[Linux] Summary of commonly used instructions

• The following examples cover common Linux command usage and can be adapted and extended to meet specific needs.
• Enter commands in the terminal manto view detailed help documentation for each command to learn more options and usage.

1. File and directory operations

	instruction	Example
Increase by .1	mkdir:Create new directory	mkdir new_directory
Add.2	touch:Create multiple files	touch file1.txt file2.txt
Delete.1	rm: Delete Files	rm file.txt
Delete.2	rm: delete directory	rm -r directory/
Change.1	cp: Copy files to target directory ( -rcopy entire directory)	cp file.txt /path/to/target
Change.2	mv: Move files to target directory	mv file.txt /path/to/target
Change.3	mv: Rename file	mv old_file.txt new_name.txt
Change.4	chmod: Modify file permissions	chmod 755 file.txt
Change.5	cd: Move the user's home directory ( cd ..the command can return to the previous directory)	cd /root/
Check.1	ls: List the contents of the current directory ( -ldisplay file information in a detailed list; -adisplay hidden files)	ls
Check.2	pwd: Display the current working directory	pwd
Check.3	cat: Display file content	cat file.txt
Check.4	find: Find files in the specified directory	find /path/to/search -name “*.txt”
Check.5	gerp: Search for the specified text in the file and output the line containing the text ( -iignore case; -ndisplay line number)	grep “hello” myfile.txt
Check.6	head: Display the specified number of lines at the beginning of the file	head -n 10 file.txt
Check.7	tail: Display the specified number of lines at the end of the file	tail -n 20 file.txt

2. Process management and query

	instruction	Example
1	ps: Show running processes	ps to
2	kill: Terminate process	kill process_id
3	killall: Terminate all processes with the specified name	killall process_name
4	top: Real-time display of process information running in the system, including CPU and memory usage (press qthe key to exit top)	top

3. Compression and decompression operations

	instruction	Example
1	tar: package file	tar -cvf archive.tar file1.txt file2.txt
2	tar: Unpack files	tar -xvf archive.tar
3	gzip: Compressed file	gzip file.txt
4	gzip: unzip files	gzip -d file.txt.gz

4. System information and management

	instruction	Example
1	df: Display disk space usage	df -h
2	du: Show folder size	du -sh directory/
3	ifconfig: Display network interface configuration	ifconfig
4	ping: Test network connection	ping google.com
5	free: Show detailed memory usage	free -h
6	netstat: Display listening port and network connection	netstat -tuln

5. Remote and download operations

	instruction	Example
1	ssh: Remotely log in to other computers ( -pspecify port number; -ispecify key file)	ssh username@hostname
2	scp: Copy local files to remote computer ( -rcopy entire directory; -Pspecify port number)	scp file.txt username@hostname:/path/to/destination
3	wget: download file	wget https://example.com/file.txt
4	curl:Download files, supports multiple protocols and data exchange formats ( -Oautomatically uses remote file name; -Lfollows redirects)	curl https://example.com/file.txt -o file.txt

6. User and permission management

	instruction	Example
1	sudo: 以超级用户权限运行命令	sudo command
2	useradd: 添加新用户	sudo useradd newuser
3	userdel: 删除用户及其主目录	sudo userdel -r username
4	chmod: 分配执行权限	chmod 777 /root/start.sh

7. 时间和日期操作

	指令	示例
1	date: 显示当前日期和时间	date
2	timedatectl: 设置系统时间和日期	sudo timedatectl set-time ‘YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS’
3	cal: 显示指定月份的日历	cal 5 2023

8. 运行和停止程序

	指令	示例
1	./: 运行可执行程序	./StartTest
2	sh: 运行sh文件	sh SeriveceStart.sh
2	Ctrl: 暂停程序	Ctrl + Z (快捷方式)
2	Ctrl: 停止程序	Ctrl + C (快捷方式)

9. 其他操作

	指令	示例
1	echo: 打印文本到终端	echo “Hello, World!”
2	uname: 显示系统信息（内核版本等）	uname -a

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