5.11 mitochondria and chloroplasts are evolved through endosymbiosis
The initial cell-capturing functional eubacteria ( eubacteria ) into the cells, the bacteria are evolved into a cell, a phenomenon known as endosymbionts ( endosymbiosis ), so that all carry genes organelle bacteria. Based on sequence alignment, it is understood chloroplasts and mitochondria from different lineages ( Lineage different eubacteria) a. Because in evolution, eubacteria environment has changed, so the genes associated with independent living eubacterial disappear, while the gene was transferred to the nucleus (as part of a gene encoding a cell is derived from the nucleus).
Based on metastatic cells is gene, we can calculate the transfer rate, as is typically added only play gene function in the nucleus within the cell, a gene if not expressed on the cell unit, so that the gene will be transferred to the area can be expressed. Therefore, by observing the expression of individual characteristics can be seen whether this organelle gene transfer into the nucleus. Reverse experiments (gene transfer from within the nucleus organelles, but at a slower rate, the trend may lose independence and organelle-related) as well.
Until now, genes within organelles continues to move to the nucleus.