k8s ----Detailed explanation of POD controller

Pod controller, also called workload, is the middle layer used to manage pods to ensure that pod resources meet the expected status. When a pod resource fails, it will try to restart. When the restart policy is invalid, The pod resources will be re-created.

2. pod controller type

1. ReplicaSet: Creates a specified number of pod copies on behalf of the user to ensure that the number of pod copies meets the expected status, and supports rolling automatic expansion and contraction functions.
ReplicaSet mainly consists of three components:
(1) The number of pod replicas expected by the user
(2) Label selector to determine which pod is managed by itself
(3) When the number of existing pods is insufficient, new ones will be created based on the pod resource template
to help users manage them. The status of pod resources accurately reflects the user-defined target number, but RelicaSet is not a controller used directly, but uses Deployment.

2. Deployment : Works on ReplicaSet and is used to manage stateless applications. It is currently the best controller. Supports rolling update and rollback functions, and also provides declarative configuration.
The two resource objects ReplicaSet and Deployment gradually replace the previous role of RC.

3. DaemonSet : used to ensure that each node in the cluster only runs a specific pod copy, usually used to implement system-level background tasks. For example, ELK service
features: The service is stateless and
the service must be a daemon process

4. StatefulSet : Manage stateful applications

5. Job : Exit immediately as soon as it is completed, no need to restart or rebuild

6. Cronjob : Periodic task control, no need to continue running in the background

3. The relationship between Pod and controller

controllers: pod objects that manage and run containers on the cluster. pods are associated through label-selector.
Pod implements application operation and maintenance through the controller, such as scaling, upgrading, etc.

2: Deployment

部署无状态应用
管理Pod和ReplicaSet
具有上线部署、副本设定、滚动升级、回滚等功能
提供声明式更新，例如只更新一个新的image
应用场景：web服务

//示例：
vim nginx-deployment.yaml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: nginx-deployment
  labels:
    app: nginx    
spec:
  replicas: 3
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: nginx
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: nginx
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: nginx
        image: nginx:1.15.4
        ports:
        - containerPort: 80

kubectl create -f nginx-deployment.yaml

kubectl get pods,deploy,rs

//查看控制器配置
kubectl edit deployment/nginx-deployment
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  annotations:
    deployment.kubernetes.io/revision: "1"
  creationTimestamp: "2021-04-19T08:13:50Z"
  generation: 1
  labels:
    app: nginx                    #Deployment资源的标签
  name: nginx-deployment
  namespace: default
  resourceVersion: "167208"
  selfLink: /apis/extensions/v1beta1/namespaces/default/deployments/nginx-deployment
  uid: d9d3fef9-20d2-4196-95fb-0e21e65af24a
spec:
  progressDeadlineSeconds: 600
  replicas: 3                    #期望的pod数量，默认是1
  revisionHistoryLimit: 10
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: nginx
  strategy:
    rollingUpdate:
      maxSurge: 25%                #升级过程中会先启动的新Pod的数量不超过期望的Pod数量的25%，也可以是一个绝对值
      maxUnavailable: 25%        #升级过程中在新的Pod启动好后销毁的旧Pod的数量不超过期望的Pod数量的25%，也可以是一个绝对值
    type: RollingUpdate            #滚动升级
  template:
    metadata:
      creationTimestamp: null
      labels:
        app: nginx                #Pod副本关联的标签
    spec:
      containers:
      - image: nginx:1.15.4                #镜像名称
        imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent    #镜像拉取策略
        name: nginx
        ports:
        - containerPort: 80                #容器暴露的监听端口
          protocol: TCP
        resources: {}
        terminationMessagePath: /dev/termination-log
        terminationMessagePolicy: File
      dnsPolicy: ClusterFirst
      restartPolicy: Always                #容器重启策略
      schedulerName: default-scheduler
      securityContext: {}
      terminationGracePeriodSeconds: 30
......

//查看历史版本
kubectl rollout history deployment/nginx-deployment
deployment.apps/nginx-deployment
REVISION  CHANGE-CAUSE
1         <none>

Three:SatefulSet

部署有状态应用
稳定的持久化存储，即Pod重新调度后还是能访问到相同的持久化数据，基于PVC来实现
稳定的网络标志，即Pod重新调度后其PodName和HostName不变，基于Headless Service（即没有Cluster IP的Service）来实现
有序部署，有序扩展，即Pod是有顺序的，在部署或者扩展的时候要依据定义的顺序依次进行（即从0到N-1，在下一个Pod运行之前所有之前的Pod必须都是Running和Ready状态），基于init containers来实现
有序收缩，有序删除（即从N-1到0）

常见的应用场景：数据库
https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/statefulset/

apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: nginx
  labels:
    app: nginx
spec:
  ports:
  - port: 80
    name: web
  clusterIP: None
  selector:
    app: nginx
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: StatefulSet
metadata:
  name: web
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: nginx # has to match .spec.template.metadata.labels
  serviceName: "nginx"
  replicas: 3 # by default is 1
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: nginx # has to match .spec.selector.matchLabels
    spec:
      terminationGracePeriodSeconds: 10
      containers:
      - name: nginx
        image: k8s.gcr.io/nginx-slim:0.8
        ports:
        - containerPort: 80
          name: web
        volumeMounts:
        - name: www
          mountPath: /usr/share/nginx/html
  volumeClaimTemplates:
  - metadata:
      name: www
    spec:
      accessModes: [ "ReadWriteOnce" ]
      storageClassName: "my-storage-class"
      resources:
        requests:
          storage: 1Gi

1. StatefulSet composition

●Headless Service : Used to generate resolvable DNS records for Pod resource identifiers.
●volumeClaimTemplates (storage volume application templates) : Provide exclusive fixed storage for Pod resources based on static or dynamic PV supply methods.
●StatefulSet : used to manage and control Pod resources.

2. Why should we have headless?

In deployment, each pod has no name, is a random string, and is unordered. Statefulset requires ordering, and the name of each pod must be fixed . When a node fails, the identifier after reconstruction remains unchanged, and the node name of each node cannot be changed. The pod name is the unique identifier used to identify the pod, and its identifier must be stable and unique.
In order to achieve the stability of the identifier, a headless service is needed to resolve it directly to the pod, and a unique name needs to be configured for the pod.

3. Why do we need volumeClaimTemplate?

Most stateful replica sets use persistent storage. For example, in distributed systems, because the data is different, each node requires its own dedicated storage node. The storage volume created in the pod template in deployment is a shared storage volume. Multiple pods use the same storage volume. However, each pod in the statefulset definition cannot use the same storage volume. Therefore, a pod is created based on the pod template. It is not suitable, which requires the introduction of volumeClaimTemplate. When using statefulset to create a pod, a PVC will be automatically generated, thereby requesting to bind a PV to have its own dedicated storage volume.

Service discovery: It is the process of mutual positioning between application services.
Application scenarios:
● Highly dynamic : Pods will float to other nodes
● Frequent updates and releases : Internet thinking runs in small steps, implement first and then optimize. The boss always goes online first and then slowly optimizes, and first turns the idea into a product to earn money Once you have the money, you can slowly optimize it bit by bit
● Support automatic scaling : Once there is a big sale, you will definitely need to expand multiple copies.

The method of service discovery in K8S - DNS enables the K8S cluster to automatically associate the "name" and "CLUSTER-IP" of the Service resource, so that the service can be automatically discovered by the cluster.

4. Plug-in to implement DNS function in K8S

● skyDNS : versions before Kubernetes 1.3
● kubeDNS : Kubernetes 1.3 to Kubernetes 1.11
● CoreDNS : Kubernetes 1.11 to present

5. Install CoreDNS. Only the binary deployment environment needs to install CoreDNS.

方法一：
下载链接：https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/blob/master/cluster/addons/dns/coredns/coredns.yaml.base

vim transforms2sed.sed
s/__DNS__SERVER__/10.0.0.2/g
s/__DNS__DOMAIN__/cluster.local/g
s/__DNS__MEMORY__LIMIT__/170Mi/g
s/__MACHINE_GENERATED_WARNING__/Warning: This is a file generated from the base underscore template file: coredns.yaml.base/g

sed -f transforms2sed.sed coredns.yaml.base > coredns.yaml

方法二：上传 coredns.yaml 文件

kubectl create -f coredns.yaml

kubectl get pods -n kube-system

vim nginx-service.yaml
apiVersion: v1  
kind: Service  
metadata:
  name: nginx-service
  labels:
    app: nginx  
spec:
  type: NodePort  
  ports:
  - port: 80
    targetPort: 80  
  selector:
    app: nginx

kubectl create -f nginx-service.yaml

kubectl get svc
NAME            TYPE        CLUSTER-IP      EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)        AGE
kubernetes      ClusterIP   10.96.0.1       <none>        443/TCP        5d19h
nginx-service   NodePort    10.96.173.115   <none>        80:31756/TCP   10s


vim pod6.yaml 
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: dns-test
spec:
  containers:
  - name: busybox
    image: busybox:1.28.4
    args:
    - /bin/sh
    - -c
    - sleep 36000
  restartPolicy: Never
  
kubectl create -f pod6.yaml

(1) Parse kubernetes and nginx-service names

kubectl exec -it dns-test sh
/ # nslookup kubernetes
Server:    10.96.0.10
Address 1: 10.96.0.10 kube-dns.kube-system.svc.cluster.local

Name:      kubernetes
Address 1: 10.96.0.1 kubernetes.default.svc.cluster.local
/ # nslookup nginx-service
Server:    10.96.0.10
Address 1: 10.96.0.10 kube-dns.kube-system.svc.cluster.local

Name:      nginx-service
Address 1: 10.96.173.115 nginx-service.default.svc.cluster.local

(2) View the definition of statefulset

kubectl explain statefulset
KIND:     StatefulSet
VERSION:  apps/v1

DESCRIPTION:
     StatefulSet represents a set of pods with consistent identities. Identities
     are defined as: - Network: A single stable DNS and hostname. - Storage: As
     many VolumeClaims as requested. The StatefulSet guarantees that a given
     network identity will always map to the same storage identity.

FIELDS:
   apiVersion    <string>
   kind    <string>
   metadata    <Object>
   spec    <Object>
   status    <Object>

kubectl explain statefulset.spec
KIND:     StatefulSet
VERSION:  apps/v1

RESOURCE: spec <Object>

DESCRIPTION:
     Spec defines the desired identities of pods in this set.

     A StatefulSetSpec is the specification of a StatefulSet.

FIELDS:
   podManagementPolicy    <string>  #Pod管理策略
   replicas    <integer>    #副本数量
   revisionHistoryLimit    <integer>   #历史版本限制
   selector    <Object> -required-    #选择器，必选项
   serviceName    <string> -required-  #服务名称，必选项
   template    <Object> -required-    #模板，必选项
   updateStrategy    <Object>       #更新策略
   volumeClaimTemplates    <[]Object>   #存储卷申请模板，必选项

(3) List definition StatefulSet

As mentioned above, a complete StatefulSet controller consists of a Headless Service, a StatefulSet and a volumeClaimTemplate. As defined in the resource list below:

vim stateful-demo.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: myapp-svc
  labels:
    app: myapp-svc
spec:
  ports:
  - port: 80
    name: web
  clusterIP: None
  selector:
    app: myapp-pod
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: StatefulSet
metadata:
  name: myapp
spec:
  serviceName: myapp-svc
  replicas: 3
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: myapp-pod
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: myapp-pod
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: myapp
        image: ikubernetes/myapp:v1
        ports:
        - containerPort: 80
          name: web
        volumeMounts:
        - name: myappdata
          mountPath: /usr/share/nginx/html
  volumeClaimTemplates:
  - metadata:
      name: myappdata
      annotations:          #动态PV创建时，使用annotations在PVC里声明一个StorageClass对象的标识进行关联
        volume.beta.kubernetes.io/storage-class: nfs-client-storageclass
    spec:
      accessModes: ["ReadWriteOnce"]
      resources:
        requests:
          storage: 2Gi

解析上例：由于 StatefulSet 资源依赖于一个实现存在的 Headless 类型的 Service 资源，所以需要先定义一个名为 myapp-svc 的 Headless Service 资源，用于为关联到每个 Pod 资源创建 DNS 资源记录。接着定义了一个名为 myapp 的 StatefulSet 资源，它通过 Pod 模板创建了 3 个 Pod 资源副本，并基于 volumeClaimTemplates 向前面创建的PV进行了请求大小为 2Gi 的专用存储卷。

(4) Create pv

//stor01节点
mkdir -p /data/volumes/v{1,2,3,4,5}

vim /etc/exports
/data/volumes/v1 192.168.231.0/24(rw,no_root_squash)
/data/volumes/v2 192.168.231.0/24(rw,no_root_squash)
/data/volumes/v3 192.168.231.0/24(rw,no_root_squash)
/data/volumes/v4 192.168.231.0/24(rw,no_root_squash)
/data/volumes/v5 192.168.231.0/24(rw,no_root_squash)


systemctl restart rpcbind
systemctl restart nfs

exportfs -arv

showmount -e

(5) Define PV

vim pv-demo.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolume
metadata:
  name: pv001
  labels:
    name: pv001
spec:
  nfs:
    path: /data/volumes/v1
    server: stor01
  accessModes: ["ReadWriteMany","ReadWriteOnce"]
  capacity:
    storage: 1Gi
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolume
metadata:
  name: pv002
  labels:
    name: pv002
spec:
  nfs:
    path: /data/volumes/v2
    server: stor01
  accessModes: ["ReadWriteOnce"]
  capacity:
    storage: 2Gi
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolume
metadata:
  name: pv003
  labels:
    name: pv003
spec:
  nfs:
    path: /data/volumes/v3
    server: stor01
  accessModes: ["ReadWriteMany","ReadWriteOnce"]
  capacity:
    storage: 2Gi
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolume
metadata:
  name: pv004
  labels:
    name: pv004
spec:
  nfs:
    path: /data/volumes/v4
    server: stor01
  accessModes: ["ReadWriteMany","ReadWriteOnce"]
  capacity:
    storage: 2Gi
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolume
metadata:
  name: pv005
  labels:
    name: pv005
spec:
  nfs:
    path: /data/volumes/v5
    server: stor01
  accessModes: ["ReadWriteMany","ReadWriteOnce"]
  capacity:
    storage: 2Gi


kubectl apply -f pv-demo.yaml

kubectl get pv
NAME      CAPACITY   ACCESS MODES   RECLAIM POLICY   STATUS      CLAIM     STORAGECLASS   REASON    AGE
pv001     1Gi        RWO,RWX        Retain           Available                                      7s
pv002     2Gi        RWO            Retain           Available                                      7s
pv003     2Gi        RWO,RWX        Retain           Available                                      7s
pv004     2Gi        RWO,RWX        Retain           Available                                      7s
pv005     2Gi        RWO,RWX        Retain           Available                                       7s

(6) Create statefulset

kubectl apply -f stateful-demo.yaml 

kubectl get svc  #查看创建的无头服务myapp-svc
NAME         TYPE        CLUSTER-IP       EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)             AGE
kubernetes   ClusterIP   10.96.0.1        <none>        443/TCP             50d
myapp-svc    ClusterIP   None             <none>        80/TCP              38s

kubectl get sts    #查看statefulset
NAME      DESIRED   CURRENT   AGE
myapp     3         3         55s

kubectl get pvc    #查看pvc绑定
NAME                STATUS    VOLUME    CAPACITY   ACCESS MODES   STORAGECLASS   AGE
myappdata-myapp-0   Bound     pv002     2Gi        RWO                           1m
myappdata-myapp-1   Bound     pv003     2Gi        RWO,RWX                       1m
myappdata-myapp-2   Bound     pv004     2Gi        RWO,RWX                       1m

kubectl get pv    #查看pv绑定
NAME      CAPACITY   ACCESS MODES   RECLAIM POLICY   STATUS      CLAIM                       STORAGECLASS   REASON    AGE
pv001     1Gi        RWO,RWX        Retain           Available                                                        6m
pv002     2Gi        RWO            Retain           Bound       default/myappdata-myapp-0                            6m
pv003     2Gi        RWO,RWX        Retain           Bound       default/myappdata-myapp-1                            6m
pv004     2Gi        RWO,RWX        Retain           Bound       default/myappdata-myapp-2                            6m
pv005     2Gi        RWO,RWX        Retain           Available                                                        6m

kubectl get pods   #查看Pod信息
NAME                     READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
myapp-0                  1/1       Running   0          2m
myapp-1                  1/1       Running   0          2m
myapp-2                  1/1       Running   0          2m


//当删除一个 StatefulSet 时，该 StatefulSet 不提供任何终止 Pod 的保证。为了实现 StatefulSet 中的 Pod 可以有序且体面地终止，可以在删除之前将 StatefulSet 缩容到 0。
kubectl scale statefulset myappdata-myapp --replicas=0
kubectl delete -f stateful-demo.yaml    

//此时PVC依旧存在的，再重新创建pod时，依旧会重新去绑定原来的pvc
kubectl apply -f stateful-demo.yaml

kubectl get pvc
NAME                STATUS    VOLUME    CAPACITY   ACCESS MODES   STORAGECLASS   AGE
myappdata-myapp-0   Bound     pv002     2Gi        RWO                           5m
myappdata-myapp-1   Bound     pv003     2Gi        RWO,RWX                       5m
myappdata-myapp-2   Bound     pv004     2Gi        RWO,RWX

6. Rolling update

The StatefulSet controller will delete and recreate each Pod in the StatefulSet. It will proceed in the same order as Pod termination (from largest ordinal to smallest ordinal), updating one Pod at a time. It will wait for the status of the Pod being updated to become Running and Ready before updating its predecessor. The rolling update for the following operation is updated in the order of 2-0.

vim stateful-demo.yaml          #修改image版本为v2
.....
image: ikubernetes/myapp:v2
....

kubectl apply -f stateful-demo.yaml

kubectl get pods -w   #查看滚动更新的过程
NAME      READY   STATUS        RESTARTS   AGE
myapp-0   1/1     Running       0          29s
myapp-1   1/1     Running       0          27s
myapp-2   0/1     Terminating   0          26s
myapp-2   0/1     Terminating   0          30s
myapp-2   0/1     Terminating   0          30s
myapp-2   0/1     Pending       0          0s
myapp-2   0/1     Pending       0          0s
myapp-2   0/1     ContainerCreating   0          0s
myapp-2   1/1     Running             0          31s
myapp-1   1/1     Terminating         0          62s
myapp-1   0/1     Terminating         0          63s
myapp-1   0/1     Terminating         0          66s
myapp-1   0/1     Terminating         0          67s
myapp-1   0/1     Pending             0          0s
myapp-1   0/1     Pending             0          0s
myapp-1   0/1     ContainerCreating   0          0s
myapp-1   1/1     Running             0          30s
myapp-0   1/1     Terminating         0          99s
myapp-0   0/1     Terminating         0          100s
myapp-0   0/1     Terminating         0          101s
myapp-0   0/1     Terminating         0          101s
myapp-0   0/1     Pending             0          0s
myapp-0   0/1     Pending             0          0s
myapp-0   0/1     ContainerCreating   0          0s
myapp-0   1/1     Running             0          1s


//在创建的每一个Pod中，每一个pod自己的名称都是可以被解析的
kubectl exec -it myapp-0 /bin/sh
Name:      myapp-0.myapp-svc.default.svc.cluster.local
Address 1: 10.244.2.27 myapp-0.myapp-svc.default.svc.cluster.local
/ # nslookup myapp-1.myapp-svc.default.svc.cluster.local
nslookup: can't resolve '(null)': Name does not resolve

Name:      myapp-1.myapp-svc.default.svc.cluster.local
Address 1: 10.244.1.14 myapp-1.myapp-svc.default.svc.cluster.local
/ # nslookup myapp-2.myapp-svc.default.svc.cluster.local
nslookup: can't resolve '(null)': Name does not resolve

Name:      myapp-2.myapp-svc.default.svc.cluster.local
Address 1: 10.244.2.26 myapp-2.myapp-svc.default.svc.cluster.local

//从上面的解析，我们可以看到在容器当中可以通过对Pod的名称进行解析到ip。其解析的域名格式如下：
(pod_name).(service_name).(namespace_name).svc.cluster.local

7. Summary

Stateless
1) The deployment considers all pods to be the same
2) There is no need to consider the order requirements
3) There is no need to consider which node the node is running on
4) The capacity can be expanded and reduced at will

Stateful
1) There are differences between instances, each instance has its own uniqueness and different metadata, such as etcd, zookeeper
2) Asymmetric relationships between instances, as well as applications that rely on external storage.

8. The difference between regular service and headless service

service: A set of Pod access policies that provide communication between cluster-IP clusters, as well as load balancing and service discovery.
Headless service: A headless service that does not require cluster-IP. Instead, it directly resolves the IP address of the proxied Pod through DNS records.


vim pod6.yaml 
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: dns-test
spec:
  containers:
  - name: busybox
    image: busybox:1.28.4
    args:
    - /bin/sh
    - -c
    - sleep 36000
  restartPolicy: Never


vim sts.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: nginx
  labels:
    app: nginx
spec:
  ports:
  - port: 80
    name: web
  clusterIP: None
  selector:
    app: nginx
---
apiVersion: apps/v1beta1  
kind: StatefulSet  
metadata:
  name: nginx-statefulset  
  namespace: default
spec:
  serviceName: nginx  
  replicas: 3  
  selector:
    matchLabels:  
       app: nginx
  template:  
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: nginx  
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: nginx
        image: nginx:latest  
        ports:
        - containerPort: 80  


kubectl apply -f sts.yaml

kubectl apply -f pod6.yaml

kubectl get pods,svc

kubectl exec -it dns-test sh
/ # nslookup nginx-statefulset-0.nginx.default.svc.cluster.local
/ # nslookup nginx-statefulset-1.nginx.default.svc.cluster.local
/ # nslookup nginx-statefulset-2.nginx.default.svc.cluster.local

kubectl exec -it nginx-statefulset-0 bash
/# curl nginx-statefulset-0.nginx
/# curl nginx-statefulset-1.nginx
/# curl nginx-statefulset-2.nginx

9. Expansion and contraction

kubectl scale sts myapp --replicas=4  #扩容副本增加到4个

kubectl get pods -w  #动态查看扩容

kubectl get pv  #查看pv绑定

kubectl patch sts myapp -p '{"spec":{"replicas":2}}'  #打补丁方式缩容

kubectl get pods -w  #动态查看缩容

Four: DaemonSet

1、DaemonSet

DaemonSet ensures that all (or some) Nodes are running a copy of the Pod. When a Node joins the cluster, a Pod will be added to them. When a Node is removed from the cluster, these Pods will also be recycled. Deleting a DaemonSet will delete all Pods it created.

Some typical uses of DaemonSet :
●Run cluster storage daemon, for example, run glusterd and ceph on each Node.
●Run log collection daemon on each Node, such as fluentd and logstash.
●Run a monitoring daemon on each Node, such as Prometheus Node Exporter, collectd, Datadog agent, New Relic agent, or Ganglia gmond.
Application scenario: Agent
//Official case (monitoring)
https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/daemonset/

2. Case study

示例：
vim ds.yaml 
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: DaemonSet 
metadata:
  name: nginx-daemonSet
  labels:
    app: nginx
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: nginx
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: nginx
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: nginx
        image: nginx:1.15.4
        ports:
        - containerPort: 80


kubectl apply -f ds.yaml

//DaemonSet会在每个node节点都创建一个Pod
kubectl get pods
nginx-deployment-4kr6h   1/1     Running     0          35s
nginx-deployment-8jrg5   1/1     Running     0          35s

Five: Job

Job is divided into ordinary tasks (Job) and scheduled tasks (CronJob),
which are often used to run tasks that only need to be executed once.
Application scenarios: database migration, batch scripts, kube-bench scanning, offline data processing, video decoding and other services
https:/ /kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/jobs-run-to-completion/

示例：
vim job.yaml
apiVersion: batch/v1
kind: Job
metadata:
  name: pi
spec:
  template:
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: pi
        image: perl
        command: ["perl",  "-Mbignum=bpi", "-wle", "print bpi(2000)"]
      restartPolicy: Never
  backoffLimit: 4

//参数解释
.spec.template.spec.restartPolicy该属性拥有三个候选值：OnFailure，Never和Always。默认值为Always。它主要用于描述Pod内容器的重启策略。在Job中只能将此属性设置为OnFailure或Never，否则Job将不间断运行。

.spec.backoffLimit用于设置job失败后进行重试的次数，默认值为6。默认情况下，除非Pod失败或容器异常退出，Job任务将不间断的重试，此时Job遵循 .spec.backoffLimit上述说明。一旦.spec.backoffLimit达到，作业将被标记为失败。


//在所有node节点下载perl镜像，因为镜像比较大，所以建议提前下载好
docker pull perl

kubectl apply -f job.yaml 

kubectl get pods
pi-bqtf7                 0/1     Completed   0          41s

//结果输出到控制台
kubectl logs pi-bqtf7
3.14159265......

//清除job资源
kubectl delete -f job.yaml 

//backoffLimit
vim job-limit.yaml
apiVersion: batch/v1
kind: Job
metadata:
  name: busybox
spec:
  template:
    spec:
      containers:
        - name: busybox
          image: busybox
          imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
          command: ["/bin/sh", "-c", "sleep 10;date;exit 1"]
      restartPolicy: Never
  backoffLimit: 2
  
kubectl apply -f job-limit.yaml

kubectl get job,pods
NAME                COMPLETIONS   DURATION   AGE
job.batch/busybox   0/1           4m34s      4m34s

NAME                READY   STATUS   RESTARTS   AGE
pod/busybox-dhrkt   0/1     Error    0          4m34s
pod/busybox-kcx46   0/1     Error    0          4m
pod/busybox-tlk48   0/1     Error    0          4m21s

kubectl describe job busybox
......
Warning  BackoffLimitExceeded  43s    job-controller  Job has reached the specified backoff limit

Six: CronJob

Periodic tasks, like Linux's Crontab.
Periodic tasks
application scenarios: notifications, backups
https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/job/automated-tasks-with-cron-jobs/

示例：
//每分钟打印hello
vim cronjob.yaml
apiVersion: batch/v1beta1
kind: CronJob
metadata:
  name: hello
spec:
  schedule: "*/1 * * * *"
  jobTemplate:
    spec:
      template:
        spec:
          containers:
          - name: hello
            image: busybox
            imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
            args:
            - /bin/sh
            - -c
            - date; echo Hello from the Kubernetes cluster
          restartPolicy: OnFailure
          
//cronjob其它可用参数的配置
spec:
  concurrencyPolicy: Allow            #声明了 CronJob 创建的任务执行时发生重叠如何处理（并发性规则仅适用于相同 CronJob 创建的任务）。spec仅能声明下列规则中的一种:
                                         ●Allow (默认)：CronJob 允许并发任务执行。
                                         ●Forbid：CronJob 不允许并发任务执行；如果新任务的执行时间到了而老任务没有执行完，CronJob 会忽略新任务的执行。
                                         ●Replace：如果新任务的执行时间到了而老任务没有执行完，CronJob 会用新任务替换当前正在运行的任务。
  startingDeadlineSeconds: 15        #它表示任务如果由于某种原因错过了调度时间，开始该任务的截止时间的秒数。过了截止时间，CronJob 就不会开始任务，且标记失败.如果此字段未设置，那任务就没有最后期限。
  successfulJobsHistoryLimit: 3        #要保留的成功完成的任务数（默认为3）
  failedJobsHistoryLimit：1         #要保留多少已完成和失败的任务数（默认为1）
  suspend：true                     #如果设置为 true ，后续发生的执行都会被挂起。 这个设置对已经开始的执行不起作用。默认是 false。
  schedule: '*/1 * * * *'            #必需字段，作业时间表。在此示例中，作业将每分钟运行一次
  jobTemplate:                        #必需字段，作业模板。这类似于工作示例


kubectl create -f cronjob.yaml 

kubectl get cronjob
NAME    SCHEDULE      SUSPEND   ACTIVE   LAST SCHEDULE   AGE
hello   */1 * * * *   False     0        <none>          25s

kubectl get pods
NAME                     READY   STATUS      RESTARTS   AGE
hello-1621587180-mffj6   0/1     Completed   0          3m
hello-1621587240-g68w4   0/1     Completed   0          2m
hello-1621587300-vmkqg   0/1     Completed   0          60s

kubectl logs hello-1621587180-mffj6
Fri May 21 09:03:14 UTC 2021
Hello from the Kubernetes cluster
//如果报错：Error from server (Forbidden): Forbidden (user=system:anonymous, verb=get, resource=nodes, subresource=proxy) ( pods/log hello-1621587780-c7v54)
//解决办法：绑定一个cluster-admin的权限
kubectl create clusterrolebinding system:anonymous --clusterrole=cluster-admin --user=system:anonymous