ChromeDriver v2.44 (2018-11-19)----------Supports Chrome v69-71
ChromeDriver v2.43 (2018-10-16)----------Supports Chrome v69-71
ChromeDriver v2.42 (2018-09-13)----------Supports Chrome v68-70
ChromeDriver v2.41 (2018-07-27)----------Supports Chrome v67-69
ChromeDriver v2.40 (2018-06-07)----------Supports Chrome v66-68
ChromeDriver v2.39 (2018-05-30)----------Supports Chrome v66-68
ChromeDriver v2.38 (2018-04-17)----------Supports Chrome v65-67
ChromeDriver v2.37 (2018-03-16)----------Supports Chrome v64-66
ChromeDriver v2.36 (2018-03-02)----------Supports Chrome v63-65
ChromeDriver v2.35 (2018-01-10)----------Supports Chrome v62-64

Second, Selenium parsing library (familiar to a library or class needs to look at the issue from the perspective of developers)

查找一个元素的其它一些方法(方法不同，查找所需的参数也不同)这里尽量找唯一值下面说一下属性的方法
通过id的属性来查找元素
driver.find_element_by_id()
通过name属性查找元素
driver.find_element_by_name()
通过class属性查找元素
driver.find_element_by_class_name()
通过a标签的文字来查找元素
driver.find_element_by_link_text()
driver.find_element_by_partial_link_text()
通过标签的名字去查找元素
driver.find_element_by_tag_name("")
通过xpath的方法查找元素
driver.find_element_by_xpath("xpath的内容")

And then say something about another way to find elements Xpath

xpath的基本句式
//表示在整个页面中查找内容
//标签名
//标签名[@属性名]
//标签名[@属性名='属性值']
//input[@id='kw']
1.通过属性的多种组合来查找
基本格式：//标签名[@属性1='值' and @属性2='值'...]
举例：//a[@class='mnav' and @href='http://map.baidu.com']
2.通过元素的序号来查找
//标签名[@属性='值'][序号]
//a[@class='mnav'][4]
3.通过标签的文本值来查找元素
//标签[text()='文本']
//i[text()='玄幻']
5.通过标签的部分文本值来模糊查找元素
.表示普通的文本文字
//标签[contains(.,'部分文本值')]
//p[contains(.,'李辟尘')]
//a[contains(@href,'1055555555')]
6.通过元素的父子级关系来查找元素
//父级/子级
//div[@id='free-type-tab']/ul/li[1]
//span[text()='ECS000134']/../../td/a/img[@src='images/icon_trash.gif']

selenium may be some Ajax request like when crawling web pages, and selenium will not control whether or not you have completed loading the web page, he is only responsible for loading frame

1> 隐式等待
当使用了隐式等待执行测试的时候，如果 WebDriver没有在 DOM中找到元素，将继续等待，超出设定时间后则抛出找不到元素的异常, 换句话说当查找元素或元素并没有立即出现的时候，隐式等待将等待一段时间再查找 DOM，默认的时间是0
一般不会用隐式等待，网页加载速度都很快，只有在网速比较慢时使用。
使用implicitly_wait()来进行等待操作，参数为需要等待的时间，默认为0
2> 显式等待（常用）
特点： 指定一个等待条件，再指定一个最长等待时间，他会在最长等待时间内判断这个条件是否成立，不管成立还是不满足这个条件，他就会抛出异常，如果在时间  内满足条件就会返回
一些常见的等待条件：
* title_is 标题是某内容
* title_contains  标题包含某内容
* presence_of_element_located 元素加载出，传入定位元组，如(By.ID, 'p')
* visibility_of_element_located  元素可见，传入定位元组
* visibility_of 可见，传入元素对象
* presence_of_all_elements_located 所有元素加载出
* text_to_be_present_in_element 某个元素文本包含某文字
* text_to_be_present_in_element_value  某个元素值包含某文字
* frame_to_be_available_and_switch_to_it  frame加载并切换
* invisibility_of_element_located 元素不可见
* element_to_be_clickable  元素可点击
* staleness_of  判断一个元素是否仍在DOM，可判断页面是否已经刷新
* element_to_be_selected  元素可选择，传元素对象
* element_located_to_be_selected  元素可选择，传入定位元组
* element_selection_state_to_be  传入元素对象以及状态，相等返回True，否则返回False
* element_located_selection_state_to_be  传入定位元组以及状态，相等返回True，否则返回False
* alert_is_present 是否出现Alert

Browser forward and back (back (), forward ())

driver.back() 后退
driver.forward() 前进
driver.refresh() 刷新
那么什么时候会用呢？一种情况就是，当你从一个父页面跳转到子页面进行操作，操作完之后没有“返回”之类的按钮或链接，重新进入父页面又很麻烦，back()可以帮你。forward()与此类似，相对没有back()那么常用。
当你修改了页面信息但是没有即时刷新时，可以手动refresh()

Mouse ActionChains browser

action = ActionChains(浏览器)
action.click()           单击
action.double_click()    双击
action.context_click()   右键点击
action.move_to_element() 移动到某个元素上
action.click_and_hold()  按住不动
action.release()         松开鼠标
action.drag_and_drop()   拖住并且移动
action.drag_and_drop_by_offset()  用坐标系来拖动
action.send_keys()       用鼠标来发送文字信息
action.perform()   执行鼠标保存的动作链
action.reset_actions()  重置鼠标保存的所有动作
cannot focus element   
无法聚焦到元素上面
出现原因：有个不标准的输入框需要输入信息
解决办法：使用鼠标点击这个元素，然后用鼠标来完成输入

进入到子页面中：
浏览器.switch_to.frame(iframe标签元素的位置)

返回父级页面：
浏览器.switch_to.parent_frame()

直接返回到最外层的页面：
浏览器.switch_to.default_content()

Of which there may be some element of instability in how to do?

用时间换取稳定，在不稳定的步骤上面，添加强制等待时间
time.sleep()

智能等待：
可以设置最长的等待期限，如果等待了要操作的元素，那么就马上执行
from selenium.webdriver.support.wait import WebDriverWait

语法格式：WebDriverWait(浏览器,最长等待时间).until(lambda x:x.find_element_by_方法()).操作()
举例：WebDriverWait(driver,20).until(lambda x:x.find_element_by_id("kw")).send_keys("hello")

Third, take it into the project

Let me talk about a common method to be imported

#导入自动化的模块
from selenium import webdriver
#导入时间模块
import time
#导入鼠标的操作模块
from selenium.webdriver.common.action_chains import ActionChains
#导入智能等待模块
from selenium.webdriver.support.wait import WebDriverWait
#导入下拉框模块
from selenium.webdriver.support.select import Select

Simple initialization and open a browser window example

#coding=utf-8
#导入自动化的模块
from selenium import webdriver
#选择打开你要使用的浏览器
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
# 用浏览器打开某个网站
driver.get("https://www.baidu.com/")
# 把这个浏览器窗口最大化
driver.maximize_window()
# 添加浏览器页面的全局等待时间
driver.implicitly_wait(5)

Simple operation and find elements of Liezi

#coding=utf-8
#导入自动化的模块
from selenium import webdriver
#选择打开你要使用的浏览器
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
# 用浏览器打开某个网站
driver.get("https://www.baidu.com/")
# 把这个浏览器窗口最大化
driver.maximize_window()
# 添加浏览器页面的全局等待时间
driver.implicitly_wait(5)
# 查找输入框，然后输入点什么东西
driver.find_element_by_id("kw").send_keys("helloworld")

PO automated method uses encapsulation ideas

#coding=utf-8
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.support.select import Select
import SendKeys
import time
from selenium.webdriver.common.action_chains import ActionChains
from selenium.webdriver.support.wait import WebDriverWait
import datetime

#需要把driver定义成全局变量
driver = webdriver.Chrome()

#打开浏览器的操作
def open_browser(url,t=10):
    driver.maximize_window()
    driver.implicitly_wait(t)
    driver.get(url)

#查找和定位元素的操作，method是定位的方法，value是定位的位置和内容
def find_element(method,value):
    #先判断用户选择了哪一种定位方法
    try:
        if method=="id":
            ele = WebDriverWait(driver,5).until(lambda x:x.find_element_by_id(value))
        elif method=="name":
            ele = WebDriverWait(driver,5).until(lambda x:x.find_element_by_name(value))
        elif method=="xpath":
            ele = WebDriverWait(driver,5).until(lambda x:x.find_element_by_xpath(value))
        elif method=="link":
            ele = WebDriverWait(driver,5).until(lambda x:x.find_element_by_link_text(value))
        else:
            print "now, we don't have this method!!!"
    except Exception:
        name = datetime.datetime.now().strftime("%Y%m%d%H%M%S")
        driver.get_screenshot_as_file("D:/test/%s.png"%(name))
        return None
    else:
        return ele

#对元素进行输入的操作
def input_(method,value,data):
    ele = find_element(method,value)
    if ele != None:
        ele.clear()
        ele.send_keys(data)
    else:
        print "Input Error: method:%s , value:%s . is not exists!!!"%(method,value)

#对元素进行点击的操作
def click_(method,value):
    ele = find_element(method,value)
    if ele != None:
        ele.click()
    else:
        print "Click Error: method:%s , value:%s . is not exists!!!"%(method,value)

def select_(method,value,data):
    ele = find_element(method,value)
    if ele != None:
        s = Select(ele)
        s.select_by_value(data)
    else:
        print "Select Error: method:%s , value:%s . is not exists!!!"%(method,value)

def js_(data):
    driver.execute_script(data)

def keys_(data):
    SendKeys.SendKeys(data)

def move_(method,value):
    action = ActionChains(driver)
    ele = find_element(method,value)
    if ele != None:
        action.move_to_element(ele)
        action.perform()
        action.reset_actions()
    else:
        print "Move Error: method:%s , value:%s . is not exists!!!"%(method,value)

#对子页面的切换进行操作
def frame_(status,method=None,value=None):
    if status=="frame":
        ele = find_element(method,value)
        if ele != None:
            driver.switch_to.frame(ele)
        else:
            print "Frame Error: method:%s , value:%s . is not exists!!!"%(method,value)
    elif status=="parent":
        driver.switch_to.parent_frame()
    elif status=="default":
        driver.switch_to.default_content()
    else:
        print "now, we don't have this method!!!"

Use the following method

#coding=utf-8
from PO import *
import unittest
open_browser('https://baidu.com')
input_("id","kw").send_keys("helloworld")
if __name__=="__main__":
    unittest.main()

Follow-up will continue to explain the drop-down box / JS / Cookies when used for some URLs need to log in, you can log on to maintain the operating status and exception handling and the like