1. Pod controller and its functions
Pod controller, also called workload, is the middle layer used to manage pods to ensure that pod resources meet the expected status. When a pod resource fails, it will try to restart. When the restart policy is invalid, The pod resources will be re-created.
2. There are many types of Pod controllers
1、ReplicaSet
Creates a specified number of pod copies on behalf of the user to ensure that the number of pod copies meets the expected status, and supports rolling automatic expansion and contraction functions. The image can be upgraded.
ReplicaSet consists of three main components:
- The number of pod replicas expected by the user
- Label selector to determine which pod is managed by the label
- When the number of existing pods is insufficient, new ones will be created based on the pod resource template to help users manage stateless pod resources, accurately reflecting the user-defined target number. However, RelicaSet is not a directly used controller, but uses Deployment.
2、Deployment
Works on ReplicaSet and is used to manage stateless applications. It is currently the best controller. Supports rolling update and rollback functions, and also provides declarative configuration.
The two resource objects ReplicaSet and Deployment gradually replace the role of the previous RC (the predecessor of RS).
3、DaemonSet
Used to ensure that each node in the cluster only runs a specific pod copy, usually used to implement system-level background tasks. For example, ELK service
characteristics: The service is stateless
and must be a daemon process.
4、StatefulSet
Manage stateful applications
5、Job
Exit as soon as it's done, no reboot or rebuild required
6、Cronjob
Periodic task control, no need to continue running in the background
3. The relationship between Pod and controller
controllers: pod objects that manage and run containers on the cluster. pods are associated through label-selector.
Pod implements application operation and maintenance through the controller, such as scaling, upgrading, etc.
1、Deployment
- Deploy stateless applications
- Manage Pods and ReplicaSets
- 具有上线部署、副本设定、滚动升级、回滚等功能
- 提供声明式更新，例如只更新一个新的image
- 应用场景：web服务
1.1 示例
vim nginx-deployment.yaml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: nginx-deployment
labels:
app: nginx
spec:
replicas: 3
selector:
matchLabels:
app: nginx
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: nginx
spec:
containers:
- name: nginx
image: nginx:1.15.4
ports:
- containerPort: 80
kubectl create -f nginx-deployment.yaml
kubectl get pods,deploy,rs
1.2 查看控制器配置
kubectl edit deployment/nginx-deployment
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
annotations:
deployment.kubernetes.io/revision: "1"
creationTimestamp: "2023-02-28T07:34:15Z"
generation: 1
labels:
app: nginx #Deployment资源的标签
name: nginx-deployment
namespace: default
resourceVersion: "49530"
selfLink: /apis/extensions/v1beta1/namespaces/default/deployments/nginx-deployment
uid: 0017643e-c7ed-4b5f-a1bd-c176d893974b
progressDeadlineSeconds: 600
replicas: 3 #期望的pod数量，默认是1
revisionHistoryLimit: 10
selector:
matchLabels:
app: nginx
strategy:
rollingUpdate:
maxSurge: 25% #升级过程中会先启动的新Pod的数量不超过期望的Pod数量的25%，也可以是一个绝对值
maxUnavailable: 25% #升级过程中在新的Pod启动好后销毁的旧Pod的数量不超过期望的Pod数量的25%，也可以是一个绝对值
type: RollingUpdate #滚动升级
template:
metadata:
creationTimestamp: null
labels:
app: nginx #Pod副本关联的标签
spec:
containers:
- image: nginx:1.15.4 #镜像名称
imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent #镜像拉取策略
name: nginx
ports:
- containerPort: 80 #容器暴露的监听端口
protocol: TCP
resources: {}
terminationMessagePath: /dev/termination-log
terminationMessagePolicy: File
dnsPolicy: ClusterFirst
restartPolicy: Always #容器重启策略
schedulerName: default-scheduler
securityContext: {}
terminationGracePeriodSeconds: 30
......
1.3 查看历史版本
kubectl rollout history deployment/nginx-deployment
2、SatefulSet
部署有状态应用
稳定的持久化存储，即Pod重新调度后还是能访问到相同的持久化数据，基于PVC来实现
稳定的网络标志，即Pod重新调度后其PodName和HostName不变，基于Headless Service(即没有Cluster IP的Service)来实现
有序部署，有序扩展，即Pod是有顺序的，在部署或者扩展的时候要依据定义的顺序依次进行(即从0到N-1，在下一个Pod运行之前所有之前的Pod必须都是Running和Ready状态)，基于init containers来实现
有序收缩，有序删除(即从N-1到0)(删除就是倒序删除)
常见的应用场景：数据库
https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/statefulset/
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: nginx
labels:
app: nginx
spec:
ports:
- port: 80
name: web
clusterIP: None
selector:
app: nginx
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: StatefulSet
metadata:
name: web
spec:
selector:
matchLabels:
app: nginx # has to match .spec.template.metadata.labels
serviceName: "nginx"
replicas: 3 # by default is 1
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: nginx # has to match .spec.selector.matchLabels
spec:
terminationGracePeriodSeconds: 10
containers:
- name: nginx
image: k8s.gcr.io/nginx-slim:0.8
ports:
- containerPort: 80
name: web
volumeMounts:
- name: www
mountPath: /usr/share/nginx/html
volumeClaimTemplates:
- metadata:
name: www
spec:
accessModes: [ "ReadWriteOnce" ]
storageClassName: "my-storage-class"
resources:
requests:
storage: 1Gi从上面的应用场景可以发现，StatefulSet由以下几个部分组成：
- Headless Service(无头服务)：用于为Pod资源标识符生成可解析的DNS记录。
- volumeClaimTemplates(存储卷申请模板)：基于静态或动态PV供给方式为Pod资源提供专有的固定存储。
- StatefulSet：用于管控Pod资源。
为什么要有headless？
在deployment中，每一个pod是没有名称，是随机字符串，是无序的。而statefulset中是要求有序的，每一个pod的名称必须是固定的。当节点挂了，重建之后的标识符是不变的，每一个节点的节点名称是不能改变的。pod名称是作为pod识别的唯一标识符，必须保证其标识符的稳定并且唯一。
为了实现标识符的稳定，这时候就需要一个headless service 解析直达到pod，还需要给pod配置一个唯一的名称。
为什么要有volumeClainTemplate？
大部分有状态副本集都会用到持久存储，比如分布式系统来说，由于数据是不一样的，每个节点都需要自己专用的存储节点。而在 deployment中pod模板中创建的存储卷是一个共享的存储卷，多个pod使用同一个存储卷，而statefulset定义中的每一个pod都不能使用同一个存储卷，由此基于pod模板创建pod是不适应的，这就需要引入volumeClainTemplate，当在使用statefulset创建pod时，会自动生成一个PVC，从而请求绑定一个PV，从而有自己专用的存储卷。
服务发现：就是应用服务之间相互定位的过程。
应用场景：
- 动态性强：Pod会飘到别的node节点
- 更新发布频繁：互联网思维小步快跑，先实现再优化，老板永远是先上线再慢慢优化，先把idea变成产品挣到钱然后再慢慢一点一点优化
- 支持自动伸缩：一来大促，肯定是要扩容多个副本
K8S里服务发现的方式---DNS，使K8S集群能够自动关联Service资源的“名称”和“CLUSTER-IP”，从而达到服务被集群自动发现的目的。
实现K8S里DNS功能的插件：
- skyDNS：Kubernetes 1.3之前的版本
- kubeDNS：Kubernetes 1.3至Kubernetes 1.11
- CoreDNS：Kubernetes 1.11开始至今
四、安装CoreDNS，仅二进制部署环境需要安装CoreDNS
#方法一：
下载链接：https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/blob/master/cluster/addons/dns/coredns/coredns.yaml.base
vim transforms2sed.sed
s/__DNS__SERVER__/10.0.0.2/g
s/__DNS__DOMAIN__/cluster.local/g
s/__DNS__MEMORY__LIMIT__/170Mi/g
s/__MACHINE_GENERATED_WARNING__/Warning: This is a file generated from the base underscore template file: coredns.yaml.base/g
sed -f transforms2sed.sed coredns.yaml.base > coredns.yaml
#方法二：上传 coredns.yaml 文件
kubectl create -f coredns.yaml
kubectl get pods -n kube-system1、示例1
vim nginx-service.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: nginx-service
labels:
app: nginx
spec:
type: NodePort
ports:
- port: 80
targetPort: 80
selector:
app: nginx
kubectl create -f nginx-service.yaml
kubectl get svc
2、示例2
vim pod.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: dns-test
spec:
containers:
- name: busybox
image: busybox:1.28.4
args:
- /bin/sh
- -c
- sleep 36000
restartPolicy: Never
kubectl create -f pod.yaml
//解析kubernetes和nginx-service名称
kubectl exec -it dns-test sh
/ # nslookup kubernetes
Server: 10.96.0.10
Address 1: 10.96.0.10 kube-dns.kube-system.svc.cluster.local
Name: kubernetes
Address 1: 10.96.0.1 kubernetes.default.svc.cluster.local
/ # nslookup nginx-service
Server: 10.96.0.10
Address 1: 10.96.0.10 kube-dns.kube-system.svc.cluster.local
Name: nginx-service
Address 1: 10.100.5.197 nginx-service.default.svc.cluster.local
五、查看statefulset的定义
kubectl explain statefulset
KIND: StatefulSet
VERSION: apps/v1
DESCRIPTION:
StatefulSet represents a set of pods with consistent identities. Identities
are defined as: - Network: A single stable DNS and hostname. - Storage: As
many VolumeClaims as requested. The StatefulSet guarantees that a given
network identity will always map to the same storage identity.
FIELDS:
apiVersion <string>
kind <string>
metadata <Object>
spec <Object>
status <Object>
kubectl explain statefulset.spec
KIND: StatefulSet
VERSION: apps/v1
RESOURCE: spec <Object>
DESCRIPTION:
Spec defines the desired identities of pods in this set.
A StatefulSetSpec is the specification of a StatefulSet.
FIELDS:
podManagementPolicy <string> #Pod管理策略
replicas <integer> #副本数量
revisionHistoryLimit <integer> #历史版本限制
selector <Object> -required- #选择器，必选项
serviceName <string> -required- #服务名称，必选项
template <Object> -required- #模板，必选项
updateStrategy <Object> #更新策略
volumeClaimTemplates <[]Object> #存储卷申请模板，必选项清单定义StatefulSet
如上所述，一个完整的 StatefulSet 控制器由一个 Headless Service、一个 StatefulSet 和一个 volumeClaimTemplate 组成。如下资源清单中的定义：
vim stateful-demo.yaml
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: myapp-svc
labels:
app: myapp-svc
spec:
ports:
- port: 80
name: web
clusterIP: None
selector:
app: myapp-pod
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: StatefulSet
metadata:
name: myapp
spec:
serviceName: myapp-svc
replicas: 3
selector:
matchLabels:
app: myapp-pod
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: myapp-pod
spec:
containers:
- name: myapp
image: ikubernetes/myapp:v1
ports:
- containerPort: 80
name: web
volumeMounts:
- name: myappdata
mountPath: /usr/share/nginx/html
volumeClaimTemplates:
- metadata:
name: myappdata
annotations: #动态PV创建时，使用annotations在PVC里声明一个StorageClass对象的标识进行关联
volume.beta.kubernetes.io/storage-class: nfs-client-storageclass
spec:
accessModes: ["ReadWriteOnce"]
resources:
requests:
storage: 2Gi解析上例：由于 StatefulSet 资源依赖于一个实现存在的 Headless 类型的 Service 资源，所以需要先定义一个名为 myapp-svc 的 Headless Service 资源，用于为关联到每个 Pod 资源创建 DNS 资源记录。接着定义了一个名为 myapp 的 StatefulSet 资源，它通过 Pod 模板创建了 3 个 Pod 资源副本，并基于 volumeClaimTemplates 向前面创建的PV进行了请求大小为 2Gi 的专用存储卷。
创建pv
nfs节点
mkdir -p /data/volumes/v{1,2,3,4,5}
vim /etc/exports
/data/volumes/v1 192.168.80.0/24(rw,no_root_squash)
/data/volumes/v2 192.168.80.0/24(rw,no_root_squash)
/data/volumes/v3 192.168.80.0/24(rw,no_root_squash)
/data/volumes/v4 192.168.80.0/24(rw,no_root_squash)
/data/volumes/v5 192.168.80.0/24(rw,no_root_squash)
systemctl restart rpcbind
systemctl restart nfs
exportfs -arv
showmount -e
定义PV
vim pv-demo.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolume
metadata:
name: pv001
labels:
name: pv001
spec:
nfs:
path: /data/volumes/v1
server: lb01
accessModes: ["ReadWriteMany","ReadWriteOnce"]
capacity:
storage: 1Gi
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolume
metadata:
name: pv002
labels:
name: pv002
spec:
nfs:
path: /data/volumes/v2
server: lb01
accessModes: ["ReadWriteOnce"]
capacity:
storage: 2Gi
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolume
metadata:
name: pv003
labels:
name: pv003
spec:
nfs:
path: /data/volumes/v3
server: lb01
accessModes: ["ReadWriteMany","ReadWriteOnce"]
capacity:
storage: 2Gi
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolume
metadata:
name: pv004
labels:
name: pv004
spec:
nfs:
path: /data/volumes/v4
server: lb01
accessModes: ["ReadWriteMany","ReadWriteOnce"]
capacity:
storage: 2Gi
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolume
metadata:
name: pv005
labels:
name: pv005
spec:
nfs:
path: /data/volumes/v5
server: lb01
accessModes: ["ReadWriteMany","ReadWriteOnce"]
capacity:
storage: 2Gi
kubectl apply -f pv-demo.yaml
kubectl get pv
创建statefuls
vim stateful-demo.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: myapp-svc
labels:
app: myapp-svc
spec:
ports:
- port: 80
name: web
clusterIP: None
selector:
app: myapp-pod
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: StatefulSet
metadata:
name: myapp
spec:
serviceName: myapp-svc
replicas: 3
selector:
matchLabels:
app: myapp-pod
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: myapp-pod
spec:
containers:
- name: myapp
image: ikubernetes/myapp:v1
ports:
- containerPort: 80
name: web
volumeMounts:
- name: myappdata
mountPath: /usr/share/nginx/html
volumeClaimTemplates:
- metadata:
name: myappdata
annotations: #动态PV创建时，使用annotations在PVC里声明一个StorageClass对象的标识进行关联
volume.beta.kubernetes.io/storage-class: nfs-client-storageclass
spec:
accessModes: ["ReadWriteOnce"]
resources:
requests:
storage: 2Gi
kubectl apply -f stateful-demo.yaml
kubectl get svc #查看创建的无头服务myapp-svc
NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE
kubernetes ClusterIP 10.96.0.1 <none> 443/TCP 50d
myapp-svc ClusterIP None <none> 80/TCP 38s
kubectl get sts #查看statefulset
NAME DESIRED CURRENT AGE
myapp 3 3 55s
kubectl get pvc #查看pvc绑定
NAME STATUS VOLUME CAPACITY ACCESS MODES STORAGECLASS AGE
myappdata-myapp-0 Bound pv002 2Gi RWO 1m
myappdata-myapp-1 Bound pv003 2Gi RWO,RWX 1m
myappdata-myapp-2 Bound pv004 2Gi RWO,RWX 1m
kubectl get pv #查看pv绑定
NAME CAPACITY ACCESS MODES RECLAIM POLICY STATUS CLAIM STORAGECLASS REASON AGE
pv001 1Gi RWO,RWX Retain Available 6m
pv002 2Gi RWO Retain Bound default/myappdata-myapp-0 6m
pv003 2Gi RWO,RWX Retain Bound default/myappdata-myapp-1 6m
pv004 2Gi RWO,RWX Retain Bound default/myappdata-myapp-2 6m
pv005 2Gi RWO,RWX Retain Available 6m
kubectl get pods #查看Pod信息
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
myapp-0 1/1 Running 0 2m
myapp-1 1/1 Running 0 2m
myapp-2 1/1 Running 0 2m
kubectl delete -f stateful-demo.yaml
//当删除的时候是从myapp-2开始进行删除的，关闭是逆向关闭
kubectl get pods -w
//此时PVC依旧存在的，再重新创建pod时，依旧会重新去绑定原来的pvc
kubectl apply -f stateful-demo.yaml
kubectl get pvc
NAME STATUS VOLUME CAPACITY ACCESS MODES STORAGECLASS AGE
myappdata-myapp-0 Bound pv002 2Gi RWO 5m
myappdata-myapp-1 Bound pv003 2Gi RWO,RWX 5m
myappdata-myapp-2 Bound pv004 2Gi RWO,RWX滚动更新
StatefulSet 控制器将在 StatefulSet 中删除并重新创建每个 Pod。它将以与 Pod 终止相同的顺序进行(从最大的序数到最小的序数)，每次更新一个 Pod。在更新其前身之前，它将等待正在更新的 Pod 状态变成正在运行并就绪。如下操作的滚动更新是按照2-0的顺序更新。
vim stateful-demo.yaml #修改image版本为v2
.....
image: ikubernetes/myapp:v2
....
kubectl apply -f stateful-demo.yaml
kubectl get pods -w #查看滚动更新的过程
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
myapp-0 1/1 Running 0 29s
myapp-1 1/1 Running 0 27s
myapp-2 0/1 Terminating 0 26s
myapp-2 0/1 Terminating 0 30s
myapp-2 0/1 Terminating 0 30s
myapp-2 0/1 Pending 0 0s
myapp-2 0/1 Pending 0 0s
myapp-2 0/1 ContainerCreating 0 0s
myapp-2 1/1 Running 0 31s
myapp-1 1/1 Terminating 0 62s
myapp-1 0/1 Terminating 0 63s
myapp-1 0/1 Terminating 0 66s
myapp-1 0/1 Terminating 0 67s
myapp-1 0/1 Pending 0 0s
myapp-1 0/1 Pending 0 0s
myapp-1 0/1 ContainerCreating 0 0s
myapp-1 1/1 Running 0 30s
myapp-0 1/1 Terminating 0 99s
myapp-0 0/1 Terminating 0 100s
myapp-0 0/1 Terminating 0 101s
myapp-0 0/1 Terminating 0 101s
myapp-0 0/1 Pending 0 0s
myapp-0 0/1 Pending 0 0s
myapp-0 0/1 ContainerCreating 0 0s
myapp-0 1/1 Running 0 1s解析
#在创建的每一个Pod中，每一个pod自己的名称都是可以被解析的
kubectl exec -it myapp-0 /bin/sh
Name: myapp-0.myapp-svc.default.svc.cluster.local
Address 1: 10.244.2.27 myapp-0.myapp-svc.default.svc.cluster.local
/ # nslookup myapp-1.myapp-svc.default.svc.cluster.local
nslookup: can't resolve '(null)': Name does not resolve
Name: myapp-1.myapp-svc.default.svc.cluster.local
Address 1: 10.244.1.14 myapp-1.myapp-svc.default.svc.cluster.local
/ # nslookup myapp-2.myapp-svc.default.svc.cluster.local
nslookup: can't resolve '(null)': Name does not resolve
Name: myapp-2.myapp-svc.default.svc.cluster.local
Address 1: 10.244.2.26 myapp-2.myapp-svc.default.svc.cluster.local
#从上面的解析，我们可以看到在容器当中可以通过对Pod的名称进行解析到ip。其解析的域名格式如下：
(pod_name).(service_name).(namespace_name).svc.cluster.local总结
无状态
- deployment 认为所有的pod都是一样的
- 不用考虑顺序的要求
- 不用考虑在哪个node节点上运行
- 可以随意扩容和缩容
有状态
- 实例之间有差别，每个实例都有自己的独特性，元数据不同，例如etcd，zookeeper
- 实例之间不对等的关系，以及依靠外部存储的应用。
常规service和无头服务区别
- service：一组Pod访问策略，提供cluster-IP群集之间通讯，还提供负载均衡和服务发现。
- Headless service：无头服务，不需要cluster-IP，而是直接以DNS记录的方式解析出被代理Pod的IP地址。
示例
vim pod6.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: dns-test
spec:
containers:
- name: busybox
image: busybox:1.28.4
args:
- /bin/sh
- -c
- sleep 36000
restartPolicy: Never
vim sts.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: nginx
labels:
app: nginx
spec:
ports:
- port: 80
name: web
clusterIP: None
selector:
app: nginx
---
apiVersion: apps/v1beta1
kind: StatefulSet
metadata:
name: nginx-statefulset
namespace: default
spec:
serviceName: nginx
replicas: 3
selector:
matchLabels:
app: nginx
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: nginx
spec:
containers:
- name: nginx
image: nginx:latest
ports:
- containerPort: 80
kubectl apply -f sts.yaml
kubectl apply -f pod6.yaml
kubectl get pods,svc
kubectl exec -it dns-test sh
/ # nslookup nginx-statefulset-0.nginx.default.svc.cluster.local
/ # nslookup nginx-statefulset-1.nginx.default.svc.cluster.local
/ # nslookup nginx-statefulset-2.nginx.default.svc.cluster.local
kubectl exec -it nginx-statefulset-0 bash
/# curl nginx-statefulset-0.nginx
/# curl nginx-statefulset-1.nginx
/# curl nginx-statefulset-2.nginx
扩展伸缩
kubectl scale sts myapp --replicas=4 #扩容副本增加到4个
kubectl get pods -w #动态查看扩容
kubectl get pv #查看pv绑定
kubectl patch sts myapp -p '{"spec":{"replicas":2}}' #打补丁方式缩容
kubectl get pods -w #动态查看缩容六、DaemonSet
DaemonSet 确保全部(或者一些)Node 上运行一个 Pod 的副本。当有 Node 加入集群时，也会为他们新增一个 Pod 。当有 Node 从集群移除时，这些 Pod 也会被回收。删除 DaemonSet 将会删除它创建的所有 Pod。
使用 DaemonSet 的一些典型用法：
●运行集群存储 daemon，例如在每个 Node 上运行 glusterd、ceph。
●在每个 Node 上运行日志收集 daemon，例如fluentd、logstash。
●在每个 Node 上运行监控 daemon，例如 Prometheus Node Exporter、collectd、Datadog 代理、New Relic 代理，或 Ganglia gmond。
应用场景：Agent
官方案例(监控)
https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/daemonset/
vim ds.yaml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: DaemonSet
metadata:
name: nginx-daemonSet
labels:
app: nginx
spec:
selector:
matchLabels:
app: nginx
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: nginx
spec:
containers:
- name: nginx
image: nginx:1.15.4
ports:
- containerPort: 80
kubectl apply -f ds.yaml
#DaemonSet会在每个node节点都创建一个Pod
kubectl get pods
七、Job
Job分为普通任务(Job)和定时任务(CronJob)
常用于运行那些仅需要执行一次的任务
应用场景：数据库迁移、批处理脚本、kube-bench扫描、离线数据处理，视频解码等业务
官方案例：
https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/controllers/jobs-run-to-completion/
vim job.yaml
apiVersion: batch/v1
kind: Job
metadata:
name: pi
spec:
template:
spec:
containers:
- name: pi
image: perl
command: ["perl", "-Mbignum=bpi", "-wle", "print bpi(2000)"]
restartPolicy: Never
backoffLimit: 4
//参数解释
.spec.template.spec.restartPolicy该属性拥有三个候选值：OnFailure，Never和Always。默认值为Always。它主要用于描述Pod内容器的重启策略。在Job中只能将此属性设置为OnFailure或Never，否则Job将不间断运行。
.spec.backoffLimit用于设置job失败后进行重试的次数，默认值为6。默认情况下，除非Pod失败或容器异常退出，Job任务将不间断的重试，此时Job遵循 .spec.backoffLimit上述说明。一旦.spec.backoffLimit达到，作业将被标记为失败。
//在所有node节点下载perl镜像，因为镜像比较大，所以建议提前下载好
docker pull perl
kubectl apply -f job.yaml
kubectl get pods
pi-bqtf7 0/1 Completed 0 41s
//结果输出到控制台
kubectl logs pi-bqtf7
3.14159265......
//清除job资源
kubectl delete -f job.yamlbackoffLimit
vim job-limit.yaml
apiVersion: batch/v1
kind: Job
metadata:
name: busybox
spec:
template:
spec:
containers:
- name: busybox
image: busybox
imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
command: ["/bin/sh", "-c", "sleep 10;date;exit 1"]
restartPolicy: Never
backoffLimit: 2
kubectl apply -f job-limit.yaml
kubectl get job,pods
kubectl describe job busybox
八、CronJob
周期性任务，像Linux的Crontab一样。
周期性任务
应用场景：通知，备份
官方案例：
https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/job/automated-tasks-with-cron-jobs/
//每分钟打印hello
vim cronjob.yaml
apiVersion: batch/v1beta1
kind: CronJob
metadata:
name: hello
spec:
schedule: "*/1 * * * *"
jobTemplate:
spec:
template:
spec:
containers:
- name: hello
image: busybox
imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
args:
- /bin/sh
- -c
- date; echo Hello from the Kubernetes cluster
restartPolicy: OnFailure
//cronjob其它可用参数的配置
spec:
concurrencyPolicy: Allow #要保留的失败的完成作业数(默认为1)
schedule: '*/1 * * * *' #作业时间表。在此示例中，作业将每分钟运行一次
startingDeadlineSeconds: 15 #pod必须在规定时间后的15秒内开始执行，若超过该时间未执行，则任务将不运行，且标记失败
successfulJobsHistoryLimit: 3 #要保留的成功完成的作业数(默认为3)
terminationGracePeriodSeconds: 30 #job存活时间 默认不设置为永久
jobTemplate: #作业模板。这类似于工作示例
kubectl create -f cronjob.yaml
kubectl get cronjob
kubectl get pods
kubectl logs hello-1677654960-qnmcs
#如果报错：
Error from server (Forbidden): Forbidden (user=system:anonymous, verb=get, resource=nodes, subresource=proxy) ( pods/log hello-1621587780-c7v54)
#解决办法：绑定一个cluster-admin的权限
kubectl create clusterrolebinding system:anonymous --clusterrole=cluster-admin --user=system:anonymous