Introduction to Sociology Exam Papers and Answers

Introduction to Sociology Exam Paper 5

1. Multiple choice questions (1 point for each sub-question, 20 points in total)

1. Yan Fu translated Spenser's "Sociological Research" into ( )

A．"Original Strong" b. "Qun Xue Huan Yan" C. "Principles of Sociology" d. "Original Rich"

2. Which of the following sociologists advocates conflict theory ( )

A．Simmel b. Darrendorf C. Weber D．Comte

3. The external performance of a group and social culture ( )

A．symbol b. Specification C．Etiquette D．value

4. The basic group for individuals to participate in social life is ( )

A．Occasional group B. social category c. Subgroup D. Head group

5. Which of the following is a service organization ( )

A．museum b. libraryC．club D．Hospital

6. The mainstream of career mobility is ( )

A．horizontal flow b. flow down c. flow upward d. other

7. The root cause of social behavior is ( )

A．People's social life needs B. psychological needs　

C．Physiological needs d. The need for productivity development

8. Social control is the first restriction on what ( )

A．Social member psychology b. social behavior of members of society　

C．The moral behavior of members of society D. cultural norms

9. The last form of family in human history is ( )

A．Spousal families b. partnership family

C．Punaluan family D. monogamous family

10. Who put forward "X" theory and "Y" theory is ( )

A．Barnard b. Durkheim

C．Koser D．McGregor

11. The smallest unit of culture is ( )

A．Cultural elements b. Cultural cluster

C．cultural patterns d. etiquette

12. The scientific methodology of sociology is ( )

A．positivism b. Non-positivism

C．historical materialism d. historical idealism

13. Comte’s theory on social progress and development is ( )

A．social dynamics b. social statics

C．social evolution d. Social Development Theory

14. The characteristics of personal socialization are ( )

A．initiative b. consciousness

C．interactivity d. mandatory

15. As the epitome of society and culture, which is the basic social environment of personal life ( )

A．work unit b. family

C．communityD．mass media

16、马克思主义认为一切社会关系的首要问题是 ( )

A．利益 B．需求 C．生产 D．阶级

17、人类生活中，最基本最重要的制度是 ( )

A．社区 B．群体 C．家庭 D．法律

18、组织的核心是 ( )

A．组织的目标 B．权力的划分

C．组织的结构 D．组织的功能

19、社区的首要功能是 ( )

A．经济生活 B．社会化

C．社会控制 D．社会参与

20、社会群体存在的本质反映是 ( )

A．生产关系 B．社会关系

C．组织 D．人的本质

二、多项选择题(每小题2分，共20分)

1、现代社会变迁的特点有 ( )

A．速度日趋加快 B．受科学技术的影响越来越大

C．带来了越来越多的问题 D．受人们自觉控制的程度不断提高

E．相关性日趋增强

2、我国家庭的发展，出现了同西方家庭发展相同的趋势，主要表现在（）

A．家庭规模小 B．家庭功能有所变化

C．对家庭价值的认识趋向现代化 D．家庭规模扩大

E．对家庭价值的认识出现后现代意识

3、文化的空间结构包括 ( )

A．文化区 B．文化区域

C．文化圈 D．边际文化

E．多元文化

4、社会学的主要特征有 ( )

A．整体性 B．综合性

C．广泛性 D．应用性 E．多样性

5、下列有关社会唯名论正确的是（）

A．否认一般的客观实在性 B．否认概念的客观内容

C．只有个人才是真实存在的 D．个人行为及其细节是社会学研究对象

E．认为只有个别事物才是真实存在的

6、文化交流包括（）

A．文化接触 B．文化冲突

C．文化采借 D．文化移植

E．文化融合

7、帕森斯认为群体具有的功能有（）

A．适应环境 B．实现目标

C．统一内部 D．维持价值 E．更新价值

8、宏观社会控制包挂哪些方面的控制（）

A．政治 B．经济

C．文化 D．意识形态 E．心理

9、社会学创立和形成时期的代表者有 ( )

A．孔德 B．斯宾塞

C．涂尔干 D．韦伯 E．马克思

10、个人社会化的基本内容可以简括为 ( )

A．技能社会化 B．政治社会化

C．行为社会化 D．性别角色社会化 E．文化社会化

三、名词解释(每小题4分，共16分)

1、组织结构

2、制度化控制

3、社会现代化

4、社会问题

四、简答题(每小题6分，共24分)

1、为什么说，生产关系是最基本的社会关系?

2、简述社会舆论在社会控制中的重要性。

3、社会组织中非正式结构存在的基本原因及其功能分析。

4、简述文化的主要特征。

五、论述题(每小题10分，共20分)

1、正向社会化与负向社会化简论。

2、试论社会现代化与“全盘西化”。

标准答案

一、单项选择题(每小题1分，共20分)

1、B 2、B 3、B 4、D 5、D

6、C 7、A 8、B 9、D 10、D

11、 A 12、C 13、A 14、D 15、 C 16、D 17、 C

18、B 19、A 20、B

二、多项选择题(每小题2分，共20分)

1、ABCD 2、 ABC 3、 ABCD 4、 ABCD 5、 ABCD

6、 ABCD 7、 ABCD 8、 ABCD 9、ABCDE 10、ABCD

三、名词解释(每小题4分，共16分)

1. Organizational structure: the sum of all the ways in which the organization divides the various components in the system according to the needs of achieving organizational goals and coordinates them with each other.

2. Institutionalized control: A social control method implemented by a certain organizational system according to a set of established provisions.

3. Social modernization: it is based on economic development, driven by industrialization, linked by the development of science and technology, and focused on the overall development of people, involving political system, social structure, organizational management, lifestyle, human activity space, etc. Revolutionary, global, long-term and holistic development processes in many fields.

4. Social problems: It is the product of social relationship imbalance, which hinders the normal life and social development of social members, causes widespread concern among social members, and needs to rely on social forces to solve problems.

4. Short answer questions (8 points per question, 24 points in total)

1. The relationship of production refers to the social relationship formed by people in material production activities in a certain historical period that is compatible with the development of productive forces at that time. In essence, it is the way that laborers and means of production are combined. The production relationship is the most basic social relationship: (1) The production relationship, as a combination of specific laborers and means of production, can only be established on the basis of specific productivity and reflects the economic relationship between people, so it is The most basic social relationship. (2) The production relations of material materials not only restrict the emergence and development of all other social relations, but also determine their nature, and even determine the nature and appearance of the whole society. (3) Production relations affect and determine the status and status of individuals in the entire social relationship.

2. The control of public opinion is the consistent reflection of the attitudes and opinions held by many members of society towards a particular event, that is, it is a kind of general will. It is the most prominent in informal control: (1) Public opinion is popular quickly and widely, which can generate huge mental pressure on the parties. With the help of mass media, its control effect is stronger. (2) In fact, any custom control, moral control, etc. are realized through a certain form of public opinion control. Therefore, give full play to the role of public opinion in social control.

3. Significance of informal structure: It refers to a group structure spontaneously formed by members of the organization based on common views, hobbies, and monk feelings. The basic reason for the existence of informal structures: In order to meet the needs of individuals that cannot be obtained from the organization, members of the organization with similar social backgrounds, cultural literacy, and hobbies voluntarily form informal groups. Informal structure has positive and negative functions, and its functions are: (1) It can buffer the pressure brought by formal structure. (2) Can provide rich forms of social control and communication beyond formal structures. (3) Imbalances in the formal structure can be resolved in a timely manner. (4) Be able to become a positive ability for organizational reform and an effective force for safeguarding the reasonable interests of social members.

4. ⑴ artificiality; ⑵ acquired; ⑶ sharing; ⑷ dynamic continuity; ⑸ commonality; ⑹ diversity.

5. Essay questions (10 points per question, 20 points in total)

1. Key points of the answer:

(1) Definition: Positive socialization refers to the process of cultural transmission and education from the previous generation to the next generation. Negative socialization is a process in which the younger generation influences the older generation with new knowledge and ideas. (2) Individual socialization in traditional society is mainly positive socialization; however, in modern society, there are more and more negative socializations. The reason for this change: social change. The productivity of traditional society is backward, the level of science and culture is low, and knowledge is updated slowly; modern society is technologically advanced, information is transmitted quickly, and young people are sensitive and accept it in a timely manner. (3) The impact of this change: In the future development, youth culture will have an important impact on the adult world. (4) Problems existing in the current two-way socialization in our country: On the one hand, young people are not easy to be educated by the older generation; on the other hand, the old generation is not easy to be influenced by the younger generation. It manifests itself as a generation gap problem.

2. Key points of the answer:

(1) Modernization first started in Western countries, and there was a coincidence between "modernization" and "Westernization". From the viewpoint of social convergence theory, modernization means "total westernization". (2) The modernization process of developing countries should and must learn from western developed countries and learn from their successful experiences. (3) But this does not mean that modernization is "total westernization"; cultural traditions are different (expand); reality conditions are different (expand). (4) Many developing countries have copied the model of Western developed countries, causing great damage to their own modernization. We must learn lessons and build socialist modernization with Chinese characteristics.

Comprehensive Exercises of "Introduction to Sociology"

1. Multiple choice questions

1. The word "society" comes from (A).

A China B United States C United Kingdom D Germany

2. The essential difference between human society and animal society is (C).

A language B thinking C labor D walking upright

3. In which work did Comte put forward the new term "sociology" for the first time. (C)

A "Sociological Research" B "Sociological Principles"

C "Course in Practical Philosophy" D "Rules of Sociological Method"

4. The originator of Chinese sociology is (B).

A Yan Fu B Kang Youwei C Liang Qichao D Chen Qianqiu

5. Culture refers to (D).

A Material wealth created by humans B Scientific knowledge learned by humans

C the norms of behavior followed by humans D all the wealth created by humans

6. Who first put forward the hierarchy of needs theory? (D)

A Freud B Legg C Mead D Maslow

7. What kind of need does "job security" belong to? (B)

A Physiological B Safe C Belonging D Self-esteem

8. Who proposed "self in the mirror". (B)

A Meade B Cooley C Bloomer D Thomas

9. Which of the following activities belongs to social interaction. (A)

A friends talking heart to heart B audience watching a movie

C crowded with customers D crowded among passengers

10. According to (C) of communication, social communication can be divided into competition, cooperation, conflict and accommodation.

A subject B form C nature D manner

11. "The way different social members or social groups interact to achieve the same goal" refers to (BD).

A conflict B competition C cooperation D compliance

12. The founder of symbolic interaction theory is ( ).

A Cooley B Linton C Thomas D Mead

13. The establishment of different role relationships between a teacher and students, principals, librarians, school hospital staff, etc. is called (B).

A Composite character B Role cluster C Actual character D Self-generated character

14. A person assumes several roles at the same time, and the expectations of the individual are contradictory and difficult to coordinate. This phenomenon is called (B).

A role playing B role conflict C role interruption D role failure

15. Which of the following activities is not a collective behavior (C).

A following the trend B rushing to buy C spring outing D fans making trouble

16. What kind of outlook on life is the outlook on life of "living in the world, food and clothing" (A).

A hedonism B authoritarianism C pessimism D optimism

17. What is the stage of children's thinking development from six or seven years old to eleven or twelve years old (B).

A Formal operation B Concrete operation C Perceptual operation D Pre-operation

18. Second weaning refers to adolescents (B).

A Psychological contradiction B Psychologically separated from all aspects of guardianship

C Psychological tension D Psychological confrontation with parents

19. With the development of science and technology, people need to re-enter the classroom and pick up books to learn knowledge. This phenomenon is (D).

A resocialization B special socialization C resocialization D continued socialization

20. Compared with formal organizations, the main characteristics of primary social groups are (B).

A small scale B close interpersonal relationship C long-term existence D comprehensive function

21. A family consisting of parents and unmarried children is (A).

A nuclear family B stem family C joint family D other families

22. The relationship between social organizations and the external environment is (A).

A exchange relationship B demand relationship C opposition relationship D dedication relationship

23. Management scientists (C) analyze previous management models from the perspective of human nature, and put forward "X theory" and "Y theory".

A Taylor B Fayol C McGregor D Mayo

24. The famous conclusion drawn from the Hawthorne experiment is: people are ( ).

A economic man B social man C complex man D capable man

25. Pay attention to the management of people and focus on work tasks, so it has a strong "task-oriented" and mechanistic color. This management theory belongs to (B).

A Patriarchal system B Classical management theory C Behavioral science management theory D Contemporary management theory

26. ( ) is the management method of handicraft workshops, which is related to the social organization status in the early stages of feudal society and capitalist society.

A Patriarchal system B Bureaucratic system C Taylor system D Assembly system

27. Community studies in our country started from the teachers and students of the Sociology Department of Yenching University headed by ( ).

A Fei Xiaotong B Wu Wenzao C Yan Fu D Kang Youwei

28. Members of rural communities are mainly linked by ( ) relationship.

A business relationship B geographical relationship C blood relationship D interest relationship

29. The ideal goal of China's urban and rural development is (D).

A Urban-rural confrontation B Narrowing urban-rural differences C Rural development into cities D Urban-rural coordinated development

30. In many developed countries, there has been a phenomenon of migration of residents of large cities to small towns or villages. This phenomenon is called (B).

A Over-urbanization B Counter-urbanization C Suburbanization D Urban-rural integration

31. The analytical framework of humanistic location is proposed by (A).

A Chicago School B New York School C Washington School D Harvard School

32. The main character of structural functionalism is (A).

A Parsons B Spencer C Cooley D Tinbergen

33、提出社会分层三个标准的是哪个社会学家。（ C ）

A 迪尔凯姆 B 帕森斯 C 韦伯 D 吴文藻

34、我国消灭剥削阶级采取的政策是（ D ）。

A 肉体上消灭 B 财产全部没收

C 让其自生自灭 D 针对不同情况采取不同政策

35、整合作用是指（ C ）。

A 一个社会的整体作用 B 将社会的各个部分合在一起

C 社会各部分协调成为一个整体 D 一个社会的稳定

36、有人借改革，假公济私，有所谓“你有政策，我有对策”，这种现象称为（ C ）。

A 制度化优先 B 制度化冲突 C 制度化逃避 D 制度化建设

37、社会制度的设备系统包括（ D ）和象征性设备。

A 规则性设备 B 组织性设备 C 概念性系统 D 实用性设备

38、提出社会失范论的是（ C ）。

A 罗斯 B 默顿 C 迪尔凯姆 D 韦伯

39、手段——目标论认为人们的五种行为方式中，“只认同文化目标，但不遵从制度化手段”，这称为（ C ）。

A 逃避行为 B 形式主义 C 创新 D 反叛

40、手段——目标论认为人们的五种行为方式中，“放弃文化目标，但遵从制度化手段”，这称为（ B ）。

A 逃避行为 B 形式主义 C 创新 D 反叛

41、把越轨行为的原因归结为社会结构各个部分间的不整合、不一致，是哪一种越轨行为的理论（ A ）。

A 社会失范论 B 标签论 C 亚文化群体论 D 弗洛伊德的人格理论

42、通过表彰模范行为来弘扬正气的社会控制属于哪种类型（ C ）。

A消极的控制 B 外在控制 C 积极的控制 D 非正式控制

43. The purpose of social control is to make people obey (C).

A social system B law C social code of conduct D government

44. What problem is becoming a worldwide problem, which has attracted great attention from all countries in the world. (C)

A Population problem B Unemployment problem C Environmental problem D Poverty problem

45. The basic state policy of our country is (B).

A Strengthen the construction of spiritual civilization B Family planning C Reduce the gap between urban and rural areas D Poverty alleviation

46. The essence of the population problem is that population reproduction is not compatible with (A).

A Material material reproduction B Natural environment C Production means D Social development

47. In labor or work positions, laborers cannot give full play to their abilities, which is (D).

A employed B unemployed C overtly unemployed D underemployed

48. The more operational and descriptive interpretation of the definition of poverty is (A).

A definition of economics B definition of politics C definition of social culture D definition of environment

49. The essence of social security is to alleviate various social problems through (B) redistribution.

A social insurance fund B national income C social self-financing D welfare fund

50. Social insurance is (B).

A social assistance B a part of social security C social welfare D personal life insurance

51. Social work refers to (A).

A Work to promote and realize the social security system B Serve the masses outside of their own work

C unpaid work for the masses D social service work organized by the state

52. In the 1940s and 1950s, the theory of social change prevailing in western sociology circles was (C).

A biological organism theory B social evolution theory C social equilibrium theory D cultural type theory

53. "Society develops linearly from simple to complex, from low level to high level", this is the point of view of (A).

A 社会进化论 B 历史循环论 C 社会均衡论 D 历史三阶段说

54、“世界文化发展的历史总是像钟摆一样，从一个极端走向另一个极端，” 这是社会变迁哪种理论的说法。（ A ）

A 文化类型说 B 生物有机体说 C 历史三阶段说 D 社会和自然环境压力说

55、一位工厂的工程师调到大学里任讲师，这种流动称作（ D ）。

A 个人流动 B 代内流动 C 向上流动 D 水平流动

56、《第三次浪潮》一书的作者是（ B ）。

A 丁伯根 B 托夫勒 C 佩切伊 D 贝尔

57、不发达国家只有脱离与西方发达国家的联系才能摆脱不发达状态，这是（ C ）的观点。

A 信息社会论 B 社会趋同论 C 依附理论 D 后工业社会论

58、社会趋同论最早是谁提出的。（ B ）

A 弗兰克 B 丁伯根 C 普雷毕什 D 沃勒斯坦

59、“后工业社会”论是由谁提出的。（ A ）

A 贝尔 B 弗兰克 C 奈斯比特 D 达伦道夫

60、通常社会调查的主要类型有普遍调查、典型调查、个案调查和（）。

A 经常性调查 B 一次性调查 C 抽样调查 D 问卷调查

二、填空题

1、人要进行两种生产：一种是生活资料的生产；一种是人类自身的生产。在生产中体现出两种关系即：自然关系和社会关系。

2. Sociology, as an independent social science, started from Comte in the 1830s .

3. Kang Youwei was the first to explain sociology in China in 1891 .

4. Sociology treats society as a system and a whole. A social group is not the accumulation of individuals but the sum of structures .

5. The social nature of needs refers to the common social phenomenon that the formulation and satisfaction of needs are common .

6. According to the object of social needs, we divide it into three categories: material, spiritual and social comprehensive .

7. Survival , enjoyment and development are the three stages of human history.

8. Maslow first proposed the need hierarchy theory in his book "A Theory of Motivating People's Motivation___" published in 1943 .

9. Marx expounded the hierarchy of needs from a macro perspective ; Maslow expounded the hierarchy of needs from a micro perspective .

10. Social interaction is an activity in which people interact and influence each other .

11. There are two different channels for the dissemination of social culture: ___formal_ and ___informal channels .

12. According to the subject of communication, communication can be divided into individual communication and group communication .

13. The source of the conflict is that ______ social resources are relatively limited and characterized by destructiveness .

14. From the perspective of the basis of social relations, social relations can be divided into blood relationship , business relationship and geographical relationship.

15. The characteristics of collective behavior are: non-organized _______, ____ sudden_________, ___ abnormality_.

16. The types of collective behavior are: riot_, rumor__, __social unrest____, ____social movement_.

17. The process of human socialization refers to the process of mutual promotion and mutual development and change between human needs and social environment.

18. The environment in which human beings live includes _natural environment______ and ____social environment________ .

19. The biological basis of human socialization includes the conditions for human beings to work mentally , a long period of dependent life , strong learning ability and language ability . .

20、语言是人们相互传递信息、感情的象征符号之一。

21、社会群体的形成原因有二：一是个人层次上，是人进行社会化的必要条件；二是群体层次上，能够满足人类的某种需要_。

22、在社会学中，通常按照群体成员之间互动的特点，把社会群体分为初级社会群体和次级社会群体。

23、人际关系亲密是初级群体的最重要的特征之一。

24、初级社会群体一般包括家庭、邻里和儿童游戏三种形式。

25、家庭的发展经历了___血缘家庭________、___普那路亚家庭_____、__对偶家庭_______、___一夫一妻制家庭四个阶段。

26、从家庭结构的角度，通常把家庭分为___血缘家庭________、___普那路亚家庭_____、__对偶家庭、___一夫一妻制家庭。

27、以组织的功能为标准可以把社会组织划分为___核心家庭___、_主干家庭____、___联合家庭______、___其它家庭等。

28、依据组织的严密程度可以将社会组织划分为正式组织和非正式组织。

29、组织与环境之间的关系主要是能量交换关系关系。

30、提出“经济人”假设管理理论的主要代表是泰罗。

31、我国组织管理中存在的问题表现为： __家长制管理较为普遍____、____行政因素干预管理___、____重人性____、__轻规则_____。

32、“社区”一词由德国的社会学家____滕尼斯_________ 最先使用的。

33、农村的居住特征主要表现为大聚居小分居的居住方式。

34、城市社区是指在一定的地域范围内大多数从事___工商业或其他非农产业的、一定规模的人口组成的人类生活共同体。

35、按城市的功能可以把城市划分为政治城市、工业城市、商业城市、文化城市和旅游城市等。

36. There are three points of view on the way to realize the integration of urban and rural areas: give priority to the development of rural areas , give priority to the development of cities , and coordinate the integrated development of urban and rural areas .

37. The three major divisions of labor in society refer to the separation of animal husbandry, ___handicraft___, and _commerce from agriculture.

38. The three criteria of social stratification are wealth , prestige and power .

39. The current class structure in our country is the working class_ , the ___peasant class__ , and a class of individual laborers .

40. The basic characteristics of a social system are universality _ ___, ___ variability, ___ relative stability, _ _ class .

41. The original social system includes family system and economic system ; the derived social system includes political system , religious system and educational system .

42. The constituent elements of the social system: concept system_______ , ___rule system______ , ___organization system__________, ___equipment system .

43. System construction and system reform are two aspects of one thing, which should be carried out simultaneously.

44. Morality relies on people's ___inner beliefs_________ and ___public opinion to urge people to consciously abide by social behavior norms.

45. The basic characteristics of public opinion are: strong reality , collective product , and mass communication .

46. Deviant behavior is a violation of the established social behavior norms and is the object of social control .

47. The standard for judging deviant behavior is the social norms that actors should abide by in specific time, specific place ________, and __ specific situation .

48. Crime prevention measures include: education_______ , _establish a sound legal system__ .

49、我国的人口问题表现为___人口数量庞大_______、___人口素质低；其成因是____政治原因__________、____人口惯性___________、___文化及社会因素的影响。

50、劳动就业问题的实质是人口再生产同___物质资料再生产不能合理配置。

51、失业有显性失业和隐性失业两种存在形式；我国面临就业问题主要是新增劳动力的就业和解决隐性失业问题两个方面。

52、社会保障包括社会保险、社会救助、社会福利三项内容。

53、社会工作方法主要包括个案工作、团体工作、社区工作。

54、我国的社会保障在城镇主要采取了就业保障和价值补贴制度。

55、我国农村社会保障工作的主要范畴有农村救灾、 “五保” 制度、合作医疗制度、扶贫。

56、人类要善于利用自然环境为社会发展服务，要保护资源、开发资源、利用资源三种措施统一考虑。

57、社会流动按流动主体划分有个人流动、家庭流动、群体流动；按流动方向划分有水平流动、垂直流动；按运动方向参照划分代际流动、代内流动。

58、1963__ 年周恩来提出了四个现代化，并指出四化的关键是实现科学技术现代化。

59、我国现代化战略的确定依据是人民的物质和文化__________ 的需要。

60、社会调查方法可分为全面调查、抽样调查、典型调查和个案调查。

三、名词解释

Society—it is the product of the development of human history. It is a living community that combines different social relations and carries out different social activities according to the needs of people's growing and improving labor and life.

Sociology ——is a comprehensive social science that studies the structure, function, occurrence, and development of society from the perspective of the changing social system as a whole, through people's social relations and social behaviors.

Needs——refers to the social psychological reaction that people produce and lack in objective things under certain conditions, but their requirements have not been met. Its characteristics are inevitability, objectivity, and sociality.

Social needs— that is, people’s social psychological response to satisfying the lack of objective things in a certain situation.

Culture_ has a broad sense and a narrow sense. In a broad sense, it refers to all the achievements of human creation. In a narrow sense, it refers to the state of consciousness of a person. Sociology is used in a broad sense. Sociology believes that the so-called culture refers to the living conditions of a social group, the man-made living environment of this group, including all material and immaterial products in the group life, which are passed down from generation to generation. Culture has three interrelated components, namely material culture, spiritual culture and social comprehensive culture.

Social interaction refers to the activities and activities that interact and influence each other between individuals and individuals, individuals and groups, and groups and groups in order to meet certain needs. social interaction also known as social interaction or social interaction

Group interaction—refers to the interaction between individuals and the way of activities that affect each other.

Social role - When a person has the conditions to play a certain role and acts according to the behavioral norms required by the role, it is called behavioral role-playing.

Role conflict - refers to the phenomenon that in the process of playing a role, several roles played by one person at the same time have conflicts with the expectations of the individual, and it is difficult to coordinate, which makes the role player appear in a dilemma.

Social Status - "Status" for short. The position of members of society in the social system. Generally defined by social norms, laws and customs. It is often used to express the level of social prestige and honor, and also generally refers to the possession of property, power and authority.

角色扮演——每一个人在社会中都担当着一定的社会角色。当一个人具备了充当某种角色的条件，并按照这一角色所要求的行为规范去活动时就称为角色扮演。

组织环境——是指所有潜在影响组织运行和组织绩效的因素或力量。

社会组织目标——简称组织目标，它是该组织努力争取希望达到的未来状态。

集体行为——也称群众行为，指人们在群众中的行为有时完全失去他们原来的个性，他们被感情所支配，或者放弃了那些在正常情况下的重要约束

时尚——又称流行，是对一种外表行为模式的崇尚方式。其特征是新奇性、相互追随仿效及流行的短暂性。社会成员对所崇尚事物的追求，获得一种心理上的满足。

人的社会化——就是指一个从出生，从一个不知不识的生物个体的人，经过不断地学习知识、技能和社会规范，培养和提高自己的社会需要，发展自己的个性和社会性，把自己一体化到群体中去，从而使社会不断延续和发展下去的基本过程。

内化——是指人把外界事物，通过自己的劳动实践和高级神经活动，转变人人的思想、心理和行为规范的过程。

社会群体—— 是指通过相互交往形成的，由某种相互关系连结在一起的共同体。

初级社会群体——是指由面对面交往形成的、具有亲密的成员关系的社会群体。

家庭——是指建立在婚姻和血缘关系之上的成员之间的亲密合作、共同生活的群体。家庭是社会的细胞，是人们社会生活的基本单位。

Social organization— 　one refers to all human activity communities that exist in society, including families, families, factories, government agencies, and schools; A group is a more advanced and complex form of social organization.

Bureaucratic system —also known as bureaucratic system, refers to the organizational structure and management methods of social organizations with internal stratification, power classification, division of departments and levels, and each performing its own duties.

Community —refers to the living community formed by interrelated groups of people living in a certain area, that is, the regional social living community.

Rural community—also known as rural community, refers to a living community of people gathered with agriculture as the main activity.

Urban community——refers to a human living community composed of a certain size of population engaged in industry, commerce or other non-agricultural activities within a certain geographical range.

Urbanization— mainly refers to the process in which the number of cities continues to increase and the scale of cities continues to expand. In a sense, urbanization mainly refers to the process by which the rural population changes their place of residence.

Social differentiation——refers to the socially recognized distinctions between individuals or groups in society. Most importantly, the effective differentiation is the differentiation within the socio-economic field.

Social stratification - refers to the process of social differentiation, because society is an organizational system, so there are several levels in the structure of the system that are different from top to bottom, but have certain connections and relationships. Social stratification is a part of social differentiation The most important form. Social system——is to meet the needs of human society, the social relationship formed under certain historical and realistic conditions, and the normative system of social activities related to this relationship

Institutionalization - the process of transforming the social life of groups and organizations from ad hoc, fluid ways to generally accepted fixed patterns.

Social control is a social process that uses social forces to restrict and restrict people's actions to keep them consistent with established social norms. In a narrow sense, social control refers to the restraint of deviant behavior. The concept of social control was first coined by the American sociologist E. A．Ross proposed it in 1901.

Public opinion, also known as general will, is the general consensus expressed by people in the society on a certain event or phenomenon in the form of speech, and it is the public's evaluation of whether this event or phenomenon is right or wrong. To a certain extent, it affects people's behavior and plays a role of social control.

Employment - refers to the activities that people of a certain age engage in for remuneration or business income.

Group consciousness——is the sense of responsibility of members to the group formed based on the individual's identification and belonging to the group. It is the consideration of what collective members should do in order to safeguard the interests of the group and achieve the goals of the group. Take a proactive effort.

Deviance - Also known as transgression, it is the behavior of an individual or group that violates the social norms to which it responds. Deviant behavior refers to the established social behavior norms under specific conditions, and it is a deviation from the expected role behavior of the society or group.

Social problems——refers to the problems that the human environment is out of balance, which affects the normal life and social progress of members of the extended society, and needs to be solved by using social forces. The imbalance of human environment includes two aspects: social imbalance and imbalance between human and environment.

Unemployment - Refers to those who are capable of working, unemployed and require employment but cannot be employed within the legal working age, or those who engage in certain social labor but whose labor remuneration is lower than the minimum living standard of local urban residents, shall be regarded as unemployed .

Social security——is the system that the state and society guarantee the basic life of members of society in accordance with the law. It is mainly economic and material help, and it is a rescue measure when members of society encounter difficulties.

Social Work - is a job that helps people and solves social problems. It helps the poor, the old and the weak, the physically and mentally disabled and other unfortunate people in society; prevents and solves social problems caused by some economic difficulties or bad lifestyles; develops community services, improves social functions, and improves social welfare and social life Quality, to achieve harmony between individuals and society, and promote social stability and development.

社会变迁——是指一个社会中，社会结构方面发生的社会制度和人们的生活方式、社会角色模式的变动过程。
生活方式——是指在一定的社会群体中，人们生活表现的类型化了的活动形式和特征。

社会流动——广义的社会流动是指个人、家庭以及其他社会群体在不同的社会部门间的运动。狭义的社会流动一般仅指个人社会地位的变迁。

社会现代化——是指人们利用近、现代的科学技术，全面改造自己生存的物质条件、精神条件，以及改造自己以适应这些条件，达到社会繁荣发展的过程。

四、简答及论述题

1、社会学的基本特征及功能。

1）社会学把社会作为一个系统、一个整体看待。

2）社会学的研究是从社会生活中，人们之间的相互关系和社会行为入手的。社会学研究方法上的综合性。

3）社会学把社会整体及其内部、外部的关系放在运动与变化的过程中去进行研究。

4）社会学把社会整体及其内部、外部的关系放在运动与变化的过程中去研究。、

5）社会学非常重视社会调查研究。

功能：第一，可以使人们更自觉地参与社会生活。

第二，增长社会管理才干，为建立文明、健康、科学合理的生活方式作出贡献。

第三，能够为政府决策部门提供科学的依据。

第四，能为发展边缘学科和多科性综合研究作出贡献。

2、社会需要在社会生活中的地位。

社会需要在社会生活中处于非常关键的位置，表现在：
（1）需要是人的行为动力。人的行为追求一定的目的，包括物质利益、成长条件、社会关系和精神食粮，这些目的构成人们行为的动力，构成人们向自然和社会进取的、积极的动力源泉。
（2）社会需要是人们社会关系构成的基础。
（3）社会需要与人的劳动、实践相结合，相辅相成，推动着社会的发展。

3、试述马斯洛的需要层次论。

Arguments: First, "Man is a creature of constant needs, and seldom reaches a state of complete satisfaction except for a short time."; Second, "When one desire is fulfilled, another quickly appears and takes its place. ; When one is satisfied, another will stand in a prominent position."

　　The hierarchy of needs is divided into five levels: 1. Physiological needs, 2. Safety needs, 3. Belonging and love needs, 4. Self-esteem needs, and 5. Self-actualization needs.

4. What is the meaning of social interaction?

( 1 ) Human beings cannot do without communication.
( 2 ) Social interaction is the condition for personal growth, through which individuals acquire knowledge, form self-concept and know themselves.
( 3 ) social communication is a means of cultural transmission , the communication of the same generation may expand the scope of cultural enjoyment , and the communication between different generations can transmit social culture
( 4 ) Social interaction is the foundation of social formation and development. People form social relations through communication, and then form a society. People's common activities or interactions promote social development.

5. What are the factors that affect interpersonal relationships?

First, the complementarity of the needs of both parties

Second, the similarity of attitude

Third, the distance between the two parties

Fourth, the frequency of communication

6. Conditions and functions of fashion formation.

As the name suggests, fashion is popular for everyone at a time, so unconventional and even suddenness has become an important feature of it. What fashion advocates is something new; including lifestyle, communication, clothing and language. But what is admired by fashion is not necessarily a new thing. If what is admired is valued by society, it may be preserved. And most fashions are short-lived. Once time passes, fashion will disappear automatically, and it cannot be preserved. In this way, a lot of fashion has nothing to do with what is new and socially approved. In addition, the society often gives negative evaluations to some fashions. For example, following the fashion means that it will not last long, and fashion madness means that some people have reached the level of madness, which is even more derogatory. Of course, fashion sometimes contains the germination of new things. The characteristics of its popularity are generally: 1. Top-down dissemination; 2. Dissemination from core groups to marginal groups;

Its functions are as follows: first, fashion can meet people's psychological needs and material needs, so as to obtain spiritual happiness. Second, as a deviation from the usual behavior pattern, fashion may bring fresh air to the society and make social life lively. Third, the impact on backward ideas may lead to the innovation of social life style. Fourth, in a commercial society, fashion can stimulate consumption and activate the economy. Unhealthy fashion can have negative effects. Pollution leads to poisoning of the air in society, and conspicuous consumption leads to waste.

7. The meaning and essence of socialization.

The meaning of socialization refers to a biological individual who has never been ignorant since birth, through continuous learning of knowledge, skills and social norms, cultivates and improves his social needs, develops his sociality, and integrates himself into It is the basic process of social continuation and development.

8. What is the basic content of socialization?

First, teach life skills

　　(1) Various action skills for basic life

　　(2) Basic life skills are social interaction skills

　　(3) People want to seek professional knowledge and skills for a certain professional life

Second, teach social norms: Social norms are the rules of conduct for members of society.

Third, pointing out the goal of life and outlook on life: it is a question of how people observe, view and understand life, that is, their fundamental views on life.

Fourth, provide role candidates

9. The impact of socialization on the formation of personality.

- The formation of personality has its psychological and physiological basis. Congenital heredity and human physical factors all have an impact on the formation of personality.
- The formation and development of a person's personality is not only restricted by his own physical and psychological conditions, but also restricted by social relations. In the process of forming a person's personality, both physiological and psychological factors play a role through the mediation of social factors. Therefore, human personality is the product of personal socialization, which is gradually formed and developed with the process of personal socialization.

10. The meaning, characteristics and functions of primary social groups.

The meaning of primary social groups refers to social groups formed by face-to-face interactions and having close membership.

The characteristics are: First, primary social groups are often formed naturally.

Second, members of the primary social group have multiple roles among themselves, expressing the whole personality.

Third, primary social groups are generally maintained by informal controls.

Fourth, the membership relationship in the primary social group has a strong emotional color, and the interpersonal relationship is intimate.

Fifth, primary social groups prioritize meeting the needs of their members.

初级社会群体具有多方面的综合功能。

功能：第一，初级社会群体是人的社会化的基本场所。

第二，初级社会群体能够满足人们多方面的社会需要。

第三，初级社会群体是人走向社会的桥梁。

第四，初级社会群体有助于实现社会控制。

11、家庭的结构类型及及其功能。

家庭的结构类型有核心家庭、主干家庭、联合家庭和特殊家庭。

功能：经济功能、生物功能、抚育和赡养功能、休息和娱乐功能

12、目前我国城乡家庭功能的异同。

（1）首先指出家庭所具有的一般功能：经济功能，生物功能，抚育和赡养功能，休息和娱乐功能等。

（2）新中国成立以来我国农村家庭功能发生了重要变化，主要表现为集体化时期家庭生产功能的丧失和经济体制改革以来生产功能的恢复。但家庭仍较全面地承担着各种功能。但也有部分家庭由于其成员在乡镇机关或企业工作而不具有生产功能。

（3）城市家庭有多种功能，但基本上不是生产单位或不具有生产功能。但也有少数家庭由于其成员从事个体劳动而具有生产功能。

（4）城乡家庭在各种功能的强弱程度上也有不同，如农村家庭有较强的赡养功能，而城市家庭的消费功能、娱乐功能要强一些。这与它们所基于的生产方式、生活方式有关。

（5）另外，在农村，许多家庭具有宗教功能，在城市，部分家庭具有政治的功能。

13、目前我国家庭中存在的问题。

第一，在婚姻的缔结过程中，仍存在着包办、买卖婚姻的现象。

第二，早婚、违法婚姻问题严重。

第三，独生子女问题。

第四，老人赡养问题。

第五，离婚问题。

14、社会组织的基本特征。

第一，社会组织是有目的组织起来的群体。任何组织都是为了实现一定的目标而有计划组织起来的，是社会分化的结果，因此其目标比初级社会群体目标更固定。

第二，社会组织的目标简单、明确。任何组织都是为了担负一定的社会任务而成立的，因此，建立之初其目标就简单明了。

第三，社会组织成员间不那么亲密。由于组织是为完成特定目标而建立的，内部成员之间是工作关系，对事不对人，因而其成员之间的关系少带感情。

第四，社会组织中的成员关系、行为常由事本主义的、对事不对人的规则指导和调节。

第五，社会组织成员的可替代性强。

15、组织与环境的关系。

社会组织的环境是影响组织生存、运行和变化的各种社会因素的总和。主要指组织的外部环境，即影响组织的外部因素。例对于一家工厂来说原料供给者、合作者、竞争者、产品消费者、工商管理机构乃至社会政策都是它的环境。环境对社会组织结构的影响。由于社会组织是社会大系统的一部分，所以，它必须适应环境的关系。在环境发生重大变化时，组织的部门或增或减，或加强或削弱，这就是环境变化引起的组织结构的变化。实际上，任何社会组织的变化也会对环境发生一定的影响。

16、社会组织目标对组织存在与发展有何意义？

第一，目标是社会组织生存合理化的根据，是组织承担社会职能的集中体现。组织只有承担有利于社会的职能，才能得到社会的认可和帮助，也才能正常运转。

第二，目标是各种不同类型社会组织相互区别的标志。各种纷繁复杂的社会组织，只有通过其目标才能区分其性质与职能。

第三，目标是社会组织内部分工合作的基础。各个社会组织根据其目标给其成员下达各种工作任务，形成工作关系。

第四，目标是团结和鼓舞社会成员的力量。成员加入组织都是抱有某种目的，因而组织目标就成为引导、鼓舞成员努力工作的力量。

第五，目标是衡量社会组织活动成效的尺度。组织成员通过工作实现的状态与目标规定的希望状态的吻合程度，来衡量其活动成效的高低。

17、科层制的涵义及其功能分析。

科层制又称官僚制，是指社会组织内部分层、权力分等、分科设层、各司其职的组织结构和管理方式。

科层制的功能：

　　正功能：部分对整体的协调所起的积极作用。

　　负功能：部分对整体的协调和实现目标所陈胜的跗面影响。

18、社区的构成要素。

第一，具有一定数量和质量、相互联系的人群

第二，一定的有界限的地域

第三，共同的社会生活

　　第四，有自己的社区文化

　　第五，社区居民在情感和心理上对自己所属社区的归属感和认同感。

19、农村社区和城市社区的特征分别是什么？

农村社区又称乡村社区，是指以农业为主要活动的聚集起来的人们生活共同体。城市社区是指在一定的地域范围内大多数从事工商业或其他非农业的一定规模的人口组成的人类生活共同体。

农民以农为主，自给自足是其生产方式和生活方式。城市居民以工商业和其他非农业为主要职业和谋生方式。农村社区组织结构简单，家庭是其基本的活动单位和组织形式。城市社区居民组织程度高，组织结构复杂。农业社区血缘关系是维持农村运行的主要纽带，乡土观念浓重，安土重迁。城市社区成员的异质性高。因为居民之间缺少血缘和地缘关系，人际关系感情色彩淡薄。农业社区生活水平低，生活方式简单，城市社区生活水平高，生活方式多样化。农业社区人口聚居的规模小，密度低，土地占有是农业阶级、阶层划分的主要标准。城市社区人口聚居的规模大，密度高，这点巳成为人们划分农村社区与城市社区的一个标准。

20、试述城乡关系的发展及我国城乡协调发展的道路。

城乡关系的发展大体分为四个阶段：

第一阶段，城乡分化，在远古时代，只有农村而无城市，随生产发展，剩余产品的出现，城市才逐步从农村分化出来。

第二阶段，城乡对立。即城市统治阶级在经济上剥削，政治上压迫农村，造成农村与城市的尖锐对立。

第三阶段，城乡差别。随着城市经济的发展，城市成为地区经济、政治、文化中心，使城乡居民在经济收入，物质生活水平，文化教育程度等方面均高于农村，出现城乡差别。

第四阶段，城乡融合。这是把农村与城市放在一个系统中加以全面规划的思路，使二者做到优势互补，形成二者相互促进的良性循环。

Before liberation, the relationship between urban and rural areas in my country was antagonistic. After liberation, the relationship between cities changed from antagonism to difference, and cities were superior to rural areas. "Small cities" urban development policy; break the barriers between urban and rural areas, promote communication between urban and rural areas, conduct extensive exchanges of labor, resources, technology, and products between urban and rural areas, and promote common development between urban and rural areas. Combining urban and rural areas, cities support rural areas. Since the "Sixth Five-Year Plan", the state has planned to help the development of rural areas. The integrated development of urban and rural areas is a systematic project, and its arduousness and complexity require further exploration.

21. Specific criteria for social stratification.

The so-called social stratification refers to the division of people into high and low grade series according to certain standards. German sociologist Weber proposed that wealth, prestige, and power are the criteria for social stratification.

22. Try to describe the class theory of Marxism

Marxism believes that the emergence of classes is due to the emergence of social surplus products and the establishment of private ownership of means of production. Marxism reveals that the essence of class is exploitation, and class must disappear with the elimination of private ownership. The so-called classes are those groups, because of their different positions in a certain social and economic structure, one of them can appropriate the labor of another group.

23. The difference between class division and stratum division.

Classification is based on people's status in the economic structure, and class division is based on this, including people's social status, political power, and other social factors. Therefore, class division is the most basic social stratification in class society.

24. The meaning and constituent elements of social system.

　The so-called social system refers to the social relationship formed under the historical and realization conditions in order to meet the needs of human society, and the normative system of social activities related to this relationship. There are four elements that make up a social system, namely the concept system, the rule system, the organization system and the equipment system.

25. The function of the social system.

First, to meet the needs of human social life.

Second, provide socialization and social selection mechanisms.

Third, it plays an integrating role in society.

Fourth, pass on social culture and promote social development.

26. The function of social control.

First, maintain social order. For the sake of social stability, rulers or representatives of social interests exercise control over certain people who cannot practice the norms of behavior.

　　第二，维护正常生活。人们总是希望在有秩序的社会里生活，社会控制是保护社会有序的条件。没有一定强度的社会控制，正常的秩序无法保证，人们平静的生活就不能实现。

　　第三，促进社会发展。社会的发展形式有二：一种是急剧变化，通过暴力来打破旧社会，创立新社会。另一种是在正常秩序下逐步发展。社会发展的目的是提高人们的生活水平，但有时人们在追求自我实现中，不可避免地他人发生矛盾，因而社会控制就会把这种矛盾控制在社会允许的范围内。此外，也不能忽视社会控制的消极作用，因为严厉的社会控制会激化矛盾。

27、道德、社会舆论的社会控制作用。

道德的社会控制作用：道德由道德原则、道德规范和道德后果三部分构成。一个人的道德感、道德意识，实际上是社会或群体价值在他身上的内化。如果一个人有道德感，那么当他做了不利于社会或群体的事之后就会内心焦虑不安，就会受到良心的谴责。做了有利于社会或群体的事，内心就舒畅。道德就是靠这种机制来指导和控制人们的行为的。道德基本上属于内在控制方式，即通过人们的良心发现起作用。道德的社会控制作用在于一个人要有道德意识、道德感。

所谓社会舆论是指社会上关于某一事件或现象的议论和意见，它包含了对此事件的是非曲直之评价。它有现实性强的特点，是集体的产物，经大众传播。社会舆论的作用主要表现为环境压力。但对于哪些一意孤行者来说，舆论则不起作用。社会舆论的作用有两个方向：当舆论代表正义时，其作用是积极的，反之则是消极的。

28、习俗与道德、道德与法律的区别。

习俗与道德的区别：A、约束力不同。B义务感不同。道德与法律的区别：道德与法律在产生的时间，形成的方式上都有不同。具体在于：A二者作用的范围不同。B、二才的支持力量不同。法律是靠强制力支持，而道德是靠社会舆论的支持。C、二者作用的性质和控制的强度不同。

29、判断越轨行为的标准。

判断越轨行为的标准是在具体时间、具体地点、具体情境下行为者应该遵守的行为规范。

30、犯罪行为及其治理。（教材P.289-291）

Crime refers to an act that violates the laws of the country, causes serious harm to society, and should be punished by law.

The reasons for the crime are: First, the individual reasons of the offender. Second, the impact of the offender's specific living environment. Third, value diversification and legal constraints are weak.

Crime prevention and governance: 1. Crime prevention relies on education first, and the establishment and improvement of the legal system. 2. Governance of crime: comprehensive governance, that is, relying on the power of law and education, and relying on the system composed of families, government agencies, organizations, units and communities to govern crimes.

31. The causes of social problems.

The first reason is the imbalance between human beings and the environment, manifested in two aspects: one is the original environmental problems, that is, the adverse effects and threats brought by the factors existing in nature on human survival and production. The second is the secondary environmental problem, that is, the natural environment changed by human beings in turn poses a threat to human beings. In addition, human beings put too much pressure on the environment, and environmental resources cannot bear this pressure. The second reason is conflict in social relations. The main manifestations are the conflict of group interests and even opposition, the conflict of values between groups, the imbalance of social structure, and social disorganization.

32. The essence, performance and causes of my country's population problems, their impact on social and economic development and their solutions.

Causes of population problems: First, political reasons. The rapid population growth in our country is directly related to our politics and policies. The one-sided propaganda that more people are more powerful and unjust criticism of Ma Yinchu's correct proposition of population control has caused my country's population to seriously go out of control. Population inertia: my country has two birth peaks, which have laid the foundation for the periodic high-speed growth of the population. Third, the influence of cultural factors and social factors. Traditional China is an agricultural society, advocating the big family system and having more children and more blessings. The improvement of medical and health care has reduced the death rate of the population. my country's population is still in the stage of high birth, low death and high growth.

　　The essence of the population problem is that the reproduction of population does not match the reproduction of material materials.

　　The performance of population problems: large population, large population base, fast growth rate, unbalanced population distribution, population quality includes people's physical quality and cultural quality.

　　Impact on social and economic development:

1. A large number of new population consumes the new part of material production, which reduces the people's material living standards.

2. A large number of new population will inevitably bring serious employment problems in the future.

3. The low level of human education in our country will definitely have a negative impact on modernization.

4. With the rapid expansion of my country's aging population, the acceleration of population aging will also have an important impact on economic development, support for the elderly and people's family life.

　　The specific solution:

　　一、是控制人口数量。严格实行计划生育。建立养老保险制度，提高对计划生育的认识，加强管理；

　　二、是大力提高人口的文化素质。

　　三、是大力发展经济，缓解人口再生产与物质资料再生产之间的矛盾。

33、劳动就业问题的实质及我国解决劳动就业的措施。

劳动就业问题的实质：

劳动就业问题简称就业问题，是指在劳动年龄有劳动能力的人未能从事劳动或有效劳动，而产生的不利于个人生存和社会发展的状况。就业指在劳动年龄内有劳动能力的人从事某种劳动或工作，取得劳动报酬或经营收入，以维持生活的活动，这样，就业包括了以下内容：第一，它是指劳动年龄内有劳动能力者的活动，未进入劳动年龄的儿童，丧失劳动能力的老人、残疾人不在讨论之列。第二，他们从事一定职业，从事劳动或工作取得相应报酬。第三，就业是通过劳动取得收入维持劳动者本人及其家庭成员生活的活动。

我国解决劳动就业的措施：

第一，发展生产，创造更多的就业岗位；

第二，广开就业渠道；

第三，继续控制人口增长；

第四，建立待业、失业保险制度。

34、失业的功能。（教材P.310-312）

分为负功能和正功能

35、试述社会保障的功能及社会工作的功能。

1）社会保障的功能

- 满足无劳动能力者的基本生活需要，保障其生活安全。
- 缓解社会各种矛盾，维护社会稳定。
- 保护和维持劳动工作能力，保障劳动力的再生产，刺激劳动潜力的发挥。
- 促进社会公平和进步。

其反功能表现为：社会保障初期。某些国家未能保障处于不利地位的人合法权利；实行高福利制度的情况下，容易使人滋长不思进取的心理，不利于充分发挥人的潜能。

1. 1. 社会工作的功能
解决实际困难，保障个人生活。
挖掘潜能，促进其发展。
发扬互助精神，促进社会整合。

第四，化解社会问题，维持社会稳定。

36、社会保障与社会工作的异同。

Similarities: Social security and social work are essentially the same. Its mission and purpose are to help members of society who encounter difficulties in life, especially those who have fallen into difficulties due to unemployment, poverty, disease, and physical defects. To ensure that they can live a normal life, maintain social stability, and promote social progress.
Differences: There are differences between the two, which are mainly manifested in:
(1) Social security is a set of systems stipulated by the state in the form of laws to protect people's lives; while social work is a specific service activity to promote and realize the social security system.
(2) The scope of social work is slightly wider than that of social security.
(3) The goal of social security is to ensure the safety of social members and maintain social stability; social work focuses more on solving the difficulties of the recipients and their internal develop.

37. The characteristics and reform direction of my country's urban and rural social security system.

The characteristics of my country's urban and rural social security:

(1) The duality of urban and rural social security. The dual urban-rural structure of our society is manifested in social security. Urban and rural residents, especially workers under the ownership of the whole people, enjoy good security and benefits, while rural residents receive very little security.

(2) Arrangement of urban social security and self-help of rural social security. The security and welfare of urban residents are taken care of by the state (or enterprises), while in rural areas it is mainly the peasants who solve the problems themselves.

(3) Administrative promotion. Social security operates and functions with the help of organizations at all levels. Integrate the administrative management system with the social security implementation system. The government and the group organizations closely related to the government have become the implementers and effective implementers of the social security system.

(4) The implementation of the social security system and the development of social work are mainly undertaken by state cadres and public officials at all levels.

This kind of social security not only guarantees people's lives and stabilizes social order, but there are also some problems:

A. The rural security level is low;

B. Employment security in cities has brought about difficulties in social mobility, causing some people to develop a passive and unprogressive work attitude;

C. High welfare brings huge pressure on the country's finances;

D. The huge difference between urban and rural areas makes rural residents do everything possible to move into cities and towns, which puts huge pressure on cities.

Direction of reform:

A. Reform the original social security system in cities. Expand the scope of protection, complete the protection projects, raise and rationally use the protection funds from multiple sources. Improve the administrative management system of social security.

B. Establish a rural social security system. According to rural conditions, establish a suitable social security system.

C. Develop community services. Community services can not only solve various problems encountered by community residents in their daily life, but also make up for the lack of government social security funds.

D. Establish a sound social work system.

38. Reasons for social change.

(1) Environmental factors: The environment can affect the structure and cultural characteristics of a society and limit its forms of change. But generally speaking, environmental changes are slow, mainly through the joint action of social and environmental forces.

( 2 ) Population factors: population quantity, distribution, quality, etc. will affect the development of society.

( 3 ) Technical factors: Technological inventions will bring about changes in material civilization, lifestyles, and concepts.

( 4 ) Cultural factors: Through cultural transmission and cultural creation, changes in material civilization, lifestyles, and concepts can also be brought about.

39. Discuss the Marxist theory of social change.

First, social changes are, in the final analysis, caused by changes in the economic base of society.

Second, with the change of the economic base, the whole huge superstructure will be changed more or less slowly.

Third, with the gain of productivity, people change their mode of production; with the change of mode of production, people also change their way of life, which also changes all their social relations.

Fourth, when the superstructure of society maintains an advanced economic base or disintegrates a decaying economic base, it plays a role in promoting society; on the contrary, when it maintains a decaying economic base or destroys a When there is no advanced economic base, it plays a retarding role in social development.

40. Types of social mobility and the significance of division.

社会流动，可以有广义、狭义两方面涵义。从广义讲是个人、家庭以及其它社会群体在不同的社会部门间的运动。狭义的社会流动一般仅是指个人社会地位的变化。社会流动是普遍存在的一种社会现象。由于划分社会流动的标准不同，我们可以把社会流动分成不同的类型。按照流动的主体分，有个人流动、家庭流动、群体流动；按流动方向分，有水平流动、垂直流动；按流动参照物分，有代际流动、代内流动。在当今社会生活中，研究社会流动有着深远的意义。如研究垂直流动，可以解决我国干部制度中的终身制问题，干部能上能下，有利于建设者一支知识化、年轻化、革命化专业化的干部队伍；研究水平流动，可以解决我国用人不合理现象，加快人才流动，根除用人不合理现象，防止近亲繁殖，也可以相互交流文化知识，有利于各类人才的脱颖而出。

41、社会现代化的内容和特征。

第一，经济现代化。它是现代化的基础和核心，没有经济现代化，其它现代化就难以实现。经济现代化不仅表现为增长，还表现为生产力结构、生产方式、消费现代化。

第二，政治现代化。政治是经济的集中反应，没的政治现代化，经济现代化就很难推进的持久，它包括政治民主化、管理科学化、社会生产法制化、军队现代化等。

第三，文化、科学现代化。科学技术不仅是生产力，而且能够直接影响人们的生活方式和生活质量。

第四，城乡社区现代化。中国的现代化，走城乡共同繁荣、城乡一体化道路。

第五，群体组织现代化。是指从小到家庭、大到企业，在组织结构、活动规律、组织管理现代化等等。

第六，人的现代化。人是现代化事业的主体，是一切现代化活动的主宰。

42、试述社会趋同论依附理论。

这是一种用来解释不同国家在现代化过程中具有的一般规律的理论，是由荷兰经济学家丁伯根在1961年提出的。他认为虽然各国现代化的起点不同，社会制度不同，他们所具有的条件也不同，但在现代化过程中，却经历着相同的过程，从而表现出相似的社会特征，即经济上的工业化，政治上的民主化、城市化，管理上的科层化和社会生活的世俗化。从其内涵看，趋势同论只是不同社会之间的现象、特征、过程的相似，而不是指不同社会制度的趋同。

43、我国的现代化的战略选择。

我国的现代化的战略选择是：（1）中国现代化战略决策，自50年代就基本定下来，后来逐步明确，80年代初确定了中国的现代化分三步走的战略选择。第一步大致用十年时间，使国民生产总值增长一倍，主要是解决人民的温饱问题。第二步，到本世纪末，使国民生产总值再增长一倍，人民生活达到小康水平。第三步，是到下个世纪30至50年代，使人均国民生产总值达到世界上中等发达国家的水平，实现国民经济的现代化。
（2）战略选择的基本依据是我国的基本国情和人的社会需要的发展规律。马克思需要学说所表达的生存、享受、发展三种资料或需要的发展，适合于一个国家，一个社会总情况，即从为生存资料而斗争到为享受资料而斗争，再到为发展资料而斗争。我国当前的主要矛盾就是要解决人们需要的增长同社会生产力落后的矛盾。

中央广播电视大学

《社会学概论》期末考试试卷（A卷）（附答案）

填空题20分

1、社会学作为一门独立的社会科学，是从开始的，产生于年代。

2、严复翻译斯宾塞的《社会学的原理》定名为《》。

3、巴甫洛夫的是解释人类学习活动、学习能力的权威学说。

4. The basic process of socialization includes , , , formal operation stage or propositional operation stage.

5. According to the basis , social communication is divided into direct communication and indirect communication.

6. The process of human socialization refers to the process of human needs and social environment and changes.

7. The purpose of social control is to make people comply .

8. In sociology, social groups are usually divided into

9. The main representative who put forward the "economic man" hypothesis management theory is .

10. According to the organization, social organizations can be divided into formal organizations and informal organizations.

11. The living characteristics of rural residents are characterized by strong self-sufficiency, high homogeneity.

12. The most eye-catching layered forms in history are , and .

10 points for multiple choice questions

1. The essential difference between human society and animal society is ( ).

A. language B. thinking C. labor D. walking upright

2. The originator of Chinese sociology is ( ).

A. Yan Fu B. Kang Youwei C. Liang Qichao D. Chen Qianqiu

3. It is the viewpoint in ( ) that "stop increasing the world population, limit the development of industrial production, and reduce the consumption of earth resources by seven-eighths".

A. "The goal of mankind" B "Humanity is at a turning point"

C. "The Limits to Growth" D. "Beyond the Age of Waste"

4. Underdeveloped countries can only get rid of underdevelopment if they break away from the connection with Western developed countries. Which kind of modernization theory is this? ( )

A. Information society theory B. Social convergence theory

C. Dependency theory D. Post-industrial society theory

5. An engineer from a factory is transferred to a university as a lecturer. This flow is called ( ).

A. Personal mobility B. Intragenerational mobility C. Upward mobility D. Horizontal mobility

6. "... the general trend of the world, long-term division must unite, long-term unity must divide". What kind of social change theory is this. ( )

A. Historical cycle theory B. Social evolution theory

C. The theory of social equilibrium D. The theory of social mobility

7. Social security that is service-oriented and exceeds the minimum standard of living refers to ( ).

A. Social insurance B. Social assistance C. Social welfare D. Economic security

8. What problem is becoming a worldwide problem, which has attracted great attention from all countries in the world. ( )

A. Population problem B. Unemployment problem C. Environmental problem D. Poverty problem

9. Means-goal theory holds that among the five behaviors of people, "only agree with cultural goals, but do not follow institutionalized means, this is ( ).

A. Escape behavior B. Formalism C. Innovation D. Rebellion

10. With the development of science and technology, people need to re-enter the classroom and pick up books. This phenomenon is ( ).

A. Resocialization B. Special socialization C. Resocialization D. Continue socialization

18 points for term explanation (3 points for each question)

1. Society

2. Role conflict

3. Human socialization

4. Family

5. Community

6. Urbanization

30 points for short answer questions (6 points for each question)

Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory
symbolic interaction theory

3. What is the difference in management strategy between the economic man" hypothesis and the "social man" hypothesis?

4 What are the elements of social organization?

5. What is the function of social control?

Essay questions 22 points (11 points each)

1. Discuss the similarities and differences among continuous socialization, resocialization and special socialization.
2. The characteristics and reform direction of my country's urban and rural social security system

Central Radio and Television University "Introduction to Sociology" Final Exam Paper ( A Volume) Answers

July 2005

Fill in the blanks 20 points

1. Sociology, as an independent social science, started from Comte in the 1830s .

2. Yan Fu translated Spencer's "Principles of Sociology" and named it " Qun Xue Hu Yan ".

3. Pavlov's conditioned reflex theory is an authoritative theory to explain human learning activities and learning ability.

4. The basic process of socialization includes sensorimotor stage , preoperational stage , concrete operational stage , formal operational stage or propositional operational stage.

5. According to the form of communication , social communication is divided into direct communication and indirect communication.

6. The process of human socialization refers to the process of mutual promotion and mutual development and change between human needs and social environment.

7. The purpose of social control is to make people obey social norms of behavior .

8. In sociology, social groups are usually divided into primary social groups and secondary social groups according to the characteristics of the interaction between group members .

9. The main representative of the management theory who put forward the "economic man" hypothesis is Taylor .

10. Social organizations can be divided into formal organizations and informal organizations according to the rigor of the organization.

11、农村居民的生活特征表现为节奏慢、自给性强、生活水平低、同质性高。

12、历史上最使人瞩目的分层形式有等级论、种姓论和阶级。

选择题10分

1、人类社会与动物社会的本质区别是（）。

A、语言 B、思维 C、劳动 D、直立行走

2、中国社会学的起始人是（）。

A、严复 B、康有为 C、梁启超 D、陈千秋

3、提出“停止增加世界人口，限制工业生产发展，把地球资源的消耗量减少八分之七”是（）中的观点。

A、《人类的目标》 B《人类处在转折点》

C、《增长的极限》 D、《超越浪费的时代》

4、不发达国家只有脱离与西方发达国家的联系才能摆脱不发达状态，这是哪一种现代化理论的观点。（）

A、信息社会论 B、社会趋同论

C、依附理论 D、后工业社会论

5、一位工厂的工程师调到大学里任讲师，这种流动称作（）。

A、个人流动 B、代内流动 C、向上流动 D、水平流动

6、“……天下大势，分久必合，合久必分”。这是哪种社会变迁理论。（）

A、历史循环论 B、社会进化论

C、社会均衡论 D、社会流动论

7、、服务型的、超过最低生活标准的社会保障是指（）。

A、社会保险 B、社会救助 C、社会福利 D、经济保障

8、、什么问题正在成为世界性问题，引起世界各国的高度重视。（）

A、人口问题 B、失业问题 C、环境问题 D、贫穷问题

9、手段——目标论认为人们的五种行为方式中，“只认同文化目标，但不遵从制度化手段，此为（）。

A、逃避行为 B、形式主义 C、创新 D、反叛

10、随着科学技术的发展，人们需要重新走进课堂，拿起书本，这种现象是（）。

A、再社会化 B、特殊社会化 C、重新社会化 D、继续社会化

名词解释18分（每题3分）

1、社会

所谓社会，它是人类历史发展的产物，是人们按照自己不断增长和提高的劳动和生活的需要，创造属于结合不同的社会关系，进行不同社会活动的生活共同体。

2、角色冲突

所谓角色冲突是指在扮演角色的过程中，一个人同时担当的几个角色对个人的期待发生了矛盾，难以协调，从而使角色扮演者出现左右为难的现象。

3、人的社会化

人的社会化即是指人从出生到成长为一个社会成员，能够独立地参与社会生活的过程。
再社会化是指人们在社会生活中有越轨行为，被司法机关公安部门收容，强制性地进行教化的过程。

4、家庭

所谓家庭，是指建立在婚姻和血缘关系之上的成员之间的亲密合作、共同生活的群体。家庭是社会的细胞，是人们社会生活的基本单位。

5、社区

社区是指聚居在一定的地域的相互关联的人群形成的生活共同体，即地域性社会生活共同体。

6、城市化

The so-called urbanization mainly refers to the process in which the number of cities continues to increase and the scale of cities continues to expand. In a sense, urbanization mainly refers to the process by which the rural population changes their place of residence.

30 points for short answer questions (6 points for each question)

1、马斯洛的需要层次理论
马斯洛是美国人本主义心理学创始人。其需要层次理论始于1943年，其主要论点如下：
人是一种不断需求的动物，除短暂时间外极少会得到满足；一个需要满足了，另一个需要说会接着产生，他把人的需要划分为生理需要、安全需要、归属和爱的需要、自尊的需要、自我实现的需要。他认为，需要由低向高发展；几种需要可同时得到满足，但只有一种需要起主要作用（优势需要）。且高的需要激励人们更长久。同时需要的满足又因人而异，但需要的满足是最重要的。
2、符号相互作用论
符号相互作用论是一种主张从相互作用着的个体的日常自然环境去去类群体生活的理论，又称符号互动论。其主要观点如下：
第一，人的自我意识和社会都有是通过相互作用即社会交往形成和发展的，使用符号是其先决条件。
第二，语言是主要的符号系统，人际社会交往主要借助于语言进行。
第三，个体、群体之间不但有外在相互作用，个体也有内在的自我的相互作用，这实际上是社会过程的内化。
第四，人的行为不是对外界剌激的机械反应，而是在其行动过程中自己设计的。
第五，个体的行为受他对情景的理解。
总之，符号相互作用是人们借助符号同他人交往过程和相互影响，并通过对这些符号进行解释以决定自己行为的过程。
3、经济人”假设和“社会人”假设在管理策略上有什么不同？
“经济人”假设是美国管理学家泰勒为企业管理设计的思想。认为工人是为了挣钱而来工厂做工的。因此通过多劳多得、物质剌激就能激励工人积极性，提高工作效率，但因把工人看作是机器而受到批判。
“社会人”假设是由梅奥等人通过实验得出的一种管理方式。认为工人不仅是为挣钱而来工厂做工的，而是具有多方面的需求，并提出社会因素是影响工人积极性的决定性因素，管理中要以人为中心，给予基本的关心。这种理论开了管理理论的新风，对管理实践有巨大影响。

4、社会组织的构成有哪些要素？
作为完成一定社会任务而形成的社会组织，必须具备以下要素：
第一，加入该组织的成员，须履行一定的手续。
第二，固定的目标。
第三，规范性章程
第四，权威的领导体系。
第五，必要的物质基础。

5、社会控制有什么功能？
所谓社会控制，是指用社会力量对人们的行动实行制约和限制，使之与既定的社会规范相一致的社会过程。其功能如下：
第一，维护社会秩序。为了社会的稳定，统治者或社会利益代表对某些不能实践行为规范的人们实行控制。
第二，维护正常生活。人们总是希望在有秩序的社会里生活，社会控制是保护社会有序的条件。没有一定强度的社会控制，正常的秩序无法保证，人们平静的生活就不能实现。
第三，促进社会发展。社会的发展形式有二：一种是急剧变化，通过暴力来打破旧社会，创立新社会。另一种是在正常秩序下逐步发展。社会发展的目的是提高人们的生活水平，但有时人们在追求自我实现中，不可避免地他人发生矛盾，因而社会控制就会把这种矛盾控制在社会允许的范围内。此外，也不能忽视社会控制的消极作用，因为严厉的社会控制会激化矛盾。

论述题22分（每题11分）

1. Discuss the similarities and differences among continuous socialization, resocialization and special socialization
Human socialization refers to the process from birth to growing up as a member of society and being able to independently participate in social life.
Resocialization refers to the process in which people have deviant behavior in social life, are taken in by the public security department of the judiciary, and are forcibly educated. Its targets are generally adults, but there are also adolescents. In recent years, the juvenile delinquency rate has risen sharply, which should arouse people's great attention.
Special socialization refers to the socialization process of special measures for some people who are physically and mentally damaged and unable to live in a normal society. The objects are generally the disabled. This socialization has a specialized meaning.
The three have the same point: they all socialize people, and they all let people learn social culture, values and behavioral norms.
The differences between the three: First, continuing socialization is affirmative to the previous period of socialization; while socialization is negative to the previous period of socialization; continuous socialization cannot be realized under normal conditions.
Second, continued socialization is optional; resocialization is mandatory; and special socialization is specialized.

2. The characteristics and reform direction of China's urban and rural social security system
Features: First, the duality of urban and rural social security. The dual urban-rural structure of our society is manifested in social security. Urban and rural residents, especially workers in the system of ownership by the whole people enjoy good social security and welfare, while rural residents receive little protection. Second, the urban social security is arranged and the rural social security is self-help. Third, administrative promotion. Fourth, the social security system is implemented, and the development of social work is mainly carried out by state cadres and public officials at various levels. Its function is to guarantee the people's life and stabilize the social order, but there are still some problems: mainly the low level of social security in rural areas, social security in cities makes it difficult for social mobility, and makes some people develop a work attitude that is not enterprising . High welfare has brought great pressure to the country's finances, and the gap between urban and rural areas has also brought great pressure to cities.
Direction of reform: First, reform the city's original security system, expand the scope of security, improve security items; improve the administrative management system of social security. Second, establish a rural social security system. Third, develop community services. Fourth, establish and improve the social work system.

Introduction to Sociology

1. Explanation of terms:

社会：是人类历史发展的产物，是人们按照自己不断增长和提高的劳动和生活的需要，创造性地结合成不同的社会关系，进行不同社会活动的共同体。
社会学：是从变动着的社会系统整体出发，通过人们的社会关系和社会行为，研究社会的结构、功能、发生、发展规律的一站综合性的社会科学。
社会化：即人的社会化。就是指一个人从出生，从不知不识的生物个体的人，经过不断地学习知识，技能和社会规范，培养和提高自己的社会需要，发展自己的社会性，把自己一体化到群体中去，从而使社会不断延续和发展下去的基本过程。
社会需要：是人们需要是人们在一定情景下，对客观事物产生的匮乏感受，而要求得到满足的社会心理反应。
社会交往：是指个人与个人、个人与团体、团体与团体之间为了满足某种需要而相互作用、相互影响的活动与过程。
社会组织结构：是指组织由哪些部分构成及各部分之间所确立的关系形式。在这里，前者是从外观上来描述社会组织的结构，后者则是从实质上来分析社会组织的结构。
社会分化：是指社会中的个人或群体之间产生的被社会认可了的区别。社会分化现象是社会发展中的普遍现象。
社会分层：按照一定的标准将人们区分为高低不同的等级序列叫做社会分层。
社会制度：有宏观、中观和微观之分。社会学研究社会制度着眼于中观尺度，认为社会制度是为了满足人类的社会需要，在一定的历史和现实条件下形成的社会关系及与此相联系的社会活动的规范体系。
社会问题：是由于人与环境污染的关系或人与人之间的关系失调，影响了广大社会成员的正常生活和社会进步需要运用社会力量加以解决的问题。
社会解组：是社会各组成部分之间联系微弱或不协调，社会行为规范取社会成员失去的约束，从而社会的组织程度低，及至处于无组织状态的现象。
社会保障：是国家和社会依照法律对因不能参加正常劳动或遭受意外而不能维持基本生活的社会成员提供最低限度的经济援助，以保障其基本生活的制度。
社区组织：是社会工作者协助社区居民、团体或机构认识社会区需要，组成社区行动体系，进行有计划的集体行动以解决社区问题的过程。
社会发展：是社会工作者介入有问题的社会区，通过启发和教育，协助社会区居民组织起来，发挥社会区合作精神、动员社会区内外资源、有计划地解决社区问题，促进社区经济和社会进步的过程。
社会工作：是指帮助社会生活上处于不伸地位的个人、群体和社区，解决困难、预防问题的发生、恢复、改善和发展自己的功能，以适应和进行正常的社会生活的服务活动。
社会变迁：是指一个社会中，社会结构方面发生的社会制度和人们的生活方式、社会角色模式的变动过程。
生活方式：是指在一定的社会群体中，人们生活表现的类型化了的活动形式与特征。
社会流动：从广义讲是个人、家庭以及其他社会群体在不同的社会部门间的运动，狭义的社会流动一般仅是指个人在社会中地位的变化。
社会革命：是一种急剧的、对整个社会进行根本改造的社会变迁形式。
Social modernization: refers to the process in which people use recent and modern science and technology to comprehensively transform their material and spiritual conditions of existence, and transform themselves to adapt to these conditions, so as to achieve social prosperity and development.
Social convergence theory: In the process of social modernization, different societies have different starting points, different social systems, and different specific conditions. After economic industrialization, political democratization, urbanization, and secularization, different countries have changed in many ways. become more and more similar.
Social control: It is the process of using social forces to restrict and restrict people's behavior so as to keep it consistent with established social norms. In a narrow sense, social control refers to the restraint of deviant behavior.
Public opinion: It is the general consensus on a certain event or phenomenon expressed by the public in the form of speech, and it is the public's evaluation of whether this event or phenomenon is right or wrong.
Community: It is a living community formed by interrelated people living in a certain area, that is, a regional social living community.
Resocialization: It is a socialization with a specific meaning, that is, it refers to the process in which people commit deviant behavior in social life, are taken in by relevant judicial and public security departments, and are forcibly educated.
Applied sociology: refers to the application of theoretical knowledge of sociology to the study of social real life, social phenomena and social problems.
Dominant needs : It means that people may have multiple needs in the same state, but one of them occupies a dominant position and plays a leading role in human behavior. We call this need a dominant need.
Role conflict: It is a phenomenon that occurs when a person assumes two or more roles at the same time during the role-playing process, and these roles put forward contradictory requirements for him.
Personality: Refers to a person's psychological characteristics such as concepts, attitudes and habits formed through social practice activities under certain social and historical conditions in terms of his physical quality. It is personal stability and psychological traits and the sum total.
Primary social group: also known as the head group, is a social group formed by face-to-face communication and has intimate and membership relationships. It reflects the simplest and most preliminary social relationship of people.
Family structure: refers to the relationship status formed by the combination and interaction of family members. It includes how many members the family consists of, which members it consists of and according to which relationship model.
Bureaucracy: It is the administrative management model proposed by Weber. It is the organizational structure and management method of the organization's internal position hierarchy, power classification, division of departments and levels, and each performing its duties.
Humanistic location: refers to the theory of studying the spatial pattern and interdependence of the community environment by borrowing the principle of biological evolution. It was proposed by the Chicago School in the United States. the interrelationship between them.
Urban community: refers to a living community composed of a population of a certain size within a certain geographical range, with industry, commerce or other non-agricultural industries as the main economic activities. It is another type of living space and life organization form that is different from rural communities.
Over-urbanization: A phenomenon in which a large number of rural populations flow into cities, and the influx of people exceeds the needs of urban development and puts heavy pressure on the normal operation of cities. This phenomenon is called over-urbanization.
Classes: Groups of which one group can appropriate the labor of another group because of their position in a given socio-economic structure.
Exploitation: refers to the fact that some people or groups in society, by virtue of their monopoly on the means of production, occupy the surplus labor of another part of people or groups without compensation, even part of the necessary labor.
Rule system: It is used to stipulate the social interrelationships among people under this system and their respective behavior patterns.
Deviant Behavior: It is the behavior of an individual or group that violates the social behavior norms that it should abide by.
就业问题：是指在劳动年龄内有劳动能力的人未能从事劳动或有效劳动，而产生的不利于个人生存和社会发展的状况。
贫穷文化论：从文化的角度解释贫穷现象的理论，该理论认为穷人之所以长期和世代贫穷，是因为他们拥有特有的贫穷文化。
世界体系论：它提出世界是一个整体，是一个“世界资本主义经济体系”。它认为在整个世界体系内，西方发达国家是通过经济联系和不平等的贸易来剥削不发达国家。
“第三次浪潮”：社会会学家、未来学家托夫勒认为人类从农业革命文明，进入工业革命文明，现在又进入打技术、新材料开发的新的文明时期，他称之为“第三次浪潮”。

选择题：

社会制度之所以能够使人们接受，其内部都有一套理论作为自己存在的根据和令人接受的理由，这套理论，我们名之日（概念系统）。
社会的风俗、道德、准则、法律等规范是属于（规则系统）。
社会工作是指（推行和实现社会保障制度的工作）。
社会保险属于（社会保障的一项内容）。
社会工作作为一种专门的助人活动和专业是产生于（19世经末20世经初）的西方社会。
社会的变迁，归根结底是由社会的（经济基础）发生变动而引起的。
社会分层的不同结构中或不同队级、阶层中，个人、家庭、社会群体在不同层次或等级间的流动，称为（垂直流动）。
Who first proposed social convergence theory (Ding Bogen) .
The relationship between social organizations and the external environment is (exchange relationship)
Some communities are formed naturally, while others are man-made. This division is (categorized by how the community is formed)
As a profession that serves people with methods and techniques, social work is mainly manifested in (the development of work objects and work methods)
The essential difference between human society and animal society is (labor).
The way and possibility of satisfying human needs (social constraints) .
The analytical framework of Humanistic Location was proposed by (Chicago School) .
The population gathers to the city, the number of cities increases continuously, and the process of expanding the city scale is called (urbanization) .
A person assumes several roles at the same time, and the expectations of the individual are contradictory and difficult to coordinate. This phenomenon is called (role conflict) .
A business manager establishes different role relationships with employees, general managers, other business managers, etc., which are called (role clusters) .
A part of the labor force cannot find labor or jobs or jobs, and cannot realize the combination with the means of production, and the labor resources are idle, which means (unemployment) .
A factory and an engineer are transferred to a university as a lecturer. This flow is called (horizontal flow) .
Means-goal theory holds that among the five behaviors of people, "only agree with cultural goals, but do not follow institutionalized means, this is (innovation) .
手段—目标认认为人们的行为方式中，“放弃文化目标，介遵从制度化手段。”此是（形式主义）。
手段—目标认认为人们的行为方式中，“用新的目标和手段代替文化目标和制度化手段，这是（反叛）。
在许多发达国家，出现了大城市居民向小城镇或农村迁移的现象，这种现象被称为（逆城市化）。
在农村社区占支配地位的社会关系是（血缘关系和地缘关系）。
在劳动或工作岗位上，劳动者不能充分发挥其能力，社会劳动力不能实现与生产资料的良好配置，不能创造出最大效益，这是（不充分就业）。
在劳动年龄内有劳动能力的人，从事某种劳动或工作，取得劳动报酬或经营收入，以维持生活的活动是指（就业）
以下那种活动属于社会交往的活动是（朋友谈心）。
以下那种关系属于次级社会会关系的是（工作单位中的同事关系）。
以下哪种群体属于初级社会群体。（儿童游戏群体）
以下哪一种活动不是集体行为（春游）
由父母及未婚子女组成的家庭是（核心家庭）。
由父母和一对已婚子女及孙子女等组成的家庭是（主干家庭）。
由个别的原因造成的，是某一人口中较为特殊的现象，是指（个别贫穷）。
What kind of need does "job security" belong to? (safe)
What kind of need is "to be supported and loved"? (belonging and loving)
Who came up with "mirror self" (Coolley) .
What kind of outlook on life is the outlook on life of "living in the world, eating and drinking". (hedonism) .
"... The general trend of the world, long-term division must be united, and long-term unity must be divided." What kind of social change theory is this. (Historical Cycle Theory)
Who proposed the theory of "post-industrial society" (Bell) .
The word "society" comes from (Chinese)
"Society develops linearly from simple to complex, from low-level to high-level." This is the view of which theory of social change. (social evolution)
"the manner in which different members of society or social groups interact with each other to achieve the same goal" means (competition)
The author of the book "The Third Wave" is (Toffler) .
From the age of six or seven to the age of eleven or twelve is the stage of children's thinking development. (specific operation)
From the point of view of the state and society, the most important function of social security is (to maintain social stability)
The founder of Chinese sociology is (Kang Youwei) .
The ideal goal of China's urban and rural development is (coordinated development of urban and rural areas)
The basic characteristics of occupational stratification in our country are: occupational status mainly depends on (the degree of specialization) .
The policy adopted by our country to eliminate the exploiting class is (according to different situations, adopt different policies)
The belief that a lack of integration in social structures creates extreme tensions that lead to deviant behavior, which is (social anomie theory)
What kind of social modernization theory is the view that international trade is a way for Western developed countries to exploit non-Western underdeveloped countries. (Dependency Theory)
It is (Durkheim) who proposes social anomie
Put forward "stop increasing the world's population, limit the development of industrial production, and reduce the consumption of earth's resources by seven-eighths" is the point of view in (the limit of growth) .
According to the different status of a certain social group in the social economic structure, it is divided into (class)
According to the division of mobility (subject) , social mobility can be divided into individual mobility, family mobility, and social group mobility.
Who first proposed the hierarchy of needs theory. (Maslow)
It is necessary to go through procedures such as application and verification, and those who meet the legal requirements can enjoy (social assistance)
Culture refers to (all wealth created by human beings) .
The second weaning refers to adolescents (psychologically separated from all aspects of supervision) .
The combined form of family members and the relationship status formed by their interactions are (family structure) .
Management scientists analyze previous management models from the perspective of human nature, and put forward "X theory" and "Y theory". (McGregor) .
Paying attention to the management of people and focusing on work tasks, it has a strong "task-oriented" and mechanistic color. This kind of management theory belongs to (classical management theory) .
The management theory that embodies the management style of handicraft workshops is (paternalism) .
The biggest advantage of bureaucracy is (to achieve organizational goals more effectively) .
The main figure of structural functionalism is (Parsons) .
The degree of organization of the residents is high and the organizational structure is complex (urban communities) .
It is (rural community) that the place of living and residence is in the place of production .
Which sociologist (Weber) proposed the three criteria of social stratification .
The representative of functionalism is (Parsons) .
The essence of class is (exploitation) .
The root of exploitation and class is (private ownership) .
Doctors, engineers, and lawyers belong to the (intellectuals) class.
Some people take advantage of reforms to benefit their own interests under the guise of public affairs. There is a saying that "you have policies, but I have countermeasures." We call this phenomenon (institutionalized evasion) .
An important symbol of future sociology becoming an independent discipline is the publication of ("Future Sociology") .
What kind of theory of deviant behavior is it that attributes the cause of deviant behavior to the disintegration and inconsistency among the various parts of the social structure (social anomie theory) .
Political systems such as government, armies, courts, and prisons are (utility equipment) .
When several social norms collide in a society, a relatively stereotyped social norm takes precedence. This is called (institutionalized priority) .
What problem is becoming a worldwide problem, which has attracted great attention from all countries in the world. (Environmental issues)
A more operational and descriptive interpretation of the definition of poverty is (economic definition) .
Phenomena such as large-scale group conflicts and even wars, and serious imbalances in industrial and occupational structures are social problems caused by (social relationship) imbalances.
The state of an individual, family or group in which the living conditions and enjoyments of life are less than normal in the society to which they belong. Here (relatively poor) .
In rural areas where resources are scarce and natural conditions are poor, families of the disabled may fall into a state of (long-term poverty) .
Medical and health services, residential services, disability rehabilitation services, labor and employment services, etc. belong to (social welfare) .
In 1948, (Britain) announced that it had established a "welfare state", marking that the social security system had entered a mature stage in a local area.
(1956) , China's socialist transformation was successfully completed, and the system of exploitation was finally eliminated.
In the 1940s and 1950s, the theory of social change prevailing in western sociology circles was (social equilibrium theory)
According to the (method) classification of social work , social work can be divided into individual security work, group work and community work.
In which work Comte first proposed the new term "sociology". ("Practical Philosophy Course")
Compared with the situation before and after the flow of the subject, the social status has completely changed, which is (vertical flow) .
The core - which sociologist proposed the marginal theory (Prebisch) .
Theoretical sociology also known as (pure sociology)
With the development of science and technology, people need to re-enter the classroom and pick up books, this phenomenon is (continuing socialization)
Compared with formal organizations, the main characteristics of primary social groups are (closer interpersonal relationships)
The emergence of social surplus products and the establishment of private ownership of the means of production are (class)
Integrate means (the coordination of parts into a whole)
What is the type of social control that promotes righteousness by rewarding exemplary behavior (positive control)
Although workers are employed, they cannot give full play to their labor ability assessment results, or they are overstaffed, or have nothing to do. This is (hidden unemployment)
Service-oriented social security that exceeds the minimum standard of living refers to (social welfare)
The real trailblazers in the study of social mobility were sociologists (Solokin)
Underdeveloped countries can only get rid of underdevelopment if they break away from the connection with Western developed countries. What kind of modernization theory is this? (Dependency Theory)
Ding Bogen's view of social convergence is (the socialist system and the capitalist system are becoming more and more similar)

4. Short answer and essay questions:

Basic features of sociology: A. Sociology regards society as a system and a whole. B. The study of sociology starts from the social life, the relationship between people and social behavior. C. The comprehensiveness of sociological research methods. D. Sociology puts the whole of society and its internal and external relations in the process of movement and public transformation for research. E. Sociology attaches great importance to social investigation.
The relationship between sociology and historical materialism: (1) The connection between the two: historical materialism is the philosophical foundation of sociological research, and it is the scientific world outlook and methodology of sociological research. The scientific achievements of sociological research are one of the sources of the development of historical materialism. The two are the relationship between general and particular, guiding and being guided. (2) The difference between the two: historical materialism is a philosophical view of history and belongs to the category of philosophy, while sociology is a specific social science.
Functions of sociology: A. Studying sociology and mastering the basic knowledge of modern society can make people more consciously participate in social life. B. Increase social management talents and contribute to the establishment of a civilized, healthy, scientific and reasonable way of life. Provide scientific basis for government decision-making departments. D. Contribute to the development of frontier science and multidisciplinary comprehensive research.
The meaning of social needs: The so-called needs are the social psychological responses that people feel the lack of objective things in a certain situation and demand to be satisfied. People's social needs are the basic driving force of people's behavior. In a philosophical sense, people's needs are human nature. It has the characteristics of inevitability, objectivity and sociality.
The status of social needs in social life: (1) needs are the driving force of human behavior; (2) social needs are the foundation of people’s social relations; (3) social needs are combined with human labor and practice, complement each other, and promote Social development.
The basic content of socialization : A, teach life skills. B. Teach social rules. C, pointing life goals. D. Provide role candidates.
社会化对个性形成的影响：的个性的形成和发展，从出生到青年期的二十年间，先后经过社会化的三种不同场所，这就是家庭、学校和邻里社会。这三个场所虽有先后，也有区别，但互相配合、互相重合，牵连在一起，人们的个性主要就在这样的场所中逐步形成的，家庭成叫之间的关系，是血统和亲属关系，具有浓厚的感情色彩，是年青人发育成长的摇篮。学校中的师生和同学关系，是相互交流知识、思想的关系，严肃而认真，理多于情感，是人们生活的庄严殿堂。而邻里社会却是一个人未来生活的大社会的雏形，情况复杂多变，对人们个性的形成，人生观的塑造，起着决定性影响。
社会组织的基本特征：A、它是有目的的组织起来的群体。B、它的目标简单、明确。C、成员间的关系不那么亲密。D、社会组织中成员的关系、行为常由事本主义的、对事不对人的规则指导和调节。E、社会成员的可代替性强。
社会组织目标对组织的存在与发展的意义：第一，目标是社会组织生存合理化的根据，是组织承担社会职能的集中体现。组织只有承担有利于社会的职能，才能得到社会的认可和帮助，也才能正常运转。第二，目标是各种不同类型社会组织之间相互区别的标准。各种纷繁复杂的社会组织，只有通过其目标才能区分其性质与职能。第三，目标是社会组织内部分工合作的基础。各个社会组织根据其目标给其成员下达各种工作任务，形成工作关系。第四，目标是团结和鼓舞社会成员的力量。成员加入组织都是抱有某种目的，因而组织目标就成为引导、鼓舞成员努力的力量。第五，目标是衡量社会组织活动成效的尺度。组织成员通过工作实现的状态与目标规定的希望状态的吻合程度，来衡量活动成效的高低。
社会交往的意义：A、社会交往有利于个人成长。B、社会交往是文化传播的手段。C、社会交往是社会构成与发展的基础。
The relationship between social differentiation and social division of labor : From the perspective of the development of human history, social division of labor has caused great social differentiation. The three major divisions of labor in history differentiated animal husbandry, handicrafts, and commerce from agriculture. The three major divisions of labor promoted the development of productive forces and formed different classes; The finer the social differentiation, the more complicated it is; but we must also see that social differentiation is not necessarily caused by social division of labor, because there are also differentiations within the same occupation. Social differentiation refers to socially recognized differences between individuals or groups in society.
Specific criteria for social stratification: A. Wealth refers to the life opportunities of members of society in the economic market. B. Prestige refers to the reputation and respect gained in the social environment. C. Power refers to the possibility of actors in social relations to realize their will.
Social stratification needs theory: Stratification exists in any society, and it can exist for a long time and exert certain effectiveness based on four prerequisites: A. Effective role allocation in the organization B. There must be a certain allocation position to express them C. Assuming a role People must undergo certain training D. These roles are consciously expressing themselves; the theory holds that there are two ways to measure the importance of hierarchical positions: one is that the function is irreplaceable. The other is the degree to which status is connected to others, and the greater the connection, the greater the importance.
Components of a social system : A conceptual system. The reason why a social system can be accepted by people is that there is a set of theories inside it as the basis for its existence and acceptable reasons. B. Rule system. A social system includes a set of rules of activity, which are used to define the social relations among people and their respective behavior patterns under the cover of this system. C. Organizational system. The tangible representation of an institution is its organizational system, which drives and checks its execution. D. Equipment system. The equipment system includes utility equipment symbolic equipment.
Functions of the social system: A. To meet the needs of human social life. B. Provide socialization and social selection mechanisms. C. Play an integrating role in society. D. To pass on social culture.
Characteristics of the social system: A. Universality. B. Variability. C. Relative stability. D. Hierarchy.
The functions of social control: (1) Maintain social order and keep the society running normally. Order is the basic premise of social existence and development. In order to maintain social stability, the ruling class or representative forces of social interests must control deviant behavior. (2) Maintain normal life. In order to maintain a normal life order. It is necessary to use social control means to restrict and punish those who disrupt the order of life. The lack of such control will affect the stability of social order. (3) Promote social development. Without social stability and social order, society cannot develop smoothly. The normal development of society and the improvement of the quality of life are realized on the basis of social order. The orderly operation of society is achieved and guaranteed by social control. (4) Anti-function of social control: Unreasonable social control cannot safeguard the interests of the majority. In addition, rigid and powerful social control is not conducive to people's pursuit of reasonable goals. Rigid social control often accumulates contradictions, leading to more serious social conflicts and impacting the normal order of society. Therefore, when exerting the positive function of social control, we should pay attention to its anti-function.
Causes of social problems: A. The imbalance of the relationship between people and the environment is manifested in two aspects: one is the problem with the primary environment; the other is the problem with the secondary environment. B. Imbalanced social relations, mainly manifested in: conflicts and even confrontations of group interests, conflicts of values between groups, social structural imbalances, and social disorganization.
Functions of social work: A. Solve practical difficulties and ensure personal life; B. Tap the potential of recipients and promote their development; C. Carry forward the spirit of mutual assistance and promote social integration; D. Resolve social problems and maintain social stability.
社会保障的特点：A、城乡社会保障的二元性。我国社会城乡二元结构，表现在社会保障方面则是城乡居民，特别是全民所有制职工享受良好的保障和福利，农村居民所得到的保障很少。B、城市社会保障的包办性和农村社会保障的自助性。城镇居民的保障和福利由国家（或企业）包揽下来，在农村主要是靠农民自己力量解决问题。C、行政推动。社会保障是借助各级各类组织运行而起作用的。使行政管理体系同社会保障推行体系合一。政府和与政府密切相关的群团组织成为社会保障制度的推行者和有效执行者。D、社会保障制度的实施，社会工作的开展主要由各级各类国家干部、公职人员承担。
社会流动类型及划分的意义：从广义上讲社会流动是个人、家庭以及其他社会群体在不同的社会部门间的运动。狭义上的社会流动一搬反指个人在社会地位的变化。由于划分流动的标准不同，因而流动的的类型也多种多样：A、按流动主体分：个人流动、家庭流动、群体流动。B、按流动方向分有水平流动和垂直流动。C、按流动参照物分有代际流动和代内流动。
社会变迁的原因：A、自然环境的变化。B、人口的变动。C、文化、科学技术的发明、发现与传播，最终引起社会的变迁。D、社会生产力的变化。
The content and characteristics of social modernization: (1) Content : First, economic modernization with industrialization as the core. It is the foundation and core of social modernization. Second, political modernization. Politics is the concentrated expression of economy. Without political modernization, economic modernization will be difficult to advance and last. Third, the modernization of culture, science and technology, and ideology and morality. All aspects of human-created culture have a modernization problem. Fourth, the modernization of urban and rural communities. China's modernization must take the road of common prosperity of urban and rural areas and integration of urban and rural areas. Urban-rural integration is the modernization in which the two have prospered to a certain level, eliminated the dual economic structure of urban and rural areas, and merged into a new one regardless of each other. Fifth, the modernization of group organizations. It refers to the modernization of organizational structure, activity rules, organizational management, etc. from small to family to large to enterprise. It can also be said to be the bureaucracy of organizational management . Sixth, the modernization of people. Man is the main body of the modernization cause and the master of all modernization activities. (2) Features: A. Social modernization is an extensive social change involving all aspects of social life. B. Social modernization must be backed by modern culture, modern science and technology. If science and technology are underdeveloped, culture and education are underdeveloped, the basic conditions for modernization will not be met. C. Social modernization is not a one-time pursuit of one country, but a global long-term pursuit.
Social Convergence Theory: Social Convergence Theory is a theory used by some scholars to explain that different countries follow the same law in the process of modernization. His basic point of view is: in the process of social modernization, although different social starting points, social systems, and endowment conditions are different, they all go through the same process, such as economic industrialization, political democratization, urbanization, and secularization. Through the process of social modernization, different countries have become more and more similar in many ways.
社会现代化的内容和特征：内容A、以工业化为核心的经济现代化。B、政治现代化。C、文化科学技术、思想道德现代化。D、城乡社区现代化。E、群体组织现代化。F、人的现代化。他的特征：A、社会现代化是一场涉及到社会生活各方面的，内容广泛的社会变迁。B、社会现代化必须以近、现代文化、现代科学技术为后盾。C、社会现代化不是一时一国的追求，而是全球性长远的追求。
社区的构成要素：（1）以一定的社会关系为基础组织起来的、进行共同的社会生活的人群。相当数量的具有相互联系的人群是社区的存在的首要条件。（2）一定的有界线的地域。包括土地及地域中所能提供的资源。这是人们活动的场所，是人们进行共同生活的依据。（3）共同的社会生活。这是社区的本质特征。（4）有自己的社区文化。表现为社区风俗和基本相同的价值观念。不同的社区其文化不同。（5）社区居民在情感及心理上对自己所属的社区有归属感和认同感。
马克思是怎样看待社会的：A、社会是人们交互作用的产物，是社会关系的总和。B、（2）人类社会区别于动物社会的特征是劳动。C、（3）人类社会是长期发展的产物，是与自然界有重大区别的特殊领域。
The needs theory of Marxism: (1) The needs theory of Marxism is based on the philosophical basis of the inseparable holistic view of the individual and society, and the individual and society are a dialectical unity; (2) The needs theory of Marxism is a historical The difference between human nature and animal nature (beast nature) is viewed dialectically, and human nature and animal nature are both different and related; (3) Marx puts human needs and activities into the historical process to investigate, and puts them in the process of production. Looking at historical development, it is believed that human production activities have progressed from the production of means of survival to the production of means of enjoyment and then to the production of means of development.
Marxist communication theory: (1) Communication is a concept with rich content in Marx's works. It includes not only the communication between individuals, groups and groups, but also the communication between different countries, both material communication and spiritual communication. (2) Marx's communication theory reveals the material conditions of social communication: all communication is carried out on the basis of wealth created by human labor, without the material basis, social communication between people cannot happen. (3) Marx's social interaction theory points out that people's needs are the root cause of social interaction. Social interaction is a reliable guarantee to meet people's needs. (4) Economic exchanges are the basis of all other exchanges. Marx analyzed the levels of social communication and pointed out that material communication is first of all the communication of people in the production process and is the basis of any kind of communication.
The theory of social change of Marxism-Leninism: (1) The change of society, in the final analysis, is caused by the change of the economic base of the society; (3) With the gain of productivity, people change their mode of production; with the change of mode of production, they also change their way of life, and change all their social relations. (4) The role of the social superstructure on the economic base When the social superstructure maintains an advanced economic base or disintegrates a decaying economic base, it plays a role in promoting society; Development acts as a block.
马斯洛的需要层次论：主要理解和掌握马斯洛需要论的五个等级：生理需要、安全需要、归属与爱的需要、自尊的需要、自我实现的需要的含义及它们之间的关系，了解它们在现实生活和工作中的表现。
试述城乡关系的发展及我国城乡协调发展的道路：我国城乡关系解放前是对立的，解放后，城乡关系由对立转变为差别，城市优由农村，为了缩小差别，实现城乡协调发展：A、实行“控制大城市的规模，合理发展中等到城市，积极发展小城市”的城市发展政策。B、打破城乡壁垒，促进城乡沟通。C城乡结合，城市支援农村。
试述马克思主义的阶级理论：马克思主义认为，阶级的产生是由于社会剩余产品的出现和生产资料私人占有制的建立而出现的。剩余产品的出现导致了生产资料的私人占有，生产资料的私人占有导致了剥削阶级与被剥削阶级的出现。马克思主义揭示了阶级的本质就是剥削。所谓阶级，就是这样一些集团，由于它们在一定社会经济结构中所处的地位不同，其中一个集团能够占有另一个集团的劳动。阶级的本质就是剥削，阶级必随着私有制的消灭而消灭。
试述社会保障的功能：(1)满足无劳动能力者的基本生活需要，保障其生活的安全；(2) 维护社会稳定；(3)保护和维持劳动者的工作能力，刺激劳动潜力；(4)促进社会公平和社会进步。(5)社会保障的反功能。社会保障实行初期，某些国家或政府通过此手段使那些处于不利地位的人就范，未能保障其合理的权利；在实行高福利情况下，使一些人滋生了懒汉心理，不求进取。
我国消灭剥削阶级的具体做法：（1）对于官僚买办资产阶级，采取没收的办法，即没收官僚资本。（2）对于封建地主阶级，通过土地改革运动，没收他们的土地和其他生产资料分给广大农民的办法来解决。（3）对于资本家阶级，采取了赎买的政策。1956年基本上消灭了剥削阶级，但阶级斗争在一定范围内、一定历史条件下还将长期存在。
我国人口问题的实质、表现、成因，对社会经济发展的影响及解决的办法：人口问题的实质是人口再生产与物质资料再生产不相适应。表现为人口数量多；素质低。成因有：政治原因；人口惯性；文化及社会因素的影响。对社会经济发展的影响：A、大量新增人口消耗掉了物质和产的新增部分，也就降低了人民的物质生活水平。B、大量新增人口日后必然会带来严重的就业问题。C、人口文化程度低，对现代化建设产生不利的影响。D、老龄群体迅速扩大，对老年人的赡养及人们的家庭生活带来重要的影响。解决我国人口问题的办法：A、控制人口数量。B、提高人口素质。C、大力发展经济，提高人民生活水平。
我国城乡社会保障制度的特点及改革方向：特点：A、城乡社会保障的二元性。B、城市社会保障的包办性和农村社会保障的自助性C、行政推动。D、存在的问题。改革方向：A、改革城市原有社会保障制度。B、建立农村社会保障体系。C、发展社区服务。
城市社区的特征：（1）城市社区人口聚居规模大，高密度。（2）居民以工商业和其他非农产业为主要职业和谋生方式。（3）成员的异质性高。（4）生活方式的多样化。（5）人际交往中情感色彩淡薄。（6）居民的组织程度高，组织结构复杂。
城市化的动力：1）工农业经济的发展。2）社会管理机构的膨胀及科学、文化事业的发展。3）城乡差别。4）城市的中心作用。
农村社区的特征：(1)居住特征：大聚居、小分居的居住方式； (2)产业特征：主要产业是农业，包括农田种植业、林业、牧业、渔业； (3)社会关系特征：血缘关系和地缘关系占支配地位； (4)生活特征：生活节奏慢，自给性强，生活水平低，同质性高。
为什么说社会问题阻碍社会发展：①社会问题加大了社会运行的成本，造成社会资源的浪费。②社会问题直接给社会成员的正常生活以威胁，以致造成痛苦。③社会问题对社会的进一步发展设置了障碍。
什么是社会保险：社会保险是国家和社会通过立法，在劳动者或全体社会成员因年迈、疾病、伤残或由于其他原因而丧失劳动能力从而生活发生困难时，向其提供物质帮助，保证其生活需要的一种保障制度。主要包括老年保险、医疗保险、伤残保险和失业保险。它具有行政推动、非营利性和社会福利性等特点。
如何理解我国社会现代化的战略决策：现代化战略选择的基本依据是人的社会需要。我国现代化的战略决策是以满足人民的需要为出发点的。A、1党的现代化建设分三步走的发展目标、战略布署，是马克思主义的社会发展的宏伟蓝图，是马克思主义需要学说的光辉体现。B、2人们的社会需要是推动个人或社会集体前进的重要的动力，重要的激励因素。C、3“人是一种不断需求的动物，除短暂的时间外，较少达到完全满足的状态”。我们应善于掌握这个规律，为我国的建设和发展服务。
初级社会群体的涵义、特征及功能：社会群体是指由面对面的交往形成的，具有亲密的成员关系的社会群体。初级社会群体的特征：A、它是自然形成的。B、成员之间具有多重角色，表现了全部人格。C、一般靠个人的自觉性来维持关系。D、成员关系带有浓厚的感情色彩。E、把满足成员需求放在首位。初级社会群体的功能：A、它是人的社会化的基本场所。B、它能够满足人们多方面的需要。C、它是人走向社会的桥梁。D、它有助于实现社会控制。
目前我国家庭中存在的问题：(1)仍存在包办、买卖婚姻的现象； (2)早婚和违法婚姻问题严重；(3)独生子女问题；(4)老人赡养问题；(5)离婚问题。
影响人际关系和因素：A、双方需求的互补性影响了个人之间的交往。B、态度的类似性。C、双方距离的远近。D、交往频率。
科层制的主要特征：A、内部分工，且每一成员的权力和责任都有明确规定。B、职位分等，下级接受上级指挥。C、组织面员都具备各专来技术资格而被选中的。D、管理人员是专职的公职人员，而不是该企来的所有者。E、组织内部有严格的规定、纪律，并毫玩例外地普遍适用。F、组织内部排除私人感情，成员间的关系只是工作关系。
习俗与道德、道德与法律的区别：习俗与道德的区别：A、约束力不同。B义务感不同。道德与法律的区别：道德与法律在产生的时间，形成的方式上都有不同。具体在于：A二者作用的范围不同。B、二才的支持力量不同。法律是靠强制力支持，而道德是靠社会舆论的支持。C、二者作用的性质和控制的强度不同。
手段——目标论：美国的社会学家默顿在迪尔凯姆提出的社会失范论的基础上，提出了“手段——目标论”。他认为越轨行为是由于社会为人们提出的目标与达成目标的合法手段不配套，不统一造成的。他认为社会作为一个文化体系为每个社会成员都规定了目标，但是社会在结构上的安排上并没有为每一个人提供达到上述目标的合法手段，即社会结构的特征不一定能为每一个社会成员都提供条件，达成目标。这样按照社会的价值标准，创新、形式主义、逃避、反叛都对社会的要求发生一定的偏离，属于越轨行为。
劳动就业问题的实质及我国解决劳动就业的措施：劳动就业问题是批地劳动年龄内有劳动能力的人未能从事劳动或有效劳动，而产生的不利于个人生存和社会发展的状况。其实质是劳动力资源同生产资料不能合理配置。我国面临的就业问题主要来自新增劳动力的就业，解决隐性失业和体制改革造成的失业问题。解决就业问题的途径主要有：A、发展生产，创造更多的就业岗位。只有发展经济才能创造更多的劳动就业岗位。B、广开就业渠道。大力发展第三产业，鼓励集体、个休经营，这对缓解就为大力有很好的作用。C、继续控制人口增长。为了不使就业问题进一步恶化，严格控制人口是十分重要和迫切的。D、建立待业、失业保险制度。为了不使失业和待业问题给社会带来不利影响，必须建立相应的保障制度。
历史循环论：历史循环论是中外古今社会思想中一直存在着极为普遍的论点。历史循环论认为社会、历史的活动和发展是有规律可循的，这种规律就是按着产生、增长、衰落和死亡的历史轨迹循环往复。
Major historical events in China's social changes in the 20th century: 1. The Xinhai Revolution in 1911; 2. The "May 4th" Movement in 1919; 3. Overthrowing the rule of imperialism, feudalism and bureaucracy, and establishing the People's Republic of China; 4. 1. Eliminated the exploitation system that lasted for thousands of years and established a socialist system; 5. Basically formed an independent and relatively complete industrial system and developed a socialist economy, politics and culture
Dependency theory: Dependency theory is a theory used by scholars in developing countries to explain why underdeveloped countries cannot develop. This theory holds that the world economy is a system consisting of a core and a periphery. Western developed countries exploit underdeveloped countries through unequal trade, resulting in the underdevelopment of the latter. Frank extended the concept of "core-periphery", and he believed that "core-periphery" could be called "sovereign and satellite". The latter is a replica of the former. The conclusion is that underdeveloped countries must sever ties with developed countries and rely on themselves to get rid of the underdeveloped situation.

Introduction to Sociology

1. Explanation of terms:

Society: It is the product of the development of human history, and it is a community in which people creatively combine into different social relations and carry out different social activities according to their growing and improving labor and living needs.
Sociology: It is a one-stop comprehensive social science that starts from the changing social system as a whole and studies the structure, function, occurrence and development of society through people's social relations and social behavior.
Socialization: the socialization of people. It refers to a person who is a biological individual who has never been ignorant from birth, and through continuous learning of knowledge, skills and social norms, cultivates and improves his social needs, develops his sociality, and integrates himself into the group , so that the basic process of continuous continuation and development of society.
Social needs: People's needs are people's social and psychological responses to the lack of objective things in a certain situation, and their requirements are met.
Social interaction: Refers to the activities and processes of interaction and mutual influence between individuals and individuals, individuals and groups, and groups and groups in order to meet certain needs.
社会组织结构：是指组织由哪些部分构成及各部分之间所确立的关系形式。在这里，前者是从外观上来描述社会组织的结构，后者则是从实质上来分析社会组织的结构。
社会分化：是指社会中的个人或群体之间产生的被社会认可了的区别。社会分化现象是社会发展中的普遍现象。
社会分层：按照一定的标准将人们区分为高低不同的等级序列叫做社会分层。
社会制度：有宏观、中观和微观之分。社会学研究社会制度着眼于中观尺度，认为社会制度是为了满足人类的社会需要，在一定的历史和现实条件下形成的社会关系及与此相联系的社会活动的规范体系。
社会问题：是由于人与环境污染的关系或人与人之间的关系失调，影响了广大社会成员的正常生活和社会进步需要运用社会力量加以解决的问题。
社会解组：是社会各组成部分之间联系微弱或不协调，社会行为规范取社会成员失去的约束，从而社会的组织程度低，及至处于无组织状态的现象。
社会保障：是国家和社会依照法律对因不能参加正常劳动或遭受意外而不能维持基本生活的社会成员提供最低限度的经济援助，以保障其基本生活的制度。
社区组织：是社会工作者协助社区居民、团体或机构认识社会区需要，组成社区行动体系，进行有计划的集体行动以解决社区问题的过程。
社会发展：是社会工作者介入有问题的社会区，通过启发和教育，协助社会区居民组织起来，发挥社会区合作精神、动员社会区内外资源、有计划地解决社区问题，促进社区经济和社会进步的过程。
社会工作：是指帮助社会生活上处于不伸地位的个人、群体和社区，解决困难、预防问题的发生、恢复、改善和发展自己的功能，以适应和进行正常的社会生活的服务活动。
社会变迁：是指一个社会中，社会结构方面发生的社会制度和人们的生活方式、社会角色模式的变动过程。
生活方式：是指在一定的社会群体中，人们生活表现的类型化了的活动形式与特征。
社会流动：从广义讲是个人、家庭以及其他社会群体在不同的社会部门间的运动，狭义的社会流动一般仅是指个人在社会中地位的变
社会革命：是一种急剧的、对整个社会进行根本改造的社会变迁形式。
社会现代化：是指人们利用近、现代的科学技术，全面改造自己生存的物质条件、精神条件，以及改造自己以适应这些条件，达到社会繁荣发展的过程。
社会趋同论：在社会现代化过程中，不同的社会起点不同，社会制度不同，具体条件了不尽一样，经过经济上的工业化，政治上的民主化，城市化和世俗化，不同国家在许多方面变得越来越相似。
社会控制：是运用社会力量对人们的行为进行制约和限制，使之与既定的社会规范保持一致的过程。狭义的社会控制是指对越轨行为的约束。
社会舆论：是社会上众人以言论形式表现的对于某一事件或现象的大致相同的看法，是公众对于此一事件或现象的是或非的评价。
社区：是聚居在一定的地域内、相互关联的人群形成的生活共同体，即地域性社会生活共同体。
Resocialization: It is a socialization with a specific meaning, that is, it refers to the process in which people commit deviant behavior in social life, are taken in by relevant judicial and public security departments, and are forcibly educated. Applied sociology: refers to the application of theoretical knowledge of sociology to the study of social real life, social phenomena and social problems.
Dominant needs : It means that people may have multiple needs in the same state, but one of them occupies a dominant position and plays a leading role in human behavior. We call this need a dominant need. Role conflict: It is a phenomenon that occurs when a person assumes two or more roles at the same time during the role-playing process, and these roles put forward contradictory requirements for him.
Personality: Refers to a person's psychological characteristics such as concepts, attitudes and habits formed through social practice activities under certain social and historical conditions in terms of his physical quality. It is personal stability and psychological traits and the sum total.
Primary social group: also known as the head group, is a social group formed by face-to-face communication and has intimate and membership relationships. It reflects the simplest and most preliminary social relationship of people. Family structure: refers to the relationship status formed by the combination and interaction of family members. It includes how many members the family consists of, which members it consists of and according to which relationship model. 30. Bureaucracy: It is the administrative management model proposed by Weber. It is the organizational structure and management method of the organization's internal position hierarchy, power classification, division of departments and levels, and each performing its duties.
Humanistic location: refers to the theory of studying the spatial pattern and interdependence of the community environment by borrowing the principle of biological evolution. It was proposed by the Chicago School in the United States. the interrelationship between them.
Urban community: refers to a living community composed of a population of a certain size within a certain geographical range, with industry, commerce or other non-agricultural industries as the main economic activities. It is another type of living space and life organization form that is different from rural communities.
过度城市化：农村人口大量涌入城市，流入城市的人口超过城市发展需求，给城市正常运行带来沉重压力的现象，叫过度城市化。
阶级：就是这样一些集团，由于他们在一定社会经济结构中所处地位不同，其中一个集团能占有另一个集团的劳动。
剥削：是指社会上一部分人或集团凭借他们对生产资料的垄断，无偿地占有另一个部分人或集团的剩余劳动，甚至一部分必要劳动。
规则系统：用以规定在这个制度笼罩下的人们之间的社会相互关系以及人们各自的行为模式。
越轨行为：它是个体或群体违反其所应遵守的社会行为规范的行为。
就业问题：是指在劳动年龄内有劳动能力的人未能从事劳动或有效劳动，而产生的不利于个人生存和社会发展的状况。
贫穷文化论：从文化的角度解释贫穷现象的理论，该理论认为穷人之所以长期和世代贫穷，是因为他们拥有特有的贫穷文化。
世界体系论：它提出世界是一个整体，是一个“世界资本主义经济体系”。它认为在整个世界体系内，西方发达国家是通过经济联系和不平等的贸易来剥削不发达国家。
“第三次浪潮”：社会会学家、未来学家托夫勒认为人类从农业革命文明，进入工业革命文明，现在又进入打技术、新材料开发的新的文明时期，他称之为“第三次浪潮”。

选择题：

社会制度之所以能够使人们接受，其内部都有一套理论作为自己存在的根据和令人接受的理由，这套理论，我们名之日（概念系统）。
社会的风俗、道德、准则、法律等规范是属于（规则系统）。
Social work refers to (the work of promoting and realizing the social security system) .
Social insurance belongs to (a content of social security) .
As a specialized helping activity and profession, social work originated in Western society (the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century) .
Social changes, in the final analysis, are caused by changes in the social (economic base) .
In different structures of social stratification or in different ranks and classes, the flow of individuals, families, and social groups between different levels or levels is called (vertical flow) .
Who first proposed social convergence theory (Ding Bogen) .
The relationship between social organizations and the external environment is (exchange relationship)
Some communities are formed naturally, while others are man-made. This division is (categorized by how the community is formed)
As a profession that serves people with methods and techniques, social work is mainly manifested in (the development of work objects and work methods)
The essential difference between human society and animal society is (labor).
The way and possibility of satisfying human needs (social constraints) .
The analytical framework of Humanistic Location was proposed by (Chicago School) .
The population gathers to the city, the number of cities increases continuously, and the process of expanding the city scale is called (urbanization) .
A person assumes several roles at the same time, and the expectations of the individual are contradictory and difficult to coordinate. This phenomenon is called (role conflict) .
一位业务经理与职员、总经理、其他业务经理等人建立不同的角色关系，叫做（角色丛）。
一部分劳动者力找不到劳动或工作或工作岗位，无法实现与生产资料的结合，劳动力资源闲置，是指（失业）。
一位工厂和工程师调到大学里任讲师，这种流动称作（水平流动）。
手段--目标论认为人们的五种行为方式中，“只认同文化目标，但不遵从制度化手段，此为（创新）。
手段—目标认认为人们的行为方式中，“放弃文化目标，介遵从制度化手段。”此是（形式主义）。
手段—目标认认为人们的行为方式中，“用新的目标和手段代替文化目标和制度化手段，这是（反叛）。
在许多发达国家，出现了大城市居民向小城镇或农村迁移的现象，这种现象被称为（逆城市化）。
在农村社区占支配地位的社会关系是（血缘关系和地缘关系）。
在劳动或工作岗位上，劳动者不能充分发挥其能力，社会劳动力不能实现与生产资料的良好配置，不能创造出最大效益，这是（不充分就业）。
在劳动年龄内有劳动能力的人，从事某种劳动或工作，取得劳动报酬或经营收入，以维持生活的活动是指（就业）
以下那种活动属于社会交往的活动是（朋友谈心）。
以下那种关系属于次级社会会关系的是（工作单位中的同事关系）。29.以下哪种群体属于初级社会群体。（儿童游戏群体）
以下哪一种活动不是集体行为（春游）31.由父母及未婚子女组成的家庭是（核心家庭）。
由父母和一对已婚子女及孙子女等组成的家庭是（主干家庭）。
由个别的原因造成的，是某一人口中较为特殊的现象，是指（个别贫穷）。34.“工作安定”属于哪种需要。（安全的）
“得到支持和友爱”属于哪种需要。（归属与爱的）35.“镜中自我”是谁提出来的（库利）。
“人生在世，吃喝二字”的人生观是哪种人生观。（享受主义）。
“…天下大势，分久必合，合久必分“。这是哪种社会变迁理论。（历史循环论）
“后工业社会会“论是由谁提出的（贝尔）。40.“社会”一词源于（中国）
“社会是从简单到复杂，由低级到高级的直线式发展”。这是社会变迁哪种理论的观点。（社会进化论）
“不同的社会成员或社会团体为了各自获得同一目标而进行的相互作用方式”指（竞争）42.《第三次浪潮》一书的作者是（托夫勒）。
From the age of six or seven to the age of eleven or twelve is the stage of children's thinking development. (Concrete calculation) 43. From the perspective of the state and society, the most important function of social security is (to maintain social stability)
The founder of Chinese sociology is (Kang Youwei) . 45. The ideal goal of urban and rural development in China is (coordinated development of urban and rural areas)
The basic characteristics of occupational stratification in our country are: occupational status mainly depends on (the degree of specialization) .
The policy adopted by our country to eliminate the exploiting class is (according to different situations, adopt different policies) 46. It is believed that the lack of integration of social structure will cause extreme tension, which will lead to deviant behavior, which is (social anomie theory) 46. It is believed that international trade is What kind of social modernization theory is the idea of a way to exploit non-Western underdeveloped countries. (Dependency Theory) 47. It is (Durkheim) who proposes social anomie the opinion of. 42. According to the different status of a certain social group in the social economic structure, it is (class)
According to the division of mobility (subject) , social mobility can be divided into individual mobility, family mobility, and social group mobility.

Who first proposed the hierarchy of needs theory. (Maslow) 49. It is necessary to go through application, verification and other procedures, and those who meet the legal requirements can enjoy (social assistance)

文化是指（人类创造的所有财富）。51.第二次断乳是指青少年（心理上脱离各方面的监护）。
家庭成员的组合形式及其相互作用形成的关系状态是（家庭结构）。
管理学家从人性的角度对以往管理模式进行分析，提出了“X理论”和“Y理论”。（麦格雷戈）。
注重对人的管理，以工作任务为中心，从而具有强烈的“任务本位”和机械主义色彩，这种管理理论属于（古典管理理论）。
体现手工业作坊的管理方式的管理理论是（家长制）。64。科层制的最大优点是（能更有效地实现组织目标）。
结构功能主义的主要人物是（帕森斯）。65居民的组织程度高，组织结构复杂的是（城市社区）。
生活居住地处于生产场所的是（农村社区）。66提出社会分层三个标准的是哪个社会学家（韦伯）。
功能论的代表人物是（帕森斯）。67阶级的本质是（剥削）。68剥削和阶级的根源是（私有制）。
Doctors, engineers, and lawyers belong to the (intellectuals) class. 69 Some people take advantage of reforms to benefit their own interests under the guise of the public. It is said that "you have policies, but I have countermeasures." We call this phenomenon (institutionalized evasion) . 58. An important sign that future sociology has become an independent discipline is the publication of ("Future Sociology") .
What kind of theory of deviant behavior is it that attributes the cause of deviant behavior to the disintegration and inconsistency among the various parts of the social structure (social anomie theory) .
Political systems such as government, armies, courts, and prisons are (utility equipment) .
When several social norms collide in a society, a relatively stereotyped social norm takes precedence. This is called (institutionalized priority) .
What problem is becoming a worldwide problem, which has attracted great attention from all countries in the world. (environmental issues) 72 A more operational and descriptive interpretation of the definition of poverty is (economic definition) . 73 Phenomena such as large-scale group conflicts and even wars, and serious imbalances in industrial and occupational structures are social problems caused by (social relationship) imbalances.
The state of an individual, family or group in which the living conditions and enjoyments of life are less than normal in the society to which they belong. Here (relatively poor) .
In rural areas where resources are scarce and natural conditions are poor, families of the disabled may fall into a state of (long-term poverty) .
Medical and health services, residential services, disability rehabilitation services, labor and employment services, etc. belong to (social welfare) .
1948年，（英国）宣布已建成“福利国家“，标志社会保障制度在局部范围内已进入成熟阶段。
（1956）年，我国社会主义改造胜利完成，最终消灭了剥削制度 20世纪40—50年代，西方社会学界盛行的社会变迁理论是（社会均衡论） 依社会工作的（方法）分类，社会工作可分为个安工作、团体工作和社区工作。孔德在哪部著作中第一次提出了“社会学”这个新名词。（《实践哲学教程》）78流动主体流动前后的情况相比较，社会地位有了彻底的改变，这是（垂直流动）。
核心——边陲论是哪位社会学家提出的（普雷毕什）。79，理论社会学又称（纯粹社会学）
随着科学技术的发展，人们需要重新走进课堂，拿起书本，这种现象是（继续社会化）80，与正式组织相比，初级社会群体的主要特征是（人际关系密切）80，产生于社会剩余产品的出现和生产资料私人占有制的建立的是（阶级）82，整合作用是指（各部分协调成为一个整体）80.通过表彰模范行为来弘扬正气的社会控制属于哪种类型（积极的控制）83，劳动者虽然在职，但不能充分发挥其劳动能力考核成绩，或人浮于事，或无事可干。这是属于（隐性失业）83，服务型的、超过最低生活标准的社会保障是指（社会福利）
The real pioneer in the study of social mobility is a sociologist (Solokin) 82. Underdeveloped countries can only get rid of underdevelopment if they break away from the connection with Western developed countries. What kind of modernization theory is this? (Dependency Theory) 82. Ding Bogen's social convergence theory is (the socialist system and the capitalist system are becoming more and more similar)

4. Short answer and essay questions: 1. Basic characteristics of sociology: A. Sociology regards society as a system and a whole. B. The study of sociology starts from the social life, the relationship between people and social behavior. C. The comprehensiveness of sociological research methods. D. Sociology puts the whole of society and its internal and external relations in the process of movement and public transformation for research. E. Sociology attaches great importance to social investigation.

The relationship between sociology and historical materialism: (1) The connection between the two: historical materialism is the philosophical foundation of sociological research, and it is the scientific world outlook and methodology of sociological research. The scientific achievements of sociological research are one of the sources of the development of historical materialism. The two are the relationship between general and particular, guiding and being guided. (2) The difference between the two: historical materialism is a philosophical view of history and belongs to the category of philosophy, while sociology is a specific social science.
Functions of sociology: A. Studying sociology and mastering the basic knowledge of modern society can make people more consciously participate in social life. B. Increase social management talents and contribute to the establishment of a civilized, healthy, scientific and reasonable way of life. Provide scientific basis for government decision-making departments. D. Contribute to the development of frontier science and multidisciplinary comprehensive research.
The meaning of social needs: The so-called needs are the social psychological responses that people feel the lack of objective things in a certain situation and demand to be satisfied. People's social needs are the basic driving force of people's behavior. In a philosophical sense, people's needs are human nature. It has the characteristics of inevitability, objectivity and sociality.
The status of social needs in social life: (1) needs are the driving force of human behavior; (2) social needs are the foundation of people’s social relations; (3) social needs are combined with human labor and practice, complement each other, and promote Social development.
The basic content of socialization : A, teach life skills. B. Teach social rules. C, pointing life goals. D. Provide role candidates.
The influence of socialization on the formation of personality: the formation and development of personality, from birth to adolescence, has gone through three different places of socialization, namely family, school and neighborhood society. Although these three places have their own precedence and differences, they cooperate with each other, overlap each other, and are implicated together. People's personalities are mainly gradually formed in such places. The relationship between family members is blood and kinship. With a strong emotional color, it is the cradle of young people's development and growth. The relationship between teachers and students and classmates in the school is a relationship of mutual exchange of knowledge and ideas. It is serious and serious, with more reason than emotion. It is a solemn palace of people's life. Neighborhood society, on the other hand, is the embryonic form of a large society in which a person will live in the future. The situation is complex and changeable, and it plays a decisive role in the formation of people's personality and outlook on life. The basic characteristics of social organization: A. It is a purposefully organized group. B. Its goal is simple and clear. C. The relationship between members is not so close. D. The relationship and behavior of members in social organizations are often guided and regulated by matter-oriented rules that deal with things rather than people. E. Social members are highly replaceable.
社会组织目标对组织的存在与发展的意义：第一，目标是社会组织生存合理化的根据，是组织承担社会职能的集中体现。组织只有承担有利于社会的职能，才能得到社会的认可和帮助，也才能正常运转。第二，目标是各种不同类型社会组织之间相互区别的标准。各种纷繁复杂的社会组织，只有通过其目标才能区分其性质与职能。第三，目标是社会组织内部分工合作的基础。各个社会组织根据其目标给其成员下达各种工作任务，形成工作关系。第四，目标是团结和鼓舞社会成员的力量。成员加入组织都是抱有某种目的，因而组织目标就成为引导、鼓舞成员努力的力量。第五，目标是衡量社会组织活动成效的尺度。组织成员通过工作实现的状态与目标规定的希望状态的吻合程度，来衡量活动成效的高低。
社会交往的意义：A、社会交往有利于个人成长。B、社会交往是文化传播的手段。C、社会交往是社会构成与发展的基础。
社会分化与社会分工的关系：从人类历史的发展来看，社会分工造成了社会的大分化。历史上三次大分工，使畜牧业、手工来、商业从农业中分化出来，三次大分工，促进了生产力的发展，以形成了不同的阶级；因而一般说来社会分工引起社会分化，社会分工越精细，社会分化越复杂；但我们也要看到社会分化并不一定都是由社会分工造成的，因为同一职业的内部也有分化。社会分化是指社会中的个人或群体之间产生的，被社会认可了的区别。
社会分层的具体标准：A、财富即指社会成员在经济市场中的生活机遇。B、声望即指在社会环境中所获得的声誉与尊敬。C、权力即指处于社会关系中的行动者，实现自己意志的可能性。
社会分层需要论：分层存在于任何社会，能够长期存在并发挥一定效能，是基于四个先决条件： A、组织中有效的角色分配B、必须有一定分配位置来表现他们C、担任角色的人必须经过一定的训练D、这些角色是自觉地表现自己的；该理论的观点认为，衡量分层位置上的重要性有两个方法：一个是功能不可替代。另一个是地位联系别人的程度，联系程度越大，重要性越大。
社会制度的构成要素：A概念系统。社会制度之所以能够使人们接受，其内部都有一套理论作为自己存在的根据和令人接受的理由。B、规则系统。社会制度包含一套活动规则，用以规定在这个制度笼罩下人们之间的社会关系以及人们各自的行为模式。C、组织系统。制度的有形代表就是它的组织系统，用于推动和检查它的执行。D、设备系统。设备系统包括实用设备象征设备。
社会制度的功能：A、满足人类社会生活的需要。B、提供社会化和社会选择机制。C、对社会起整合作用。D、传递社会文化。
社会制度的特征：A、普遍性。B、变异性。C、相对稳定性。D、阶级性。
社会控制的功能：（1）维持社会秩序，保持社会正常运行。秩序是社会存在和发展的基本前提，为保持社会安定，统治阶级或社会利益的代表力量就要对越轨行为进行控制。（2）维持正常生活。为了维持正常的生活秩序。就要动用社会控制手段对破坏生活秩序者予以约束制裁，缺乏这种控制会影响社会秩序的安定。（3）促进社会发展。没有社会稳定和社会秩序，社会就不能顺利发展。社会的正常发展，生活质量的提高是在社会秩序的基础上实现的。社会在运行过程中的有序是依靠社会控制来达到和保障的。（4）社会控制的反功能：不合理的社会控制不能维护大多数人的利益。另外，僵硬而有力的社会控制不利于人们对合理目标的追求。僵硬的社会控制常常会积累矛盾，酿成更严重的社会冲突，冲击社会的正常秩序。因此，在发挥社会控制积极功能时，要注意它的反功能。
社会问题的成因：A、人与环境的关系的失调表现在两个方面：一是与原生环境问题；二是与次生环境的问题。B社会关系失调，主要表现在：群体利益的冲突以致对立，群体间价值观念的冲突，社会结构失调、社会解组等。
社会工作的功能：A、解决实际困难，保障个人生活； B、挖掘受助者潜能，促进其发展； C、发扬互助精神，促进社会整合； D、化解社会问题，维持社会稳定。
社会保障的特点：A、城乡社会保障的二元性。我国社会城乡二元结构，表现在社会保障方面则是城乡居民，特别是全民所有制职工享受良好的保障和福利，农村居民所得到的保障很少。B、城市社会保障的包办性和农村社会保障的自助性。城镇居民的保障和福利由国家（或企业）包揽下来，在农村主要是靠农民自己力量解决问题。C、行政推动。社会保障是借助各级各类组织运行而起作用的。使行政管理体系同社会保障推行体系合一。政府和与政府密切相关的群团组织成为社会保障制度的推行者和有效执行者。D、社会保障制度的实施，社会工作的开展主要由各级各类国家干部、公职人员承担。
社会流动类型及划分的意义：从广义上讲社会流动是个人、家庭以及其他社会群体在不同的社会部门间的运动。狭义上的社会流动一搬反指个人在社会地位的变化。由于划分流动的标准不同，因而流动的的类型也多种多样：A、按流动主体分：个人流动、家庭流动、群体流动。B、按流动方向分有水平流动和垂直流动。C、按流动参照物分有代际流动和代内流动。
社会变迁的原因：A、自然环境的变化。B、人口的变动。C、文化、科学技术的发明、发现与传播，最终引起社会的变迁。D、社会生产力的变化。
The content and characteristics of social modernization: (1) Content : First, economic modernization with industrialization as the core. It is the foundation and core of social modernization. Second, political modernization. Politics is the concentrated expression of economy. Without political modernization, economic modernization will be difficult to advance and last. Third, the modernization of culture, science and technology, and ideology and morality. All aspects of human-created culture have a modernization problem. Fourth, the modernization of urban and rural communities. China's modernization must take the road of common prosperity of urban and rural areas and integration of urban and rural areas. Urban-rural integration is the modernization in which the two have prospered to a certain level, eliminated the dual economic structure of urban and rural areas, and merged into a new one regardless of each other. Fifth, the modernization of group organizations. It refers to the modernization of organizational structure, activity rules, organizational management, etc. from small to family to large to enterprise. It can also be said to be the bureaucracy of organizational management . Sixth, the modernization of people. Man is the main body of the modernization cause and the master of all modernization activities. (2) Features: A. Social modernization is an extensive social change involving all aspects of social life. B. Social modernization must be backed by modern culture, modern science and technology. If science and technology are underdeveloped, culture and education are underdeveloped, the basic conditions for modernization will not be met. C. Social modernization is not a one-time pursuit of one country, but a global long-term pursuit.
Social Convergence Theory: Social Convergence Theory is a theory used by some scholars to explain that different countries follow the same law in the process of modernization. His basic point of view is: in the process of social modernization, although different social starting points, social systems, and endowment conditions are different, they all go through the same process, such as economic industrialization, political democratization, urbanization, and secularization. Through the process of social modernization, different countries have become more and more similar in many ways.
社会现代化的内容和特征：内容A、以工业化为核心的经济现代化。B、政治现代化。C、文化科学技术、思想道德现代化。D、城乡社区现代化。E、群体组织现代化。F、人的现代化。他的特征：A、社会现代化是一场涉及到社会生活各方面的，内容广泛的社会变迁。B、社会现代化必须以近、现代文化、现代科学技术为后盾。C、社会现代化不是一时一国的追求，而是全球性长远的追求。
社区的构成要素：（1）以一定的社会关系为基础组织起来的、进行共同的社会生活的人群。相当数量的具有相互联系的人群是社区的存在的首要条件。（2）一定的有界线的地域。包括土地及地域中所能提供的资源。这是人们活动的场所，是人们进行共同生活的依据。（3）共同的社会生活。这是社区的本质特征。（4）有自己的社区文化。表现为社区风俗和基本相同的价值观念。不同的社区其文化不同。（5）社区居民在情感及心理上对自己所属的社区有归属感和认同感。
马克思是怎样看待社会的：A、社会是人们交互作用的产物，是社会关系的总和。B、（2）人类社会区别于动物社会的特征是劳动。C、（3）人类社会是长期发展的产物，是与自然界有重大区别的特殊领域。
The needs theory of Marxism: (1) The needs theory of Marxism is based on the philosophical basis of the inseparable holistic view of the individual and society, and the individual and society are a dialectical unity; (2) The needs theory of Marxism is a historical The difference between human nature and animal nature (beast nature) is viewed dialectically, and human nature and animal nature are both different and related; (3) Marx puts human needs and activities into the historical process to investigate, and puts them in the process of production. Looking at historical development, it is believed that human production activities have progressed from the production of means of survival to the production of means of enjoyment and then to the production of means of development.
Marxist communication theory: (1) Communication is a concept with rich content in Marx's works. It includes not only the communication between individuals, groups and groups, but also the communication between different countries, both material communication and spiritual communication. (2) Marx's communication theory reveals the material conditions of social communication: all communication is carried out on the basis of wealth created by human labor, without the material basis, social communication between people cannot happen. (3) Marx's social interaction theory points out that people's needs are the root cause of social interaction. Social interaction is a reliable guarantee to meet people's needs. (4) Economic exchanges are the basis of all other exchanges. Marx analyzed the levels of social communication and pointed out that material communication is first of all the communication of people in the production process and is the basis of any kind of communication.
The theory of social change of Marxism-Leninism: (1) The change of society, in the final analysis, is caused by the change of the economic base of the society; (3) With the gain of productivity, people change their mode of production; with the change of mode of production, they also change their way of life, and change all their social relations. (4) The role of the social superstructure on the economic base When the social superstructure maintains an advanced economic base or disintegrates a decaying economic base, it plays a role in promoting society; Development acts as a block.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: Mainly understand and master the five levels of Maslow's needs: physiological needs, safety needs, belonging and love needs, self-esteem needs, self-actualization needs and the relationship between them , to see how they perform in real life and work.
Discuss the development of urban-rural relations and the road of coordinated development of urban and rural areas in our country : before the liberation, the urban-rural relations in our country were opposites. Implement the urban development policy of "controlling the scale of large cities, rationally developing medium-sized cities, and actively developing small cities". B. Break down the barriers between urban and rural areas and promote communication between urban and rural areas. C Combination of urban and rural areas, cities support rural areas.
Try to describe the class theory of Marxism: Marxism believes that the emergence of classes is due to the emergence of social surplus products and the establishment of private ownership of means of production. The emergence of surplus products leads to the private possession of the means of production, and the private possession of the means of production leads to the emergence of the exploiting class and the exploited class. Marxism reveals that the essence of class is exploitation. The so-called classes are such groups, because of their different positions in a certain social and economic structure, one of them can occupy the labor of another group. The essence of class is exploitation, and class will disappear with the disappearance of private ownership.
The functions of social security are as follows: (1) to meet the basic living needs of the incapacitated and ensure the safety of their lives; (2) to maintain social stability; (3) to protect and maintain the working ability of laborers and stimulate their labor potential; 4) Promote social equity and social progress. (5) Anti-function of social security. In the early days of social security, some countries or governments used this method to make those disadvantaged people submit, failing to protect their reasonable rights; in the case of high welfare, some people developed a lazy mentality and did not seek progress.
The specific methods of eliminating the exploiting classes in our country: (1) Confiscation of the bureaucratic comprador bourgeoisie, that is, the confiscation of bureaucratic capital. (2) For the feudal landlord class, through the land reform movement, confiscate their land and other means of production and distribute them to the peasants. (3) A policy of redemption has been adopted for the capitalist class. The exploiting classes were basically eliminated in 1956, but class struggle will exist for a long time within a certain scope and under certain historical conditions.
Essence, manifestations, causes of population problems in our country, impact on social and economic development and solutions: The essence of population problems is that the reproduction of population is not compatible with the reproduction of material materials. The performance is that the population is large and the quality is low. The causes are: political reasons; population inertia; cultural and social factors. Impact on social and economic development: A. A large number of new population consumes the new part of material and production, which also reduces the material living standard of the people. B. A large number of new population will inevitably bring about serious employment problems in the future. C. The low level of education of the population has a negative impact on the modernization drive. D. The rapid expansion of the elderly group has an important impact on the support of the elderly and people's family life. The solution to the population problem in our country: A. Control the population. B. Improve the quality of the population. C. Vigorously develop the economy and improve people's living standards.
The characteristics and reform direction of China's urban and rural social security system: Features: A. The duality of urban and rural social security. B. Arrangement of urban social security and self-help of rural social security C. Administrative promotion. D. Existing problems. Direction of reform: A. Reform the original social security system in cities. B. Establish a rural social security system. C. Develop community services.
Characteristics of urban communities: (1) Urban communities have a large population and high density. (2) Residents take industry, commerce and other non-agricultural industries as their main occupation and livelihood. (3) The heterogeneity of members is high. (4) Diversification of lifestyles. (5) The emotional color is weak in interpersonal communication. (6) Residents have a high degree of organization and a complex organizational structure.
Driving force of urbanization: 1) Development of industrial and agricultural economy. 2) The expansion of social management institutions and the development of scientific and cultural undertakings. 3) Differences between urban and rural areas. 4) The central role of the city.
Characteristics of rural communities : (1) Residential characteristics: living in large clusters and small separations; (2) Industrial characteristics: the main industry is agriculture, including farmland planting, forestry, animal husbandry, and fishery; (3) Social relationship characteristics: Blood relationship and geographical relationship dominate; (4) Life characteristics: slow pace of life, strong self-sufficiency, low living standard, and high homogeneity.
Why do we say that social problems hinder social development: ①Social problems increase the cost of social operation and cause a waste of social resources. ②Social problems directly threaten the normal life of members of society and cause suffering. ③Social problems set obstacles to the further development of society.
What is social insurance: Social insurance is the legislation adopted by the state and society to provide material assistance to laborers or all social members when they are incapacitated due to old age, disease, disability or other reasons and life difficulties occur, to ensure their A security system for life needs. It mainly includes old-age insurance, medical insurance, disability insurance and unemployment insurance. It has the characteristics of administrative promotion, non-profit and social welfare.
How to understand the strategic decision-making of China's social modernization: the basic basis for the choice of modernization strategy is the social needs of people. my country's modernization strategic decision is based on meeting the needs of the people. A. 1 The three-step development goals and strategic deployment of the party's modernization drive are the grand blueprint for social development of Marxism and the glorious embodiment of the Marxist theory of needs. B. 2 People's social needs are an important driving force and an important motivating factor to promote the progress of individuals or social collectives. C. 3 "Man is a creature of constant need, and seldom reaches a state of complete satisfaction except for brief periods of time". We should be good at mastering this law and serve the construction and development of our country.
初级社会群体的涵义、特征及功能：社会群体是指由面对面的交往形成的，具有亲密的成员关系的社会群体。初级社会群体的特征：A、它是自然形成的。B、成员之间具有多重角色，表现了全部人格。C、一般靠个人的自觉性来维持关系。D、成员关系带有浓厚的感情色彩。E、把满足成员需求放在首位。初级社会群体的功能：A、它是人的社会化的基本场所。B、它能够满足人们多方面的需要。C、它是人走向社会的桥梁。D、它有助于实现社会控制。
目前我国家庭中存在的问题：(1)仍存在包办、买卖婚姻的现象； (2)早婚和违法婚姻问题严重；(3)独生子女问题；(4)老人赡养问题；(5)离婚问题。
影响人际关系和因素：A、双方需求的互补性影响了个人之间的交往。B、态度的类似性。C、双方距离的远近。D、交往频率。
科层制的主要特征：A、内部分工，且每一成员的权力和责任都有明确规定。B、职位分等，下级接受上级指挥。C、组织面员都具备各专来技术资格而被选中的。D、管理人员是专职的公职人员，而不是该企来的所有者。E、组织内部有严格的规定、纪律，并毫玩例外地普遍适用。F、组织内部排除私人感情，成员间的关系只是工作关系。
习俗与道德、道德与法律的区别：习俗与道德的区别：A、约束力不同。B义务感不同。道德与法律的区别：道德与法律在产生的时间，形成的方式上都有不同。具体在于：A二者作用的范围不同。B、二才的支持力量不同。法律是靠强制力支持，而道德是靠社会舆论的支持。C、二者作用的性质和控制的强度不同。
Means-goal theory: The American sociologist Merton put forward the "means-goal theory" on the basis of Durkheim's theory of social anomie. He believes that deviant behavior is caused by the incompatibility and inconsistency between the goals that society proposes for people and the legal means to achieve them. He believes that society as a cultural system sets goals for every member of society, but the structural arrangement of society does not provide everyone with the legal means to achieve the above goals, that is, the characteristics of social structure may not be able to serve everyone. Members of society provide conditions to achieve goals. In this way, according to the value standard of society, innovation, formalism, evasion, and rebellion all deviate from the requirements of society to a certain extent, which are deviant behaviors.
The essence of the labor and employment problem and the measures to solve the labor and employment problem in our country: The labor and employment problem is the situation that the people who have the labor ability within the working age of the land grant cannot engage in labor or effective labor, which is not conducive to personal survival and social development. Its essence is that labor resources and means of production cannot be rationally allocated. The employment problem facing our country mainly comes from the employment of new labor force, and solves the hidden unemployment and the unemployment problem caused by system reform. The main ways to solve the employment problem are: A. Develop production and create more jobs. Only by developing the economy can more jobs be created. B. Widen employment channels. Vigorously develop the tertiary industry and encourage collective and individual businesses, which will play a very good role in alleviating the pressure. C. Continue to control population growth. In order not to further aggravate the employment problem, it is very important and urgent to strictly control the population. D. Establish unemployment insurance system. In order not to make unemployment and unemployed problems bring adverse effects to the society, it is necessary to establish a corresponding security system. 49. The theory of historical cycle: The theory of historical cycle is a very common argument in ancient and modern social thought at home and abroad. The theory of historical cycle holds that the activities and development of society and history have laws to follow, and this law follows the historical trajectory of birth, growth, decline and death.
20世纪中国社会变迁的重大历史事件：1、1911年的辛亥革命；2、1919年的“五四”运动；3、推翻帝国主义、封建主义和官僚主义的统治，建立了中华人民共和国；4、消灭了延续千年的剥削制度，建立了社会主义制度；5、基本上形成了独立的、比较完整的工业体系、发展了社会主义的经济、政治和文化
依附理论：依附理论是发展中国家的学者用来解释不发达国家发展不起来之原因理论。这一理论认为，世界经济是一个体系，这个体系由核心和边陲构成。西方发达国家通过不平等贸易剥削不发达国家，导致后者不发达。弗兰克引伸了“核心—边陲“的概念，他认为可以将”核心—边陲“称为”宗主与卫星“后者是前者的翻版。结论是不发达国家必须割断与发达国家的联系，自力更生，才能摆脱不发达

5、社会组织目标对组织的存在与发展的意义？答：第一，目标是社会组织生存合理化的根据，是组织承担社会职能的集中体现。组织只有承担有利于社会的职能，才能得到社会的认可和帮助，也才能正常运转。第二，目标是各种不同类型社会组织相互区别的标志。各种纷繁复杂的社会组织，只有通过其目标才能区分其性质与职能。第三，目标是社会组织内部分工合作的基础。各个社会组织根据其目标给其成员下达各种工作任务，形成工作关系。第四，目标是团结和鼓舞社会成员的力量。成员加入组织都是抱有某种目的，因而组织目标就成为引导、鼓舞成员努力工作的力量。第五，目标是衡量社会组织活动成效的尺度。组织成员通过工作实现的状态与目标规定的希望状态的吻合程度，来衡量其活动成效的高低。

Discuss the development of urban-rural relations and the road of coordinated development of urban and rural areas in our country. Answer: The development of urban-rural relations can be roughly divided into four stages: The first stage is the differentiation of urban and rural areas. In ancient times, there were only rural areas without cities. With the development of production and the emergence of surplus products, cities gradually differentiated from rural areas. The second stage is the confrontation between urban and rural areas. That is, the urban ruling class exploited economically and oppressed the rural areas politically, resulting in a sharp confrontation between the rural areas and the urban areas. The third stage is the difference between urban and rural areas. With the development of urban economy, cities have become regional economic, political, and cultural centers, making urban and rural residents higher than those in rural areas in terms of economic income, material living standards, and cultural and educational levels, resulting in urban-rural differences. The fourth stage is urban-rural integration. This is the idea of putting rural areas and cities in one system for comprehensive planning, so that the two can complement each other's advantages and form a virtuous circle of mutual promotion. Before liberation, the relationship between urban and rural areas in my country was antagonistic. After liberation, the relationship between cities changed from antagonism to difference, and cities were superior to rural areas. "Small cities" urban development policy; break the barriers between urban and rural areas, promote communication between urban and rural areas, conduct extensive exchanges of labor, resources, technology, and products between urban and rural areas, and promote common development between urban and rural areas. Combining urban and rural areas, cities support rural areas. Since the "Sixth Five-Year Plan", the state has planned to help the development of rural areas. The integrated development of urban and rural areas is a systematic project, and its arduousness and complexity require further exploration.

Similarities and differences between socialist modernization and capitalist modernization? Answer: From a formal point of view, no matter what kind of modernization, modern science and technology are used to develop the economy, but in essence, there are great differences between the two: First, from the perspective of the goal of modernization, capitalist modernization Only emphasizing material modernization, the goal is the advanced capitalist social model. It is characterized by high production, high wages, high consumption, high exploitation, high prices, high debt and high spiritual emptiness. While socialist modernization emphasizes the construction of material civilization, it also emphasizes the construction of spiritual civilization. This is comprehensive, ideal and real modernization. Second, from the perspective of the basis of modernization, capitalist modernization is based on private ownership of means of production, so the fate of modernization is in the hands of capitalists, while socialist modernization is based on public ownership of means of production, the fate of modernization Third, from the perspective of the road to modernization, capitalist modernization is achieved through the brutal exploitation of its own working people and the crazy plunder of people in other countries, especially through aggressive wars and colonization; Socialist modernization cannot rely on exploitation and plunder, but can only be achieved by liberating productive forces, advanced science and technology, and the diligent efforts of the people of the whole country.

Social modernization content? A: First, economic modernization. It is the foundation and core of social modernization. Without economic modernization, other modernizations will be difficult to achieve. Economic modernization is not only manifested in economic growth, but also includes the modernization of productivity structure, production mode and consumption. Second, political modernization. Politics is the concentrated expression of economy. Without political modernization, economic modernization will be difficult to advance and last. It includes political democratization, scientific management, legalization of social production, and military modernization. Third, the modernization of culture, science and technology. Science and technology are not only productivity, but also directly affect people's lifestyle and quality of life. Fourth, the modernization of urban and rural communities. China's modernization follows the road of common prosperity and integration of urban and rural areas. The integration of urban and rural areas is not about the city eating up the countryside, but the prosperity of the two to a certain level, eliminating the dual economic structure of urban and rural areas, and merging them into a new integrated modernization regardless of each other. Fifth, the modernization of group organizations. It refers to the modernization of organizational structure, activity rules, organizational management, etc. from small to family to large to enterprise. It can also be said to be the bureaucracy of organizational management. Sixth, the modernization of people. Man is the main body of the modernization cause and the master of all modernization activities.

On the function of social security? Answer: Social security is a system in which the state and society guarantee the basic life of members of society in accordance with the law. Social security is mainly economic and material security or help, and it is a rescue measure for members of society when they encounter difficulties. Its essence is to alleviate social problems through the redistribution of national income. Functions: ( 1 ) Satisfy the basic living needs of the disabled and ensure their safety. The basic content of social security is to provide material assistance to the old, weak, sick, disabled, and sobbing people, so as to ensure the safety of these disadvantaged social members. ( 2 ) Maintain social stability. Social security alleviates various social contradictions by providing security to the unfortunate, thereby maintaining social stability. ( 3 ) Protect and maintain the working ability of laborers, guarantee the reproduction of labor force, and stimulate the full play of labor potential. By providing guarantees to people with labor ability, the state and society can prevent their labor potential from being lost, but create basic conditions for its development. ( 4 ) Promote social equity and social progress. Social security provides basic conditions for the unfortunate to participate in fair competition through the redistribution of reasonable income. It is also the goal of social progress to adjust the excessive disparity in the income of social members through income redistribution. ( 5 ) social security also has anti - function : first , in the early stage of social security implementation , some countries and governments used this method to subdue those disadvantaged and failed to protect their reasonable rights Second, in the case of implementing a high welfare system, some people have developed a lazy mentality, which is not conducive to the development of people's potential abilities.

我国反贫穷实践的成就及存在的问题。答：所谓贫穷，是指由于收入不足而导致生活匮乏的状态。我国的贫穷问题十分严重，从世界水平看，我国一直受贫穷困扰着。十一届三中全会以后，我国非常重视这一问题。我国的反贫穷主要是农村贫困地区的脱贫问题。采取的主要措施有：通过社会发展，来达到解决大多数贫困地区人民的温饱问题，使贫困地区初步形成依靠自身力量发展商品经济的能力，逐步摆脱贫困，走向富裕，同时对贫困地区进行政策调整，变单纯的分散救济为整体经济开发，变“输血”为“造血”等。经过数年努力，我国贫困问题逐步缓解，贫困人口明显减少，贫困地区人民的生活明显改善。当然，在反贫穷过程中，还有许多问题：反贫穷只注重经济开发，而忽视了社区发展的真正内涵，有的地方扶贫效果不明显等。

试述社会学这门学科有那些特征?答：第一，社会学把社会作为一个系统整体来看待。社会学主张，各种社会和群体，都是一个系统，一个整体，都有其内在的联系性，每个整体在内容上都多于其部分的总和。　第二，社会学的研究从社会生活中人们之间的相互关系和社会行为入手。社会学认为，社会是人们社会关系的总和，而行为是人们最普遍、最经常的活动，是人们按照一定的社会关系，在社会关系中所扮演的角色来进行的。　第三，社会学研究方法上的综合性。第四，社会学把社会整体及其内部、外部的关系放在运动与变化的过程中去进行研究。社会学的研究就是要指出它们在运动流程中的规律。第五，社会学非常重视社会调查研究。这是社会学的一个突出特点。

社会组织的基本特征 ：

1，社会组织是有目的组织起来的群体。任何组织都是为了实现一定的目标而有计划组织起来的，是社会分化的结果，因此其目标比初级社会群体目标更加固定。

2，社会组织的目标简单，明确。任何组织都是为了担负一定的社会任务而成立的。因此建立之初其目的就简单明了。

3. Members of social organizations are less intimate. Since the organization is established for the purpose of accomplishing specific goals, the relationship between internal members is a working relationship, not to people, so the relationship between members is less emotional.

4. Membership in social organizations is often guided and regulated by matter-of-fact rules that deal with things rather than people. 5. Members of social organizations are highly substitutable.

Introduction to Sociology

1. Explanation of terms:

Society: It is the product of the development of human history, and it is a community in which people creatively combine into different social relations and carry out different social activities according to their growing and improving labor and living needs.
Sociology: It is a one-stop comprehensive social science that starts from the changing social system as a whole and studies the structure, function, occurrence and development of society through people's social relations and social behavior.
Socialization: the socialization of people. It refers to a person who is a biological individual who has never been ignorant from birth, and through continuous learning of knowledge, skills and social norms, cultivates and improves his social needs, develops his sociality, and integrates himself into the group , so that the basic process of continuous continuation and development of society.
Social needs: People's needs are people's social and psychological responses to the lack of objective things in a certain situation, and their requirements are met.
Social interaction: Refers to the activities and processes of interaction and mutual influence between individuals and individuals, individuals and groups, and groups and groups in order to meet certain needs.
Social organization structure: Refers to what parts the organization consists of and the relationship established between the parts. Here, the former describes the structure of social organization from the appearance, while the latter analyzes the structure of social organization in essence.
Social differentiation: Refers to socially recognized distinctions between individuals or groups in a society. Social differentiation is a common phenomenon in social development.
Social Stratification: According to certain standards, people are divided into high and low rank sequences called social stratification.
社会制度：有宏观、中观和微观之分。社会学研究社会制度着眼于中观尺度，认为社会制度是为了满足人类的社会需要，在一定的历史和现实条件下形成的社会关系及与此相联系的社会活动的规范体系。
社会问题：是由于人与环境污染的关系或人与人之间的关系失调，影响了广大社会成员的正常生活和社会进步需要运用社会力量加以解决的问题。
社会解组：是社会各组成部分之间联系微弱或不协调，社会行为规范取社会成员失去的约束，从而社会的组织程度低，及至处于无组织状态的现象。
社会保障：是国家和社会依照法律对因不能参加正常劳动或遭受意外而不能维持基本生活的社会成员提供最低限度的经济援助，以保障其基本生活的制度。
社区组织：是社会工作者协助社区居民、团体或机构认识社会区需要，组成社区行动体系，进行有计划的集体行动以解决社区问题的过程。
社会发展：是社会工作者介入有问题的社会区，通过启发和教育，协助社会区居民组织起来，发挥社会区合作精神、动员社会区内外资源、有计划地解决社区问题，促进社区经济和社会进步的过程。
社会工作：是指帮助社会生活上处于不伸地位的个人、群体和社区，解决困难、预防问题的发生、恢复、改善和发展自己的功能，以适应和进行正常的社会生活的服务活动。
社会变迁：是指一个社会中，社会结构方面发生的社会制度和人们的生活方式、社会角色模式的变动过程。
生活方式：是指在一定的社会群体中，人们生活表现的类型化了的活动形式与特征。
Social mobility: In a broad sense, it refers to the movement of individuals, families, and other social groups among different social sectors. In a narrow sense, social mobility generally only refers to the change of an individual's status in society.
Social revolution: It is a form of social change that radically transforms the entire society.
Social modernization: refers to the process in which people use recent and modern science and technology to comprehensively transform their material and spiritual conditions of existence, and transform themselves to adapt to these conditions, so as to achieve social prosperity and development.
Social convergence theory: In the process of social modernization, different societies have different starting points, different social systems, and different specific conditions. After economic industrialization, political democratization, urbanization, and secularization, different countries have changed in many ways. become more and more similar.
Social control: It is the process of using social forces to restrict and restrict people's behavior so as to keep it consistent with established social norms. In a narrow sense, social control refers to the restraint of deviant behavior.
Public opinion: It is the general consensus on a certain event or phenomenon expressed by the public in the form of speech, and it is the public's evaluation of whether this event or phenomenon is right or wrong.
Community: It is a living community formed by interrelated people living in a certain area, that is, a regional social living community.
Resocialization: It is a socialization with a specific meaning, that is, it refers to the process in which people commit deviant behavior in social life, are taken in by relevant judicial and public security departments, and are forcibly educated.
Applied sociology: refers to the application of theoretical knowledge of sociology to the study of social real life, social phenomena and social problems.
Dominant needs : It means that people may have multiple needs in the same state, but one of them occupies a dominant position and plays a leading role in human behavior. We call this need a dominant need.
Role conflict: It is a phenomenon that occurs when a person assumes two or more roles at the same time during the role-playing process, and these roles put forward contradictory requirements for him.
Personality: Refers to a person's psychological characteristics such as concepts, attitudes and habits formed through social practice activities under certain social and historical conditions in terms of his physical quality. It is personal stability and psychological traits and the sum total.
Primary social group: also known as the head group, is a social group formed by face-to-face communication and has intimate and membership relationships. It reflects the simplest and most preliminary social relationship of people.
Family structure: refers to the relationship status formed by the combination and interaction of family members. It includes how many members the family consists of, which members it consists of and according to which relationship model.
Bureaucracy: It is the administrative management model proposed by Weber. It is the organizational structure and management method of the organization's internal position hierarchy, power classification, division of departments and levels, and each performing its duties.
Humanistic location: refers to the theory of studying the spatial pattern and interdependence of the community environment by borrowing the principle of biological evolution. It was proposed by the Chicago School in the United States. the interrelationship between them.
Urban community: refers to a living community composed of a population of a certain size within a certain geographical range, with industry, commerce or other non-agricultural industries as the main economic activities. It is another type of living space and life organization form that is different from rural communities.
Over-urbanization: A phenomenon in which a large number of rural populations flow into cities, and the influx of people exceeds the needs of urban development and puts heavy pressure on the normal operation of cities. This phenomenon is called over-urbanization.
Classes: Groups of which one group can appropriate the labor of another group because of their position in a given socio-economic structure.
Exploitation: refers to the fact that some people or groups in society, by virtue of their monopoly on the means of production, occupy the surplus labor of another part of people or groups without compensation, even part of the necessary labor.
规则系统：用以规定在这个制度笼罩下的人们之间的社会相互关系以及人们各自的行为模式。
越轨行为：它是个体或群体违反其所应遵守的社会行为规范的行为。
就业问题：是指在劳动年龄内有劳动能力的人未能从事劳动或有效劳动，而产生的不利于个人生存和社会发展的状况。

二、填空题：

社会学作为一门独立的社会学科，是从（孔德）开始的，产生于（19世纪30）年代。
社会学学科按传统的分类方法大致分为（理论社会学）、（经验社会学）、（应用社会学）。
社会化的基础过程包括（感知运动阶段）、（前运算阶段）、（具体运算阶段）、形式运算阶段或命题运算阶段。
社会的三次大分工是指畜牧业、手工业和（商业）从农业中分离出来。
社会分层的三个标准是财富、（声望）、权力。
社会控制作为社会学的一个专业概念，最早是由美国社会学家（罗斯）提出来的。（1901）年他出版了名为《社会控制》的论文集。
社会舆论的控制与约束作用是靠（环境压力）来实现的。
社会失范论从（社会结构）失调，人们失去可以遵循的行为规范的角度解释越轨行为。
社会保障包括（社会保险）、（社会救助）、（社会福利）三项内容。
社会工作方法主要包括（个案工作）、（团体工作）、（社区工作）。
社会工作方法主要包括个案工作、团体工作、（社区工作）。
社会流动按流动方向划分有（水平流动）、（垂直流动）；按运动方向参照划分（代际流动）与（代内流动）。
社会流动常常被人们看作是（社会变迁）的指示器，是社会选择的一种途径。
社会学把社会作为一个系统整体来看待，一个社会群体不是个人的累加而是（结构的总和）
社会分化的原因一般由于（社会分工）的需要，而分化的生物因素包括（性别）、（年龄）、（种族）、（智力）等；社会文化条件包括（国家、民族文化差异）社会各阶层、阶级和其它集团的区别
社会分层是社会阶级内部的（分层化）和阶级外部的游离化
社会制度的构成要素（概念系统）、（规则系统）、（组织系统）、（设备系统）
社会控制的目的是使人们遵从（社会行为规范）
社会保障的实质是通过（国民收入）再分配来缓解各种社会问题
社会保障源于欧洲中世纪的（慈善事业）
Social security is oriented to the whole society, but its direct targets are members of society who encounter (significant threats) in normal material life
The main representatives of social equilibrium theory are Italian sociologists (Pareto) and American sociologists (Parsons)
The frameworks of community analysis include (Humanistic Location), (Cultural Anthropology), (Social System Theory)
The term community was first used by a German sociologist (Tennis) .
The (social) and (relative) arguments of Marx's needs are crucial and underpin his theory of the relative and absolute poverty of the working class.
Marx explained the hierarchy of needs (macroscopically) , while Maslow explained the hierarchy of needs (microscopically) .
In Maslow's (1943) book ( "A Theory of Motivating People"), he first proposed the need hierarchy theory.
Distinctive features of interpersonal relationships: (direct communication) and (emotional) .
The process of human socialization refers to the process of changing (mutual promotion) and (mutual development) between human needs and social environment.
The biological basis of human socialization includes the conditions for mental work, people have a long dependent life period, (people have language and dialect ability), (some people have strong learning ability) .
The imbalance of the human environment includes two aspects: (social relationship) imbalance and (human-environment relationship) imbalance.
The essence of the population problem is that population reproduction and (material material reproduction) do not want to adapt.
The environment in which human beings live includes (natural environment) and (social environment)
The human relationship to the natural environment has undergone a relationship of dependence, a relationship of adaptation and a relationship of (predatory)
Community studies in our country first started with the teachers and students of the Sociology Department of Yenching University headed by (Wu Wenzao)
China's population problems are manifested as (large population), (low population quality)
China faces employment problems mainly in two aspects (increased labor force employment) and solving (hidden unemployment)
The causes of population problems in our country include (political reasons) , population inertia, (the influence of cultural and social factors)
The main categories of China's rural social security work include (rural disaster relief) , "five guarantees" system, (cooperative medical care) , poverty alleviation
The most influential representatives in the practice of China's rural construction movement are (Yan Yangchu) and Liang Shuming
China's employment security system adopts the approach of high employment, low wages, (high subsidies) and (high benefits)
China's modernization strategy is determined based on (people's material and cultural) needs
The first to explain sociology in China was (Kang Youwei) , in (1891) .
In sociology, social groups are usually divided into (primary social groups) and (secondary social groups) according to the characteristics of the interaction between group members .
There is a transitional state between employment and unemployment, namely (the state of underemployment or hidden unemployment) .
A prominent body in the study of modernization issues is the (Club of Rome)
From the perspective of the basis of social relations, social relations can be divided into (blood relationship), (business relationship), and (geographical relationship).
From the perspective of family structure, families are usually divided into (nuclear family), (stem family), (joint family), and (other families) .
The living characteristics of rural residents are (slow rhythm) , strong self-sufficiency, (low living standard), and high homogeneity.
The living characteristics of the rural areas are mainly reflected in the living style of (large settlement, small separation) .
An urban community refers to a community of human life composed of a population of a certain size who are mostly engaged in (industry and commerce or other non-agricultural products) within a certain geographical range.
According to the function of the city, the city can be divided into (political city), industrial city, (commercial city), cultural city and (tourist city) .
According to the needs (objects) , we divide them into three categories: material needs, spiritual needs and normative needs.
The essence of class is (exploitation)
Class divisions include people's social status, (political power) and other social factors
(Mead) is the founder of symbolic interaction theory
(Language) is one of the symbols for people to convey information and feelings to each other.
Divide social interaction into direct and indirect communication according to (the form of communication)
According to the two characteristics of population and geography, communities can be divided into giant communities, medium-sized communities and (micro-communities)
Social organizations can be divided into formal organizations and informal organizations according to the degree of organization (rigor)
The representative of dependency theory (Frank) believes that the relationship between developed countries and underdeveloped countries is the relationship between suzerain and satellites
The three theories that explain social stratification are (functionalism), (needs theory), and (genius theory).
There are three theories to explain poverty: the vicious circle theory of poverty, (the theory of poverty culture), (the theory of social and environmental deprivation).
The famous conclusion drawn from the Hawthorne experiment: Man is (social man).
Pavlov's (conditioned reflex theory) is an authoritative theory to explain human learning activities and learning ability.
The main representative who put forward the hypothesis of "economic man" management theory is (Tayro) .
The first research report of the Club of Rome was commissioned by Meadows et al. of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ("The Limits to Growth") .
Future sociology is divided into three schools: (Scholastic School) , Club of Rome School, (Hudson School) .
The American sociologist Thomas made a contribution to the theory of symbolic interaction, he emphasized the role of individual subjective (situation definition) in social interaction.
British historian Toynbee proposed (social and natural environmental pressures)
Philosopher Vico believes that all nations in the world have experienced three historical stages: the rule of gods, the rule of the aristocracy, and the rule of the people (the age of mortals)
The social nature of needs refers to both the raising and the satisfaction of needs (universal social phenomenon) .
There are three ways to realize the integration of urban and rural areas: ( priority to the development of rural areas), (priority to the development of cities), and (integrated and coordinated development of urban and rural areas).
The organizational process of a modern organization includes the following basic content (pre-job training) , standardization of work process, standardization of work skills, (standardization of results) , which runs through mutual adjustment among staff and direct supervision of leaders
Survival and (enjoyment) development are the three stages of human history.
The source of the conflict is ( the relative limitedness of social resources ) and the characteristic is (destructive) .
The development of the family has gone through four stages (consanguineous family), (Punaluya family property), (pairing family), and (monogamous family) .
Contemporary management schools reflect two characteristics of contemporary management theory: one is the influence of (system theory) , and the other is organizational management (patternization) and (optimization) with the help of mathematical tools and computers .
The most notable forms of stratification in history are (hierarchy), (caste) and (class) .
The original social system includes (family system) and (economic system).
Derived social systems include (political system), (religious system) and (educational system).
Labeling theory holds that deviant behavior is not in itself, but the result (as defined by social responses to others) .
There are two forms of unemployment (explicit unemployment) and stable unemployment.
Economic security, sociality, legality and humanitarianism are the characteristics of (social security) .
The symbol of the first industrial revolution is (the rise of the textile industry) ; the symbol of the second industrial revolution is (motor manufacturing and electric power application) ; the symbol of the third industrial revolution is the utilization of (atomic energy) , (astronomy) for The rise of the main symbol, the emergence of (electronic computer) ; the symbol of the fourth industrial revolution is the widespread application of (microcomputer) .
Yan Fu translated Spencer's "Principles of Sociology" and named it "Qun Xue Hu Yan"
Sociology as a positive science is born and developed from (actual survey research) .
Characteristics of collective behavior: (unorganized), (sudden), (abnormal)
The term primary group was first proposed by an American sociologist (Cooley)
System construction and (system reform) are two aspects of one thing, which should be carried out simultaneously
道德是靠人们的（内在信念）、（社会舆论）促使人们自觉遵守社会的行为规范的
犯罪预防的措施有（教育）、（建立建全法律体系）
邹衍认为历史的发展按（五行相胜）的循环顺序进行的

三、选择题：

社会制度之所以能够使人们接受，其内部都有一套理论作为自己存在的根据和令人接受的理由，这套理论，我们名之日（概念系统）。
社会的风俗、道德、准则、法律等规范是属于（规则系统）。
社会工作是指（推行和实现社会保障制度的工作）。
社会保险属于（社会保障的一项内容）。
社会工作作为一种专门的助人活动和专业是产生于（19世经末20世经初）的西方社会。
社会的变迁，归根结底是由社会的（经济基础）发生变动而引起的。
社会分层的不同结构中或不同队级、阶层中，个人、家庭、社会群体在不同层次或等级间的流动，称为（垂直流动）。
社会趋同论最早是谁提出的（丁伯根）。
社会组织与外部环境的关系是（交换关系）
社区有的是自然形成的，有的是人为规定的。这种划分方法是（按社区的形成方式分类）
As a profession that serves people with methods and techniques, social work is mainly manifested in (the development of work objects and work methods)
The essential difference between human society and animal society is (labor).
The way and possibility of satisfying human needs (social constraints) .
The analytical framework of Humanistic Location was proposed by (Chicago School) .
The population gathers to the city, the number of cities increases continuously, and the process of expanding the city scale is called (urbanization) .
A person assumes several roles at the same time, and the expectations of the individual are contradictory and difficult to coordinate. This phenomenon is called (role conflict) .
A business manager establishes different role relationships with employees, general managers, other business managers, etc., which are called (role clusters) .
A part of the labor force cannot find labor or jobs or jobs, and cannot realize the combination with the means of production, and the labor resources are idle, which means (unemployment) .
A factory and an engineer are transferred to a university as a lecturer. This flow is called (horizontal flow) .
Means-goal theory holds that among the five behaviors of people, "only agree with cultural goals, but do not follow institutionalized means, this is (innovation) .
Means-goals are defined as the way people behave, "abandoning cultural goals and following institutionalized means." This is ( formalism) .
Means-ends recognize that in the way people behave, "replace cultural goals and institutionalized means with new goals and means, which is (rebellion) .
In many developed countries, there has been a phenomenon of migration of residents of large cities to small towns or villages, a phenomenon known as (counter-urbanization) .
The dominant social relations in rural communities are (kinship and kinship) .
In labor or work positions, laborers cannot give full play to their abilities, social labor force cannot achieve a good allocation with production materials, and cannot create maximum benefits, which is (underemployment) .
People who have the ability to work within the working age, engage in some kind of labor or work, obtain labor remuneration or business income, and maintain their living activities refer to (employment)
The following activities belong to social interaction activities are (heart-to-heart talks with friends) .
The following kind of relationship belongs to the secondary social relationship (colleague relationship in the work unit) .
Which of the following groups is a primary social group. (children's game group)
Which of the following activities is not a collective behavior (spring outing)
A family consisting of parents and unmarried children is a (nuclear family) .
A family consisting of parents and a pair of married children and grandchildren is (stem family) .
Caused by individual reasons, it is a relatively special phenomenon in a certain population, which refers to (individual poverty) .
What kind of need does "job security" belong to? (safe)
What kind of need is "to be supported and loved"? (belonging and loving)
Who came up with "mirror self" (Coolley) .
What kind of outlook on life is the outlook on life of "living in the world, eating and drinking". (hedonism) .
"... The general trend of the world, long-term division must be united, and long-term unity must be divided." What kind of social change theory is this. (Historical Cycle Theory)
Who proposed the theory of "post-industrial society" (Bell) .
The word "society" comes from (Chinese)
"Society develops linearly from simple to complex, from low-level to high-level." This is the view of which theory of social change. (social evolution)
"the manner in which different members of society or social groups interact with each other to achieve the same goal" means (competition)
The author of the book "The Third Wave" is (Toffler) .
From the age of six or seven to the age of eleven or twelve is the stage of children's thinking development. (specific operation)
From the point of view of the state and society, the most important function of social security is (to maintain social stability)
The founder of Chinese sociology is (Kang Youwei) .
The ideal goal of China's urban and rural development is (coordinated development of urban and rural areas)
The basic characteristics of occupational stratification in our country are: occupational status mainly depends on (the degree of specialization) .
The policy adopted by our country to eliminate the exploiting class is (according to different situations, adopt different policies)
The belief that a lack of integration in social structures creates extreme tensions that lead to deviant behavior, which is (social anomie theory)
What kind of social modernization theory is the view that international trade is a way for Western developed countries to exploit non-Western underdeveloped countries. (Dependency Theory)
It is (Durkheim) who proposes social anomie
Put forward "stop increasing the world's population, limit the development of industrial production, and reduce the consumption of earth's resources by seven-eighths" is the point of view in (the limit of growth) .
According to the different status of a certain social group in the social economic structure, it is divided into (class)
According to the division of mobility (subject) , social mobility can be divided into individual mobility, family mobility, and social group mobility.
Who first proposed the hierarchy of needs theory. (Maslow)
It is necessary to go through procedures such as application and verification, and those who meet the legal requirements can enjoy (social assistance)
Culture refers to (all wealth created by human beings) .
The second weaning refers to adolescents (psychologically separated from all aspects of supervision) .
The combined form of family members and the relationship status formed by their interactions are (family structure) .
Management scientists analyze previous management models from the perspective of human nature, and put forward "X theory" and "Y theory". (McGregor) .
Paying attention to the management of people and focusing on work tasks, it has a strong "task-oriented" and mechanistic color. This kind of management theory belongs to (classical management theory) .
The management theory that embodies the management style of handicraft workshops is (paternalism) .
The biggest advantage of bureaucracy is (to achieve organizational goals more effectively) .
The main figure of structural functionalism is (Parsons) .
居民的组织程度高，组织结构复杂的是（城市社区）。
生活居住地处于生产场所的是（农村社区）。
提出社会分层三个标准的是哪个社会学家（韦伯）。
功能论的代表人物是（帕森斯）。
阶级的本质是（剥削）。
剥削和阶级的根源是（私有制）。
医生、工程技术人员、律师是属于（知识分子）阶层。
有人借改革，假公济私，有所谓“你有政策，我有对策”，这种现象我们称之为（制度化逃避）。
未来社会学成为独立的一门学科的重要标志是（《未来社会学》）出版。
把越轨行为的原因归结为社会结构各部分间的不整合、不一致，是哪一种越轨行为的理论（社会失范论）。
政治制度的政府、军队、法庭和监狱等属于（实用设备）。
当社会中有几种社会规范发生冲击时，有一种比较定型的社会规范占有优先地位。这叫做（制度化优先）。
什么问题正在成为世界性问题，引起世界各国的高度重视。（环境问题）
对贫穷的定义更具有操作性和描述性的解释是（经济学定义）。
Phenomena such as large-scale group conflicts and even wars, and serious imbalances in industrial and occupational structures are social problems caused by (social relationship) imbalances.
The state of an individual, family or group in which the living conditions and enjoyments of life are less than normal in the society to which they belong. Here (relatively poor) .
In rural areas where resources are scarce and natural conditions are poor, families of the disabled may fall into a state of (long-term poverty) .
Medical and health services, residential services, disability rehabilitation services, labor and employment services, etc. belong to (social welfare) .
In 1948, (Britain) announced that it had established a "welfare state", marking that the social security system had entered a mature stage in a local area.
(1956) , China's socialist transformation was successfully completed, and the system of exploitation was finally eliminated.
In the 1940s and 1950s, the theory of social change prevailing in western sociology circles was (social equilibrium theory)
According to the (method) classification of social work , social work can be divided into individual security work, group work and community work.
In which work Comte first proposed the new term "sociology". ("Practical Philosophy Course")
Compared with the situation before and after the flow of the subject, the social status has completely changed, which is (vertical flow) .
The core - which sociologist proposed the marginal theory (Prebisch) .
Theoretical sociology also known as (pure sociology)
With the development of science and technology, people need to re-enter the classroom and pick up books, this phenomenon is (continuing socialization)
与正式组织相比，初级社会群体的主要特征是（人际关系密切）
产生于社会剩余产品的出现和生产资料私人占有制的建立的是（阶级）
整合作用是指（各部分协调成为一个整体）
通过表彰模范行为来弘扬正气的社会控制属于哪种类型（积极的控制）
劳动者虽然在职，但不能充分发挥其劳动能力考核成绩，或人浮于事，或无事可干。这是属于（隐性失业）
服务型的、超过最低生活标准的社会保障是指（社会福利）
关于社会流动研究的真正开拓者是社会学家（索罗金）

四、简答及论述题：

社会学的基本特征：A、社会学把社会作为一个系统、一个整体看待。B、社会学的研究是从社会生活中，人们之间的相互关系和社会行为入手的。C、社会学研究方法上的综合性。D、社会学把社会整体及其内部、外部的关系放在运动与变公的过程中去进行研究。E、社会学非常重视社会调查。
社会学与历史唯物主义的关系：(1)两者的联系:历史唯物主义是社会学研究的哲学基础，是社会学研究的科学的世界观、方法论。社会学研究的科学成果，是历史唯物主义发展的源泉之一。二者是一般与特殊、指导与被指导的关系。 (2)两者的区别：历史唯物主义是一门哲学的历史观，属于哲学的范畴，社会学是一门具体的社会科学。
社会学的功能：A、学习社会学，掌握现代社会的基础知识，可以使人们更自觉地参与社会生活。B、增长社会管理才于，为建立文明、健康、科学合理的生活方式作出贡献。为政府决策部门提供科学的依据。D、为发展边缘科学和多科性综合研究做出贡献。
社会需要的涵义：所谓需要，就是人们在一定的情景下，对客观事物产生的匮乏感，而要求得到满足的社会心理反应。人们的社会需要是人们行为的基本动力，就哲学意义说，人的需要就是人的本性。其具有必然性、客观性和社会性的特征。
社会需要在社会生活中的地位：(1)需要是人的行为动力；(2)社会需要是人们社会关系构成的基础；(3)社会需要与人的劳动、实践相结合，相辅相成，推动着社会的发展。
社会化的基本内容：A、传授生活技能。B、教导社会规定。C、指点生活目标。D、提供角色人选。
社会化对个性形成的影响：的个性的形成和发展，从出生到青年期的二十年间，先后经过社会化的三种不同场所，这就是家庭、学校和邻里社会。这三个场所虽有先后，也有区别，但互相配合、互相重合，牵连在一起，人们的个性主要就在这样的场所中逐步形成的，家庭成叫之间的关系，是血统和亲属关系，具有浓厚的感情色彩，是年青人发育成长的摇篮。学校中的师生和同学关系，是相互交流知识、思想的关系，严肃而认真，理多于情感，是人们生活的庄严殿堂。而邻里社会却是一个人未来生活的大社会的雏形，情况复杂多变，对人们个性的形成，人生观的塑造，起着决定性影响。
社会组织的基本特征：A、它是有目的的组织起来的群体。B、它的目标简单、明确。C、成员间的关系不那么亲密。D、社会组织中成员的关系、行为常由事本主义的、对事不对人的规则指导和调节。E、社会成员的可代替性强。
The significance of the goals of social organizations to the existence and development of organizations: First, the goals are the basis for the rationalization of the existence of social organizations and the concentrated expression of the social functions undertaken by the organization. Only when an organization undertakes functions that are beneficial to society can it be recognized and helped by the society and function normally. Second, goals serve as criteria for distinguishing various types of social organizations from each other. The various and complex social organizations can only be distinguished in their nature and function by their goals. Third, goals are the basis for division of labor and cooperation within social organizations. Each social organization assigns various work tasks to its members according to its goals and forms a working relationship. Fourth, the goal is to unite and inspire the strength of the members of society. Members join the organization with a certain purpose, so the organizational goals become the force to guide and encourage members to work hard. Fifth, the goal is a measure to measure the effectiveness of social organization activities. Members of the organization measure the effectiveness of activities by the degree to which the state achieved by the work matches the desired state specified by the goals.
Significance of social interaction: A. Social interaction is conducive to personal growth. B. Social communication is the means of cultural transmission. C. Social interaction is the foundation of social formation and development.
The relationship between social differentiation and social division of labor : From the perspective of the development of human history, social division of labor has caused great social differentiation. The three major divisions of labor in history differentiated animal husbandry, handicrafts, and commerce from agriculture. The three major divisions of labor promoted the development of productive forces and formed different classes; The finer the social differentiation, the more complicated it is; but we must also see that social differentiation is not necessarily caused by social division of labor, because there are also differentiations within the same occupation. Social differentiation refers to socially recognized differences between individuals or groups in society.
Specific criteria for social stratification: A. Wealth refers to the life opportunities of members of society in the economic market. B. Prestige refers to the reputation and respect gained in the social environment. C. Power refers to the possibility of actors in social relations to realize their will.
Social stratification needs theory: Stratification exists in any society, and it can exist for a long time and exert certain effectiveness based on four prerequisites: A. Effective role allocation in the organization B. There must be a certain allocation position to express them C. Assuming a role People must undergo certain training D. These roles are consciously expressing themselves; the theory holds that there are two ways to measure the importance of hierarchical positions: one is that the function is irreplaceable. The other is the degree to which status is connected to others, and the greater the connection, the greater the importance.
Components of a social system : A conceptual system. The reason why a social system can be accepted by people is that there is a set of theories inside it as the basis for its existence and acceptable reasons. B. Rule system. A social system includes a set of rules of activity, which are used to define the social relations among people and their respective behavior patterns under the cover of this system. C. Organizational system. The tangible representation of an institution is its organizational system, which drives and checks its execution. D. Equipment system. The equipment system includes utility equipment symbolic equipment.
Functions of the social system: A. To meet the needs of human social life. B. Provide socialization and social selection mechanisms. C. Play an integrating role in society. D. To pass on social culture.
Characteristics of the social system: A. Universality. B. Variability. C. Relative stability. D. Hierarchy.
The functions of social control: (1) Maintain social order and keep the society running normally. Order is the basic premise of social existence and development. In order to maintain social stability, the ruling class or representative forces of social interests must control deviant behavior. (2) Maintain normal life. In order to maintain a normal life order. It is necessary to use social control means to restrict and punish those who disrupt the order of life. The lack of such control will affect the stability of social order. (3) Promote social development. Without social stability and social order, society cannot develop smoothly. The normal development of society and the improvement of the quality of life are realized on the basis of social order. The orderly operation of society is achieved and guaranteed by social control. (4) Anti-function of social control: Unreasonable social control cannot safeguard the interests of the majority. In addition, rigid and powerful social control is not conducive to people's pursuit of reasonable goals. Rigid social control often accumulates contradictions, leading to more serious social conflicts and impacting the normal order of society. Therefore, when exerting the positive function of social control, we should pay attention to its anti-function.
Causes of social problems: A. The imbalance of the relationship between people and the environment is manifested in two aspects: one is the problem with the primary environment; the other is the problem with the secondary environment. B. Imbalanced social relations, mainly manifested in: conflicts and even confrontations of group interests, conflicts of values between groups, social structural imbalances, and social disorganization.
Functions of social work: A. Solve practical difficulties and ensure personal life; B. Tap the potential of recipients and promote their development; C. Carry forward the spirit of mutual assistance and promote social integration; D. Resolve social problems and maintain social stability.
Characteristics of social security: A. The duality of urban and rural social security. The dual urban-rural structure of our society is manifested in social security. Urban and rural residents, especially workers under the ownership of the whole people, enjoy good security and benefits, while rural residents receive very little security. B. The arrangement of urban social security and the self-help of rural social security. The security and welfare of urban residents are taken care of by the state (or enterprises), while in rural areas it is mainly the peasants who solve the problems themselves. C. Administrative promotion. Social security works with the help of organizations at all levels. Integrate the administrative management system with the social security implementation system. The government and the group organizations closely related to the government have become the implementers and effective implementers of the social security system. D. The implementation of the social security system and the development of social work are mainly undertaken by state cadres and public officials at all levels.
Types of social mobility and significance of classification: In a broad sense, social mobility is the movement of individuals, families, and other social groups between different social sectors. Social mobility in a narrow sense refers to the change of an individual's social status. Due to the different criteria for classifying mobility, there are also various types of mobility: A. Divided by the subject of mobility: individual mobility, family mobility, and group mobility. B. According to the flow direction, there are horizontal flow and vertical flow. C. According to the flow reference object, there are intergenerational flow and intragenerational flow.
Reasons for social change: A. Changes in the natural environment. B. Changes in population. C. The invention, discovery and dissemination of culture, science and technology eventually lead to social changes. D. Changes in social productivity.
The content and characteristics of social modernization: (1) Content : First, economic modernization with industrialization as the core. It is the foundation and core of social modernization. Second, political modernization. Politics is the concentrated expression of economy. Without political modernization, economic modernization will be difficult to advance and last. Third, the modernization of culture, science and technology, and ideology and morality. All aspects of human-created culture have a modernization problem. Fourth, the modernization of urban and rural communities. China's modernization must take the road of common prosperity of urban and rural areas and integration of urban and rural areas. Urban-rural integration is the modernization in which the two have prospered to a certain level, eliminated the dual economic structure of urban and rural areas, and merged into a new one regardless of each other. Fifth, the modernization of group organizations. It refers to the modernization of organizational structure, activity rules, organizational management, etc. from small to family to large to enterprise. It can also be said to be the bureaucracy of organizational management . Sixth, the modernization of people. Man is the main body of the modernization cause and the master of all modernization activities. (2) Features: A. Social modernization is an extensive social change involving all aspects of social life. B. Social modernization must be backed by modern culture, modern science and technology. If science and technology are underdeveloped, culture and education are underdeveloped, the basic conditions for modernization will not be met. C. Social modernization is not a one-time pursuit of one country, but a global long-term pursuit.
Social Convergence Theory: Social Convergence Theory is a theory used by some scholars to explain that different countries follow the same law in the process of modernization. His basic point of view is: in the process of social modernization, although different social starting points, social systems, and endowment conditions are different, they all go through the same process, such as economic industrialization, political democratization, urbanization, and secularization. Through the process of social modernization, different countries have become more and more similar in many ways.
The content and characteristics of social modernization: Content A. Economic modernization with industrialization as the core. B. Political modernization. C. Modernization of culture, science and technology, and ideology and morality. D. Modernization of urban and rural communities. E. Modernization of group organizations. F. Human modernization. Its characteristics: A. Social modernization is a social change that involves all aspects of social life and has a wide range of contents. B. Social modernization must be backed by modern culture, modern science and technology. C. Social modernization is not a one-time pursuit of one country, but a global long-term pursuit.
How does Marx view society: A. Society is the product of human interaction and the sum of social relations. B. (2) The characteristic that distinguishes human society from animal society is labor. C. (3) Human society is the product of long-term development, and it is a special field that is significantly different from the natural world.
The needs theory of Marxism: (1) The needs theory of Marxism is based on the philosophical basis of the inseparable holistic view of the individual and society, and the individual and society are a dialectical unity; (2) The needs theory of Marxism is a historical The difference between human nature and animal nature (beast nature) is viewed dialectically, and human nature and animal nature are both different and related; (3) Marx puts human needs and activities into the historical process to investigate, and puts them in the process of production. Looking at historical development, it is believed that human production activities have progressed from the production of means of survival to the production of means of enjoyment and then to the production of means of development.
Marxist communication theory: (1) Communication is a concept with rich content in Marx's works. It includes not only the communication between individuals, groups and groups, but also the communication between different countries, both material communication and spiritual communication. (2) Marx's communication theory reveals the material conditions of social communication: all communication is carried out on the basis of wealth created by human labor, without the material basis, social communication between people cannot happen. (3) Marx's social interaction theory points out that people's needs are the root cause of social interaction. Social interaction is a reliable guarantee to meet people's needs. (4) Economic exchanges are the basis of all other exchanges. Marx analyzed the levels of social communication and pointed out that material communication is first of all the communication of people in the production process and is the basis of any kind of communication.
The theory of social change of Marxism-Leninism: (1) The change of society, in the final analysis, is caused by the change of the economic base of the society; (3) With the gain of productivity, people change their mode of production; with the change of mode of production, they also change their way of life, and change all their social relations. (4) The role of the social superstructure on the economic base When the social superstructure maintains an advanced economic base or disintegrates a decaying economic base, it plays a role in promoting society; Development acts as a block.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: Mainly understand and master the five levels of Maslow's needs: physiological needs, safety needs, belonging and love needs, self-esteem needs, self-actualization needs and the relationship between them , to see how they perform in real life and work.
Discuss the development of urban-rural relations and the road of coordinated development of urban and rural areas in our country : before the liberation, the urban-rural relations in our country were opposites. Implement the urban development policy of "controlling the scale of large cities, rationally developing medium-sized cities, and actively developing small cities". B. Break down the barriers between urban and rural areas and promote communication between urban and rural areas. C Combination of urban and rural areas, cities support rural areas.
Try to describe the class theory of Marxism: Marxism believes that the emergence of classes is due to the emergence of social surplus products and the establishment of private ownership of means of production. The emergence of surplus products leads to the private possession of the means of production, and the private possession of the means of production leads to the emergence of the exploiting class and the exploited class. Marxism reveals that the essence of class is exploitation. The so-called classes are such groups, because of their different positions in a certain social and economic structure, one of them can occupy the labor of another group. The essence of class is exploitation, and class will disappear with the disappearance of private ownership.
The functions of social security are as follows: (1) to meet the basic living needs of the incapacitated and ensure the safety of their lives; (2) to maintain social stability; (3) to protect and maintain the working ability of laborers and stimulate their labor potential; 4) Promote social equity and social progress. (5) Anti-function of social security. In the early days of social security, some countries or governments used this method to make those disadvantaged people submit, failing to protect their reasonable rights; in the case of high welfare, some people developed a lazy mentality and did not seek progress.
The specific methods of eliminating the exploiting classes in our country: (1) Confiscation of the bureaucratic comprador bourgeoisie, that is, the confiscation of bureaucratic capital. (2) For the feudal landlord class, through the land reform movement, confiscate their land and other means of production and distribute them to the peasants. (3) A policy of redemption has been adopted for the capitalist class. The exploiting classes were basically eliminated in 1956, but class struggle will exist for a long time within a certain scope and under certain historical conditions.
Essence, manifestations, causes of population problems in our country, impact on social and economic development and solutions: The essence of population problems is that the reproduction of population is not compatible with the reproduction of material materials. The performance is that the population is large and the quality is low. The causes are: political reasons; population inertia; cultural and social factors. Impact on social and economic development: A. A large number of new population consumes the new part of material and production, which also reduces the material living standard of the people. B. A large number of new population will inevitably bring about serious employment problems in the future. C. The low level of education of the population has a negative impact on the modernization drive. D. The rapid expansion of the elderly group has an important impact on the support of the elderly and people's family life. The solution to the population problem in our country: A. Control the population. B. Improve the quality of the population. C. Vigorously develop the economy and improve people's living standards.
The characteristics and reform direction of China's urban and rural social security system: Features: A. The duality of urban and rural social security. B. Arrangement of urban social security and self-help of rural social security C. Administrative promotion. D. Existing problems. Direction of reform: A. Reform the original social security system in cities. B. Establish a rural social security system. C. Develop community services.
Characteristics of urban communities: (1) Urban communities have a large population and high density. (2) Residents take industry, commerce and other non-agricultural industries as their main occupation and livelihood. (3) The heterogeneity of members is high. (4) Diversification of lifestyles. (5) The emotional color is weak in interpersonal communication. (6) Residents have a high degree of organization and a complex organizational structure.
Driving force of urbanization: 1) Development of industrial and agricultural economy. 2) The expansion of social management institutions and the development of scientific and cultural undertakings. 3) Differences between urban and rural areas. 4) The central role of the city.
Characteristics of rural communities : (1) Residential characteristics: living in large clusters and small separations; (2) Industrial characteristics: the main industry is agriculture, including farmland planting, forestry, animal husbandry, and fishery; (3) Social relationship characteristics: Blood relationship and geographical relationship dominate; (4) Life characteristics: slow pace of life, strong self-sufficiency, low living standard, and high homogeneity.
Why do we say that social problems hinder social development: ①Social problems increase the cost of social operation and cause a waste of social resources. ②Social problems directly threaten the normal life of members of society and cause suffering. ③Social problems set obstacles to the further development of society.
What is social insurance: Social insurance is the legislation adopted by the state and society to provide material assistance to laborers or all social members when they are incapacitated due to old age, disease, disability or other reasons and life difficulties occur, to ensure their A security system for life needs. It mainly includes old-age insurance, medical insurance, disability insurance and unemployment insurance. It has the characteristics of administrative promotion, non-profit and social welfare.
如何理解我国社会现代化的战略决策：现代化战略选择的基本依据是人的社会需要。我国现代化的战略决策是以满足人民的需要为出发点的。A、1党的现代化建设分三步走的发展目标、战略布署，是马克思主义的社会发展的宏伟蓝图，是马克思主义需要学说的光辉体现。B、2人们的社会需要是推动个人或社会集体前进的重要的动力，重要的激励因素。C、3“人是一种不断需求的动物，除短暂的时间外，较少达到完全满足的状态”。我们应善于掌握这个规律，为我国的建设和发展服务。
初级社会群体的涵义、特征及功能：社会群体是指由面对面的交往形成的，具有亲密的成员关系的社会群体。初级社会群体的特征：A、它是自然形成的。B、成员之间具有多重角色，表现了全部人格。C、一般靠个人的自觉性来维持关系。D、成员关系带有浓厚的感情色彩。E、把满足成员需求放在首位。初级社会群体的功能：A、它是人的社会化的基本场所。B、它能够满足人们多方面的需要。C、它是人走向社会的桥梁。D、它有助于实现社会控制。
目前我国家庭中存在的问题：(1)仍存在包办、买卖婚姻的现象； (2)早婚和违法婚姻问题严重；(3)独生子女问题；(4)老人赡养问题；(5)离婚问题。
影响人际关系和因素：A、双方需求的互补性影响了个人之间的交往。B、态度的类似性。C、双方距离的远近。D、交往频率。
科层制的主要特征：A、内部分工，且每一成员的权力和责任都有明确规定。B、职位分等，下级接受上级指挥。C、组织面员都具备各专来技术资格而被选中的。D、管理人员是专职的公职人员，而不是该企来的所有者。E、组织内部有严格的规定、纪律，并毫玩例外地普遍适用。F、组织内部排除私人感情，成员间的关系只是工作关系。
The difference between custom and morality, morality and law: the difference between custom and morality: A. The binding force is different. B has a different sense of obligation. The difference between morality and law: Morality and law are different in the time of creation and the way they are formed. The specifics are: A. The scope of action of the two is different. B. The supporting forces of the two talents are different. Law is supported by coercive force, while morality is supported by public opinion. C. The nature of their action and the strength of their control are different.
Means-goal theory: The American sociologist Merton put forward the "means-goal theory" on the basis of Durkheim's theory of social anomie. He believes that deviant behavior is caused by the incompatibility and inconsistency between the goals that society proposes for people and the legal means to achieve them. He believes that society as a cultural system sets goals for every member of society, but the structural arrangement of society does not provide everyone with the legal means to achieve the above goals, that is, the characteristics of social structure may not be able to serve everyone. Members of society provide conditions to achieve goals. In this way, according to the value standard of society, innovation, formalism, evasion, and rebellion all deviate from the requirements of society to a certain extent, which are deviant behaviors.

Introduction to Sociology Exam Papers and Answers

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