[TOC]
Foreword
A: Linux directory structure
1.1: tree directory structure
Directory tree structure, generally refers to a range of interrelated or for a particular group has the upper and lower body a dominant performance impact body composition and execution of a tree structure of distribution, such as about coordination and cooperation, leadership and a series of deployment the schematic structure.
1.2: root directory
- Position all the partitions, directories, files, and so the starting point
- The entire directory tree structure, using a separate "/" represents
1.3 Common subdirectories
| table of Contents | Note | table of Contents | Note |
|---|---|---|---|
| /root | Management's home directory (home directory) | /bin | All users of the executable command file directory |
| /boot | Boot partition (grub boot menu, compression system kernel, etc.) | /dev | The device file directory (disk, CD-ROM, etc.) |
| /etc | Profile directory | /home | Average user's home directory |
| /where | Variable-length file directory (log) | /usr | Application Directory |
| /sbin | Administrator executable command file directory | /lib | Service management file (systemctl) / lib / systemed / system / |
| /opt | Empty directory | / mnt | Empty directory |
| /tmp | Temporary Files | /proc | Hardware information (CPU, memory) |
Two: View and retrieve files
2.1: View the file contents cat command
cat can only view files
yum intallhttpd -y install httpd plug at / mnt under
2.2 view file contents more command
more command
- Uses: full screen page display file contents
more [options] filename ...
- Interactive method of operation
Press Enter to scroll down line by line
Press the spacebar to turn down one screen
Press q to exit
Press b a look back
more Disadvantages: see the end will automatically exit, can not write
cat high limitations, if the file exceeds the screen, no scroll wheel, then see above
2.3 less command
Purpose: the more command the same, but more extensions
less [options] filename
Interactive method of operation
Page Up Page Up, Page Down Page Down
Press the "/" key to find the content, the next content on a content "n", "N"
Other features similar to the more command
Switch interface command:
init 0 shutdown representatives
init 1 Single user mode character interface (system maintenance, crack the administrator password)
initi 2 multi-user mode character interface, no network
init 3 Multi-mode networks have common character interface *
init 4 Reserved
init 5 multi-user mode graphical interface with a common network *
init 6 重启 （reboot）
2.4 查看文件内容head、tail命令
-n查看开头部分n行，不写就是默认十行
通常用这个命令去查看帐号文件的首位
vim /etc/passwd，passwd是账号文件，这里是编辑paswd
新创建的用户都会在后面
tail /etc/passwd 查看末尾十行
tail -2 /etc/passwd 查看末尾两行
useradd lisi 创建用户 lisi
passwd lisi 密码设置为lisi
可以给账号文件加密，让别人无法访问，后期会学习到
vim mkdir 在mkdir中编辑文本
vim /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf 在 /etc/httpd/conf/的httpd.conf文件中编辑文本
2.5：统计文件内容wc命令
行 单词 字节,选项处什么都不敲就是默认每个都有
2.6：检索和过滤文件内容grep命令
应用于过滤掉注释性的文字（注释性的文字带有#）
“>”重定向符号可以覆盖文件
两个大于号不会覆盖
history
ctrl+r,然后就可以搜索命令
grep “^root” /etc/passwd 查找文件中以ROOT为开头的行
bin/bash 是用户后面所特有的
管道符号 | 的意思是，把上一个命令执行的结果，转交给后面的一个命令去处理
不可以把查找文件所得到的内容输入到它原本的文件中，因为这个时候是进程占用状态
三：备份及恢复目录
3.1：压缩命令gzip、bzip2命令
-9表示高压缩比，压缩之后的文件特别小，它执行的是压缩指令
解压缩使用-d
gzip -9 abc.conf 压缩abc.conf文件
这个命令会把abc.conf直接压缩，并不会产生另外一个文件，跟微软不同
gizp -d abc.conf.gz 解压abc.conf.gz 文件
bzip2 跟gzip的指令一样，他们之间的区别是bzip2的压缩效率更快，而gzip的压缩容量更小
3.2压缩命令gunzip、bunzip2命令
3.3归档命令tar命令
-c 创建压缩包
x 解压
-v详细过程
-f execution (must be)
-p preserving permits compression packing
-t View archive content
-C extract to where to go
-z refers GZ format
-j refers bzip2 format
Archive file name is the name of the archive
Use tar archive files will not let disappear, extract the archive will not let disappear, just like Microsoft's command is very similar to the compression rar
rm -rf /home/*.conf delete followed by .conf file
Options file format to be consistent with the format later in the file, otherwise it will fail
Four: vi text editor
4.1: Text editor vi command
vim can distinguish grammar, vi can not distinguish grammar
Operating mode 4.2vi editor
a, i, o, O four letters,
A represents a cursor position after insertion,
Where i represents inserted before the cursor position
O represents where the next line is inserted in the cursor position
O represents an insertion cursor position where the next line
ESC, to command mode, press the colon, enter line mode
Line mode: w save, q exit, enter OK
4.3 Basic Operation command mode
#dd delete the line that includes the cursor begin deleting
dw delete word deleted the word
shift + r replaces the current text
P is small at the cursor next line paste, opposite a large P
Command mode operation in
: Set nu! Also cancel the operation line number
The vertical position of the line exchange, ddp, not large P
q! Forced to exit without saving
zz can use lowercase
Basic operation mode is the last line 4.4
