Human Anatomy chapter exercises and answers (synchronous) with answers

"Human Anatomy"

Chapter 1 Introduction [Exercise Questions]

◇A1-type questions

1. Regarding the anatomical posture, which of the following statements is incorrect is C

A．Stand upright b. Look straight ahead with both eyes C. Back of hands and toes forward D. Palms and toes facing forward E. Arms hang down the sides of the torso

2. The orientation closer to the midsagittal plane of the human body is called C

A．before B．Inside C．inside D．Proximal E. superior

3. In the upper extremity, the same orientation term as medial is also called C

A．radial side b. Tibial side C. Ulnar side D. Fibula side E. far side

4. In the lower extremity, the same orientation term as lateral is also called D

A．radial side b. Tibial side C. Ulnar side D. Fibula side E. near side

5. The plane that divides the human body into two symmetrical parts is E

A．sagittal plane b. Coronal plane c. water level d. Frontal plane E. midsagittal plane

6. The founder of modern human anatomy is D

A．Hippocrates b. Aristotle c. Galen d. Vesalius E. Da Vinci

◇Type B1 questions

(Questions 1 to 4 share alternative answers) A. Systematic anatomy b. regional anatomy c. Sectional anatomy d. X-ray anatomy e. Microanatomy

1. The science of describing the position and morphological structure of various organs according to the various functional systems of the human body

2. According to the parts of the human body structure, it is a science B to study the shape and position adjacency of each part of the structure from the shallower to the deeper

3. A science that studies the morphological structure and positional adjacency of various organs at different levels of the human body

4. The science of observing and studying the microstructure of the normal human body with microscopes as the main means

Questions 5 to 8 share alternative answers) A. organ b. system C．cells d. organization Intercellular substance

5. The basic structural and functional units that make up the human body C

6. D composed of cells passing through the intercellular matrix

7. Composed of different tissues, structure A with certain form and function

8. Structure B composed of interconnected organs

(Questions 9~12 share alternative answers) A. inside B．inside c. shallow D．Deep E．near side

9. Orientation term B closer to the midsagittal plane of the human body

10. Orientation term A closer to the cavity

11. Azimuth term E closer to the base of the extremities

12. Azimuth Term C Closer to the Skin

(Questions 13 to 16 share alternative answers) A. Midsagittal plane B. Frontal surface C. water level d. vertical plane e. vertical axis

13. Line E perpendicular to the horizontal plane and passing through the human body up and down

14. Parallel to the ground plane, the plane C that divides the human body into upper and lower parts

15. Perpendicular to the horizontal plane, the plane B that divides the human body into front and rear parts

16. A plane perpendicular to the horizontal plane that divides the human body into two symmetrical parts

◇X type question

1. ABCDE belongs to the subdiscipline of anatomy

A．Surgical anatomy b. Clinical Applied Anatomy C. Artistic anatomy d. sports anatomy e. Anatomy of Fading

2. The basic tissues of the human body are ABCD

A．connective tissue b. Muscle tissue c. epithelial tissue d. Nervous tissueE. bone tissue

3. CD _

A．inside B．Outside C．inside D．outside E．near side

4. The orientation terms describing the distance between the hollow organ and the cavity are AB

A．inside B．Outside C．inside D．outside E．far side

5. The major systems of the human body are ABCDE

A．motor system b. digestive system c. reproductive system d. endocrine system e. nervous system

6. Regarding the anatomical posture, the correct one is ABCDE

A．Stand upright b. Look straight ahead with both eyes C. Palms and toes facing forward D. Arms droop on sides of trunk E. lower limbs together

◇Explanation of terms

1. Systematic anatomy The science that describes the position and morphological structure of various organs according to the functional system of the human body is called systemic anatomy.

2. Tissue The structure composed of cells with similar shape and function through the intercellular matrix is ​​called tissue.

3. Different tissues of an organ form a structure with a certain shape according to certain rules and can realize a certain physiological function, which is called an organ.

4. System   The overall structure in which several organs are combined to accomplish a specific physiological function is called a system.

5. Human anatomical posture   Human anatomical posture is also called standard posture, which refers to the body standing upright, facing forward, looking straight ahead with both eyes, upper limbs naturally drooping on both sides of the torso, lower limbs close together, palms and toes facing forward, which describes the position of human body structure and organs orientation premise.

6. The midsagittal plane,   which passes through the midline of the human body and divides the human body into two symmetrical halves, is called the midsagittal plane.

◇Short answer questions

1. Briefly describe the classification of human anatomy. 2. What problems should be paid attention to when studying anatomy? 3. When organs are compared with each other, how is the positional relationship determined?

◇Short answer questions

1．从研究角度，人体解剖学包括大体解剖学和微体解剖学。大体解剖学，又称巨视解剖学，是通过肉眼观察的方法以描述人体的形态结构，主要包括系统解剖学和局部解剖学；而微体解剖学，也称微视解剖学，主要以显微镜等为手段观察人体的细微结构，包括细胞学、组织学和胚胎学。从应用角度，大体解剖学又有许多分支学科，如外科解剖学、表面解剖学、X线解剖学、临床解剖学、运动解剖学，等等。

2．首先必须重视实习以加深印象，并学会运用图谱并联系活体以把形态学活，这样就能正确、全面地理解认识人体的形态结构；其次必须注意运用联系思维来分析归纳以理解其形态特征及其重要性，改变死读书本、硬记名词的方法。要注意以下问题：①理解形态与功能的相互关系②理解动态发展的观点③理解局部与整体统一的观点④注意理论联系实际。

3．确定方法：①在描述器官或结构距颅或足的相对远近关系时，运用上和下的方位术语。按照解剖学姿势，近颅者为上，近足者为下。在四肢，上又称为近侧，即距肢体根部较近；下又称为远侧，指距肢体根部较远。②在描述器官或结构距身体前面或后面的相对远近时，运用前与后的方位术语。距身体腹侧面近者为前或腹侧，而距人体背侧面近者为后或背侧。③在描述人体各局部或器官、结构与人体正中矢状面相对距离远近时，运用内侧和外侧的方位术语。上肢的尺侧与桡侧，及下肢的胫侧与腓侧分别与内侧和外侧相对应。④在描述空腔器官相互位置关系时，使用内和外的方位术语。近内腔者为内，远离内腔者为外。⑤在描述器官或结构距体表相对距离关系时，运用浅和深的方位术语。距皮肤近者为浅，远离皮肤而距人体内部中心近者为深

《人体解剖学》

第二章运动系统【练习题】

◇A1型题

1．骨的形态分类不包括A

A．圆骨     B．长骨      C．扁骨      D．短骨    E．不规则骨

2．骨构造的描述，错误的是 A

A．骨干主要由骨密质构成    B．骨骺主要由骨松质构成

C．骨髓有红骨髓和黄骨髓   D．骨膜有血管和神经    E．骺软骨即指关节软骨

3．骨的构造包括 C

A．Diaphysis and epiphysis B. Bone plates and trabeculae C. Bone, periosteum, and bone marrow D. Compact bone and cancellous bone E. Inner and outer panels and barriers

4. The bone structure has E

A．Cortical bone, cancellous bone and periosteum B. Bone, red bone marrow and periosteum C. Bone cortical, spongy and bone marrow D. Yellow marrow, bone and periosteum E. Bone, periosteum, bone marrow, nerves and blood vessels

5. Bone growth is determined by which of the following structures C

A．bone b. bone marrowC．Epiphyseal cartilage D. Articular cartilage E. periosteum

6. The wrong statement about cortical bone is E

A．Consists of closely packed layers of bone plates B. The backbone that makes up the long bones C. Constitutes the inner and outer plates of the calvaria D. Forms the barrier in the calvaria E. High pressure resistance

7. Which of the following statements about spongy bone is wrong is D

A．It is composed of many plate-shaped bone trabeculae intertwined and arranged

B．Inside the epiphysis, flat bones, and irregular bones

C．The direction of bearing pressure and tension is the same

D．Have hematopoietic function E. barrier within barrier

8. Which of the following descriptions about red bone marrow is correct C

A．Adults exist in the medullary cavity B. not present in the barrier

C．Live in the ilium, sternum, and vertebrae

D．Hematopoietic in childhood, not hematopoietic in adulthood E. Yellow bone marrow does not convert to red bone marrow

9. E

A．humerus b. clavicle c. tibia d. Ribs      E．ilium

10. E that does not have red bone marrow in adulthood

A．Inside the long epiphysis B. In the flat bone C. In short bone D. Inside the barrier E. inside the long bone

11. The cortical bone is mainly distributed in D

A．calcaneus b. ilium c. Epiphysis     D．Long bone backbone     E. vertebra

12. The structure that can participate in the repair after bone injury is C

A．bone b. bone marrowC       ．Periosteum       D．Epiphysis E．Articular cartilage

13. Periosteum statement is wrong is C

A．Divided into two layers, endosteal and adventitia B. Rich in blood vessels and nerves C. During the operation, a lot of periosteum should be peeled off at the fracture end D. Has the function of generating new bone and destroying bone E. Made of fibrous connective tissue

14. Toddler Bone's statement is wrong is B

A．More elastic, soft and easy to deform B. Organic matter and inorganic matter account for half each C. Relatively little organic matter d. Not easy to fracture under the action of external force E. greenstick fracture

15. Elderly bone narration wrong is C

A．Relatively little organic matter b. Bone is more fragile and prone to fracture C. The ratio of organic matter to inorganic matter is about 7:3 D. The ratio of organic matter to inorganic matter is about 3:7  E. prone to osteoporosis

16. The correct statement about the structure of bone is E

A．The backbone is made of cancellous material B. Bone marrow has nerves but not blood vessels C. The periosteum has blood vessels but no nerves D. The epiphysis is composed of dense matter E. none of the above

17. D is not a short bone

A．Hamate b. Lunate C．cuboid D. femurE．talus

18. C is not a long bone

A．phalanges b. humerus c. temporal bone d. Fibula E．Metatarsus

19. The long bones are A

A．HumerusB．carpal C．Occipital D. navicular bone E. patella

20. Those who belong to flat bones have A

A．parietal bone     b. temporal bone c. Sphenoid D．Ethmoid bone E. maxilla

twenty one. Those that do not belong to irregular bones have B

A．sphenoid bone b. vertebrae c. Ethmoid D. Calcaneal E. maxilla

twenty two. Associated with increased bone length is D

A．periosteum b. Articular cartilage C. epiphyseal lineD . Epiphyseal cartilage   E. marrow

twenty three. The sternum belongs to the C

A．long bones b. Short bonesC　　 . flat bone   D. Irregular bone E. sesamoid bone

twenty four. The phalanx belongs to A

A．long bones  b. Short bonesC. flat bone d. Irregular bone E. sesamoid bone

25．Not long bones have D

A．FemurB．phalanx C．HumerusD．Ribs E．phalanx

26．The movement description of the joint is wrong A

A．Rotational motion along the coronal axis B. Flexion and extension movement in the coronal axis C. Rotate on a vertical axis d. Produce adduction and abduction movements on the sagittal axis E. Joints that move along more than two axes can perform circular motion

27．What does not belong to the basic structure of the joint is A

A．Articular disc B. Fibrous layer of joint capsule C. Synovial layer of joint capsule D. Articular surface E．Joint cavity

28．The wrong description of the joint cavity is A

A．Is a cavity open to the outside world B. It is a closed cavity C. It is bounded by the synovial layer of the joint capsule and the articular surface D. The cavity contains a small amount of synovial fluid E. "Negative pressure" has a certain effect on maintaining the stability of joints

29．Joint joint statement error is C

A．Activities must be performed simultaneously B. It is two or more joints with completely independent structures but integrated functions

C．A method of simultaneous movement of one or more joints D. Such as the temporomandibular joint E. The proximal and distal radioulnar joints are also linked joints

30．The uniaxial joint description is wrong is D

A．Can only do one set of motion around one axis of motion B. Flexion and extension around the coronal axis C. The flexus joint is also known as the pulley joint D. The radiocarpal joint is a uniaxial joint E. Cirque-pivot median joint and proximal radioulnar joint are uniaxial joints

31．The wrong description of the biaxial joint is D

A．Able to perform circular motions b. Include two forms C. Can perform two sets of motion around two mutually perpendicular motion axes D. Planar joints are also biaxial joints E. Oval joints and saddle joints are biaxial joints

32．The wrong statement for direct connection is E

A．The connection between the two bones is strong b. There is no or little movement between the two bones C. There are three forms: fibrous, cartilaginous, and osseointegrated D. The connections between the vertebral bodies are all direct connections E. The connections between the bones of the limbs are all direct connections

33．The indirect linkage statement is wrong with C

A．Opposite bone surfaces are separated from each other B. Has a cavity filled with synovial fluid C. The cavity is at normal atmospheric pressure D. Has greater mobility E. connected by surrounding connective tissue

34．The basic structure of the joint is D

A．Articular surface, joint capsule, articular lip B. Articular surface, joint capsule, meniscus

C．Joint cavity, joint capsule, articular cartilage D. Articular surface, joint capsule, joint cavity

E．Articular surface, joint cavity, ligament

35．The auxiliary structure of the joint is C

A．Joint capsule, intracapsular ligament, extracapsular ligament B. Joint capsule, articular cartilage, articular disc C. Intracapsular ligament, extracapsular ligament, articular disc, articular labrum D. Articular cartilage, articular disc, articular lip E. Joint capsule, articular surface, articular disc

36．The description of the joint structure is correct D

A．Articular cartilage, joint capsule, and joint cavity are the basic structures B. The surface of the joint is covered with epiphyseal cartilage C. There is intracapsular ligament in the joint cavity D. The cavity between the articular cartilage and the synovial layer of the joint capsule is called the joint cavity

E．The cavity between the articular cartilage and the fibrous layer of the joint capsule is called the joint cavity

37．The trunk bone is composed of the following bones D

A．Vertebrae, ribs, and costal cartilages B. Sternum, ribs, and scapula C. Vertebrae, sacrum and coccyx d. Vertebrae, sternum, and 12 pairs of ribs  E. Vertebrae, sacrum and coccyx

38．For the description of the vertebrae, the incorrect one is A

A．Intervertebral foramen formed between adjacent vertebral arches B. Vertebral bodies are connected by intervertebral discs C. is an irregular bone

D．The vertebral body and the vertebral arch together form the vertebral foramen E. All the intervertebral foramina connect to form the spinal canal

39．Regarding the description of the general shape of the vertebrae, the correct answer is D

A．A total of 31 yuan for adults B. The vertebral body and the vertebral arch form the intervertebral foramen C. The upper and lower notches of adjacent vertebrae form the vertebral foramen D. Seven protrusions emanate from the lamina of the vertebral arch . intervertebral foramen

40．The general structure of the cervical spine does not include E

A．Small vertebrae B. The transverse process has a hole C. Large vertebral foramen D. spinous process bifurcation

E．transversus ribbed

41．The correct description of the cervical spine is B

A．All spinous processes bifurcate B. The transverse process has a transverse foramen      C. Both have vertebral bodies and vertebral arches

D．The first cervical vertebra is also known as the axis vertebra E. 7th cervical vertebra also known as atlas

42．The wrong statement about the first cervical vertebra is D

A．Ring-shaped, without vertebral body, spinous process and articular process B. Consists of anterior arch, posterior arch and lateral mass C. There is a groove for the vertebral artery above the anterior arch D. There is a groove for the vertebral artery above the posterior arch E. There is a small articular surface in the middle of the back of the anterior arch, which is called the odontoid concave and articulates with the odontoid of the axis

43．Structure B passing through the transverse foramen

A．spinal nerve b. Vertebral arteryC     . Internal jugular veinD. Vagus nerveE. internal carotid artery

44．The spinous process of which of the following cervical vertebrae is particularly long E

A．1st cervical vertebra B. 3rd cervical vertebra C. 5th cervical vertebra D. Cervical vertebra 6 E. 7th cervical vertebra

45．Axis B

A．Only one pair of articular surfaces B. There is an odontoid protruding upward from the vertebral body  C. Is a typical cervical spine D. No transverse foramen E. no spinous process

46．The sign to count the vertebral spinous processes is B

A．The odontoid of the axis B. The spinous process of the humerus  C. Sternal angle D. Carotid nodule E. inferior angle of scapula

47．The thoracic spine is characterized by A

A．There are upper and lower costal recesses on the upper and lower borders of the vertebral body respectively  B. The articular surface of the superior and inferior articular processes is in sagittal position C. At the end of the transverse process there is a joint between the transverse process rib notch and the costal head D. There is a transverse foramen at the root of the transverse process E. sagittal extension

48．The correct description for the lumbar spine is E

A．There are costal recesses on the side of the vertebral body and on the transverse process B. Vertebral foramen are round C. The articular surface of the superior and inferior articular processes is coronal D. The spinous process is slender and obliquely inferior E. The gap between each spinous process is wide

49．When the sacrum is intoxicated, the body surface sign that must be felt is C

A．sacral promontory b. Median sacral crest C. Sacral angleD    . Posterior sacral foramen E. sacral hiatus

50．sacral canal

A．It is formed by the connection of the presacral foramen B. It is formed by connecting the posterior sacral foramen C. connected by the sacral hiatus

D．It is formed by the connection of the vertebral foramen of the sacrum     E. none of the above

51．The wrong statement about the sternal angle is D

A．For the junction of the manubrium and xiphoid process B. Back to level with the lower border of the 4th thoracic vertebra C. Flat against the second costal cartilage on both sides D. The junction of the manubrium and body of the sternum E. Separate the upper and lower mediastinum

52．The bony landmark for counting the rib ordinal is D

A．隆椎    B．肩峰    C．肋弓   D．胸骨角 E．喙突

53． 肋 C

A．上6对肋称真肋      B．下6对肋称假肋     C．由肋骨和肋软骨构成  D．肋的前端与胸椎体相连接    E．肋骨上缘内面有肋沟

54．肋的分类叙述错误的是 D

A．第1～7肋称真肋    B．第8～12肋称假肋 C．第11～12肋称浮肋  D．第8～10肋形成肋弓称假肋 E．由肋骨与肋软骨组成

55．不含关节盘的关节是 C

A．膝关节　  B．胸锁关节　 C．肩锁关节 D．颞下颌关节 E．桡腕关节

56．有关节唇的关节包括 B

A．肩关节和桡腕关节 B．肘关节和髋关节 C．肩关节和膝关节 D．髋关节和肘关节 E．胸锁关节和颞下颌关节

57．关节囊内既无韧带又无关节盘的关节是 A

A．肩关节     B．膝关节     C．颞下颌关节 D．髋关节    E．腕关节

58．联合关节有 B

A．胸锁关节　  B．椎间关节 C．膝关节　　  D．肘关节　　 E．腕关节

59．内收、外展运动叙述错误的是E

A．是关节沿矢状轴进行的运动 B．手掌的收、展是以腕关节运动的矢转轴为准

C．手指的收、展是以中指的中轴为准 D．足趾的收、展运动是以第2趾中轴为准 E．拇指的收、展是围绕冠状轴进行

60．除加强关节的稳固性外还可以增加关节灵活性的是 B

A．韧带    B．关节唇    C．关节腔    D．关节盘    E．股骨头韧带

61．椎间盘的说法错误是D

A．Annulus fibrosus B. Inside is the nucleus pulposus C. The intervertebral disc is the thickest in the lumbar spine D. The two vertebrae are firmly connected and cannot move E. The nucleus pulposus can protrude outward during trauma

62．Intervertebral disc E

A．Is a type of articular disc B. Forms part of the posterior wall of the spinal canal C. Neck is the thinnest D. Its thickness has nothing to do with the range of motion of each part of the spine. E. direct connection between vertebral bodies

63．In intervertebral disc herniation, the common orientation of nucleus pulposus prolapse is D

A．forward B．backward c. forward outer D. Posterolaterally    E. none of the above

64．Ligamentum flavum B

A．Connects between two adjacent pedicles B. Link between two adjacent vertebral arch plates  C. Anterior boundary of intervertebral foramen

D．Connects between two adjacent spinous processes E. Limit hyperextension of the spine

65．Ligamentum flavum statement is wrong B

A．Located outside the spinal canal B. The ligaments that connect the lamina of adjacent vertebral arches C. Helps surround the spinal canal D. The role of limiting excessive forward flexion of the spine E. Made of yellow elastic fibers

66．anterior longitudinal ligament C

A．Adhere to the anterior wall of the spinal canal B. Connected between the spinous processes C. Limit excessive spinal extension  D. Limit excessive forward flexion of the spine E. none of the above is right

67．The connection that is not between the arches is D

A．Interspinous ligamentB. supraspinous ligament C. Facet joint D. Anterior longitudinal ligamentE. ligamentum flavum

68．Normal physiological curvature of the spine C

A．Neck curved backwards B. Chest curve convex forward C. Chest curve convex backward   D. Sacral curvature forward E. Lumbar curvature is present at birth

69．The connection description of the rib is wrong A

A．Connection of the costal arches on both sides B. Connection between rib head and vertebrae C. Connection between costal tuberosity and transverse process D. Between the 1st rib and the manubrium is the immovable joint E. The 8th to 10th costal cartilages are not directly connected to the sternum

70．The connection between the ribs and the sternum is incorrectly stated D

A．Between the 1st rib and the manubrium is a special immovable joint B. The 2nd to 7th ribs and the sternum form the sternocostal joint

C．The 8th to 10th ribs and the upper costal cartilage form the intercartilage joint D. The 2nd to 7th costal cartilages form cartilage connections with the upper costal cartilages E. The 11th and 12th ribs are free in the abdominal wall muscles

71．Components of the sternoclavicular joint D

A．Medial end of clavicle and manubrium B. Medial end of clavicle and first costal cartilage C. Medial end of clavicle and body of sternum

D．The medial end of the clavicle, the clavicular notch of the manubrium and the upper surface of the first costal cartilage E. none of the above

72．C

A．It is the communication between the chest cavity and the neck B. Surrounded by the upper edge of the manubrium, the first pair of ribs and the first thoracic vertebra C. Surrounded by the upper border of the manubrium, the clavicle and the first thoracic vertebra D. Tilt forward and downward E. smaller than lower mouth

73．Which of the following are the three long connections between vertebrae E

A．Intervertebral disc, anterior longitudinal ligament, and posterior longitudinal ligament B. Anterior longitudinal ligament, ligamentum flavum and posterior longitudinal ligament

C．Ligament flavum, interspinous ligament, and supraspinous ligament D. Interspinous ligament, anterior longitudinal ligament, and posterior longitudinal ligament E. anterior longitudinal ligament, posterior longitudinal ligament and supraspinous ligament

74．The ligament that limits excessive extension of the spine is B

A．Interspinous ligament b. Anterior longitudinal ligamentC       . supraspinous ligament d. Ligamentum flavumE. posterior longitudinal ligament

75．D belongs to the facial skull

A．frontal bone b. temporal bone c. Sphenoid bone D．Hyoid bone   E．occiput

76．The unpaired facial skull is E

A．Ethmoid B. Palatine bone C. maxilla d. inferior turbinate E. Vomer

77．The paired cranial bones are E

A．frontal bone b. Nasal bone C．Occipital D. Sphenoid bone E．parietal bone

78．Unpaired cranium with C

A．parietal bone b. Maxilla C. Sphenoid      D．Lacrimal bone E．temporal bone

79．There is a C on the deep side of the eyebrow arch

A．maxillary sinus b. Ethmoid sinuses C. frontal sinus   D. Sphenoid sinus E. none of the above

80．Which of the following is not a foramen of the middle cranial fossa A

A．Inner ear door     B. Foramen ovale C. round hole d. Optic foramen E. spinous foramen

81．The structure belonging to the posterior fossa is A

A．Inner ear door    B. Superior orbital fissure C. Sieve hole D．spinous hole E. round hole

82．Bregma closes at B

A．Before birth b. 1.5 years after birth       C. 5 to 6 years old after birth D. 6 months after birth E. 3 years after birth

83．Coronal suture at D

A．Between the frontal, parietal, and temporal bones B. Between the parietal and occipital bones C. Between the frontal bone and the nasal bone D. Between the frontal and parietal bones  E. between the frontal bones

84．The pterional statement is wrong is C (frontal, parietal, temporal, butterfly)

A．Located in the anterior and inferior part of the temporal fossa B. The bone is weak C. The junction of the sphenoid, parietal, ethmoid, and maxillary bones D. Form the "H" shaped seam E. The middle meningeal artery passes through

85．The external ear door is located at B

A．Zygomatic B. Temporal bone  C. Occipital D. MandibleE. sphenoid bone

86．The one connected to the orbit is D

A．Sieve hole B．spinous hole C. Round hole D．Optic canalE  . foramen ovale

87．The orbital cavity is incorrectly described as E

A．Communicates with the middle cranial fossa through the optic foramen B. Communicates with the nasal cavity through the nasolacrimal duct C. Communicates with the infratemporal fossa via the inferior orbital fissure

D．Communication with the middle cranial fossa through the superior orbital fissure E. Communicates anteriorly with the temporomandibular fossa via the inferior orbital fissure

88．The composition of the bony septum is E

A．Nasal and ethmoid bones B. Sphenoid and ethmoid C. frontal bone and vomer d. lacrimal bone and ethmoid bone    

E．vomer and ethmoid vertical plates

89．Participating in forming the cranial cavity is D

A．Vomer B. Maxilla C. Palatine bone D. Ethmoid bone E. cheekbones

90．The weakest part of the adult skull is C

A．Front chimney point B. mastoid c. Wing point D. Herringbone point E. forehead

91．The middle turbinate is part of which of the following bones B

A．Vomer B. Ethmoid     C. maxillaD. Sphenoid bone E．Palatine bone

92．The nasolacrimal duct opens at B

A．Upper nasal passage B. Lower nasal passages  C. Anterior part of the middle nasal passage D. Middle turbinate E. ethmoid crypt

93．The wrong description of the ethmoid bone is C

A．It is the weakest air-bearing bone B. Participates in the formation of the medial wall of the orbit C. The optic nerve enters the cranium through the sieve hole of the sieve plate D. The ethmoid labyrinth is called the ethmoid sinus E. The cribriform plate is a porous horizontal bone plate

94．Belonging to the middle cranial fossa is B

A．Sieve hole B．Foramen ovale C. jugular foramen d. Inner ear door E. hypoglossal canal

95．The structure connecting the middle cranial fossa and the orbit is A

A．superior orbital fissure b. round hole c. Infraorbital fissure D. spinous hole E. foramen ovale

96．Structure A passing through spinous foramen

A．Middle meningeal artery     b. perforating artery C. Internal jugular veinD. Vertebral arteryE. rib neck

97．The jugular foramen is incorrectly stated as C

A．Is an irregular hole B. Located in the petrous portion of the occipital and temporal bones C. Located in the middle cranial fossa D. The sigmoid sinus continues the internal jugular vein at the jugular foramen E. Glossopharyngeal nerve, vagus nerve, and accessory nerve exit the cranium through the foramen

98．Foramen magnum statement is wrong B

A．Located in the center of the posterior fossa B. Consists of the occipital bone and the posterior petrous part of the temporal bone C. The flat slope above the front is called the slope D. The cross-shaped uplift above the back is called the occipital inion E. Anterolateral opening of the hypoglossal canal

99．The wrong description for the mandible is B

A．Divided into mandibular ramus and mandibular body B. There is a mandibular foramen outside the mandibular ramus C. Mental foramen on the anterolateral surface of the mandible D. The mandibular angle can be clearly touched on the body surface E. The enlarged part above the condyle is the mandibular head

100．Which of the statements about the temporomandibular joint is incorrect B

A．Belongs to the joint joint B. The posterior wall of the joint capsule is looser C. Divided into upper and lower joint cavities D. There are joint discs E. mandible protruding

101．Upper limb girdle is E

A．Scapula and sternum B. Sternum and clavicle C. Ribs and clavicle d. Scapula and ribs E. clavicle and scapula

102．Articulating with the glenoid of the scapula is B

A．The acromion of the clavicle B. Humeral headC     . Greater tuberosity of humerus D. Shoulder peak E．none of the above

103．The scapula statement is wrong is D

A．The upper corner is parallel to the second rib B. The lower corner is parallel to the 7th rib C. Hypertrophic lateral horn with pyriform glenoid D. All three corners can be palpable on the body surface E. The upper and lower corners are the signs of counting ribs

104．Regarding the scapula, the wrong description is A

A．The medial border is also called the spinal column b. The lateral border is also called the axillary border C. suprascapular notch

D．The lateral end of the spine of the scapula forms the acromion E. The glenoid is located on the upper corner of the scapula

105．The oblique groove in the middle of the back of the humerus is C

A．Surgical neck b. Anatomical neck C. radial nerve     d. Ulnar nerve groove E. intertubercular groove

106．Articulates to the trochlea of ​​the humerus is C

A．The annular articular surface of the radius B. Ulna head C. Ulnar trochlear notch   D. Radial notch of ulna E. radial head

107．The structure that does not belong to the proximal humerus is E

A．Anatomical neck b. Humeral headC. Small nodules D. Greater tubercle E. Humeral head

108．The main bony landmark of the lower end of the humerus is the C

A．Humeral trochlear and lateral epicondyle B. Humeral head and medial epicondyle C. Medial and lateral epicondyles  D. Ulnar nerve groove and trochlea of ​​humerus E. Humeral head and ulnar groove

109．What is not part of the body surface of the hip bone is B

A．Anterior superior iliac spine b. iliac fossa C. Pubic tubercle D. iliac tubercle E. ischial tuberosity

110．The structure of the synthetic acetabulum is A

A．The body of the ilium, pubis, and ischium B. Iliac wing, ischial rami, and pubic rami C. pubic body, pubic ramus, and ilium

D．Ischial body, ischial ramus, and iliac body E. ischial body, pubic ramus, and iliac fossa

111．The closed cell statement is wrong B

A．Membrane and muscle closure b. The ilium, ischium, and pubic bone together form C. The pubic bone and ischium together form D. Anterior and inferior aspect of the hip bone E. blood vessels and nerves pass through

112．Articulating with the lower end of the femur is the C

A．Patella and fibula B. Tibial tuberosity and patella C. Superior tibia and patella D. Fibula and upper end of tibia E. fibula and patella

113．Shoulder B

A．The articular cavity has an articular disc B. Tendons pass through the joint capsule C. The glenoid is large and deep D. Can only do flexion and extension exercises E. stable, little activity

114．The tendon that passes through the shoulder joint capsule is C

A．coracobrachialis tendon b. Brachialis tendon C. Long head tendon of biceps D. Short head tendon of biceps E. long head triceps tendon

115．For the description of the shoulder joint, the incorrect one is B

A．The glenoid fossa is shallow B. Easy to dislocate anterolaterally and inferiorly C. Reinforced by ligaments above the joint

D．Greater range of motion E. loose joint capsule

116．Elbow E

A．Consists of two joints, the humeroradial and humerulnar joints B. The joint capsule is loose on both sides and tense anteriorly and posteriorly C. Can be used for adduction and abduction D. Humeroulnar joint can do pronation and supination E. none of the above is right

117．Articulates to the trochlea of ​​the humerus is C

A．radial head b. Radial notch C. The semilunar notch of the ulna D. Ulna head E. radial articular surface

118．Wrist cannot do E

A．Forward flexion b. Outreach C. adduction movement D. Back extension E. rotary motion

119．The bone that does not participate in the formation of the wrist joint is D

A．Scaphoid B. Lunate C．triangular bone D．pea bone E. lower end of radius

120．radiocarpal joint D

A．The articular head is composed of the proximal row of carpal bones B. Oval joint C. The glenoid fossa is made from the underside of the radius D. Tension of the joint capsule and limited movement E. All of the above are correct

121．The description of the pelvis is wrong

A．Divided into a large pelvis and a small pelvis by the boundary line B. The inferior angle of the pubic bone in males is smaller than in females C. The female pelvis is short and wide D. Oval for women and heart for men E. None of the above is correct

122．For the description of the hip joint, the error is B

A．Is the largest joint in the body B. The neck of the femur lies entirely outside the joint capsule C. There is a ligament of the femoral head in the joint cavity D. There is ligament reinforcement in front of the joint capsule E. Femoral head tends to protrude downward during dislocation

123．Relationship between femoral neck and joint capsule D

A．The femoral neck is completely contained outside the joint capsule B. The femoral neck is completely contained within the joint capsule C. Anterolateral 1/3 is extracapsular

D．Posterior outer 1/3 is extracapsular E. Lateral 1/3 is extracapsular

124．Knee C

A．The joint cavity is completely divided into four cavities, upper, lower, inner, and outer B. Consists of the lower end of the femur and the upper end of the tibia C. Consists of the lower end of the femur, the upper end of the tibia, and the patella D. Consists of the lower end of the femur, the upper end of the tibia, and the fibula E. The largest and most flexible joint in the human body

125．Knee E

A．Consists of the femur, tibia, and hip B. The medial meniscus is "O" shaped C. The lateral meniscus is "C" shaped D. There are anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments outside the joint capsule E. synovial folds

126．The wrong word for the knee joint is E

A．The anterior cruciate ligament limits tibial advancement b. The posterior cruciate ligament limits tibial posterior translation C. On the outside there is the peroneal collateral ligament D. Medial tibial collateral ligament E. Patellar tendon inserts on medial epicondyle of tibia

127．For the knee joint, the correct answer is B

A．Consists of the lower end of the femur and the upper end of the tibia B. There are anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments in the joint cavity C. Mainly perform flexion and extension movements, and can also perform small rotational movements when in semi-flexion position D. The quadriceps is the powerful flexor of the knee joint E. The glenoid labrum around the joint capsule

128．The wrong statement about the knee joint is D

A．The largest and most complex joint in the human body B. The articular surfaces include the lower end of the femur, the upper end of the tibia, and the patella C. The menisci completely separate the joint cavity D. Tension of the anterior cruciate ligament during knee extension E. loose joint capsule

129．Which is the intracapsular ligament B of the knee joint

A．patellar tendon b. Posterior cruciate ligamentC. tibial collateral ligamentD. Peroneal collateral ligament E. oblique popliteal ligament

130．Located outside the knee joint capsule is the E

A．Medial meniscus B. Lateral meniscus C. posterior cruciate ligament d. Anterior cruciate ligamentE. patellar tendon

131．The correct description for the ankle joint is B

A．Consists of the lower end of the tibia and the calcaneus B. Consists of tibia, fibula, and talus C. Consists of the lower end of the tibia and the talus D. There are ligaments in the capsule E. Extracapsular without ligament

◇Type B1 questions

(Questions 1 to 3 share alternative answers) A. Vertebrae b. phalanx c. cuboid d. Patella E．hip bone

1. B belongs to the long bone

2. The short bone is C

3. Sesamoid is D

(Questions 4 to 7 share alternative answers) A. Cervical spine b. lumbar spine C．Atlas D．Thoracic spine E．spine

4. The ribbed one is D

5. The one with a hole in the transverse process is A

6. D

7. C with occipital joint

(8 to 10 questions share alternative answers) A. Cervical spine b. Thoracic spine E．Long vertebra C. lumbar spine D．Atlas

8. D with no vertebral body

9. The branched end of the spinous process is A

10. The cross section of the vertebral body is heart-shaped B

(Questions 11 to 14 share alternative answers) A. Coracoid process B. mastoid c. condyle d. Articular process E. Odontoid

11. The structures involved in the formation of the temporomandibular joint are D

12. The structure belonging to the temporal bone is B

13. The structure belonging to the scapula is A

14. The structure belonging to the axis is E

(Questions 15-18 share alternative answers) A. radial notch b. Ruler notch C. Jugular notch D. radial nerve groove

E．peroneal notch

15. Radius has B

16. Sternum with C

17. Tibia has E

18. The humerus has a D

(19~22 questions share alternative answers) A. scapula b. Humerus C．ulnaD．Tibia E．hip bone

19. The glenoid is located at A

20. Deltoid tuberosity at D

twenty one. The groove of the ulnar nerve is in the B

twenty two. Intercondylar eminence at D

(Questions 23 to 25 share alternative answers) A. Coracoid process B. mastoid c. condyle d. Articular process E. Odontoid

twenty three. Part of the temporomandibular joint is D

twenty four. The structure belonging to the scapula is the B

25．Participating in the formation of the atlantoaxial joint is the E

(Questions 26-28 share alternative answers) A. Small nodules B. Large trochanter C. With nodules D. Joint nodules E. apical nodule

26．The bulge anterior to the mandibular fossa is D

27．The structure that resists the triceps of the calf is the C

28．Belonging to the structure of the humerus is A

(Questions 29 to 31 share alternative answers) A. frontal bone b. parietal bone c. temporal bone d. Sphenoid bone E．Ethmoid bone

29．The foramen ovale is located at D

30．The sieve hole is located at A

31．The door of the inner ear is located at C

(Questions 32 to 34 share alternative answers) A. Middle meningeal artery b. parietal bone c. temporal bone d. Intrasphenoid E. Ethmoid bone

32．The inner side of the pter point has A

33．pituitary fossa at D

34．What makes up the nasal septum is the E

(Questions 35 to 38 share alternative answers) A. Connects two adjacent vertebral bodies B. Connect the adjacent 2 vertebral arch plates C. Located behind the vertebral body D. Located in front of the vertebral body E. between adjacent spinous processes

35．anterior longitudinal ligament D

36．posterior longitudinal ligament C

37．Intervertebral disc A

38．Ligament Flavum B

(Questions 39 to 41 share alternative answers) A. Anterior cruciate ligament b. Femoral head ligament C. patellar tendon d. Sacrotuberous ligamentE. radial annular ligament

39．The intracapsular ligament of the knee is A

40．The ligament belonging to the elbow joint is the E

41．B belongs to the ligament of the hip joint

(Questions 42-43 share alternative answers) A. Atlanto-occipital joint B. radiocarpal joint C. temporomandibular joint d. Facet joints E. Sternoclavicular joint

42．Joint that connects the bones of the upper extremity to the bones of the trunk E

43．In joint joint D

(Questions 44~47 share alternative answers) A. shoulder joint b. radiocarpal joint C. Thumb carpometacarpal joint D. knee joint

E．sacroiliac joint

44．A typical ball and socket joint is a B

45．The saddle joint is C

46．The joint with the least range of motion is E

47．The largest and most complex joint is D

◇X type question

1. Bone is composed of which of the following tissues make up ABCE

A．bone b. Periosteum C．bone marrowD．Skeletal muscleE．blood vessels and nerves

2. Trunk bones include ABC

A．Vertebrae b. Sternum C．ribs d. clavicleE．tibia

3. Vertebra description wrong is BCD

A．The lumbar vertebrae are larger than the thoracic vertebrae B. There are seven protrusions on the lumbar vertebral arch while the thoracic vertebrae are different C. The spinous process of the thoracic spine is wide and extended horizontally D. The supravertebral notch and the subvertebral notch enclose the vertebral foramen E. Vertebrae are composed of vertebral bodies and vertebral arches

4. The general structure of the vertebrae includes the ABD

A．Anterior short cylindrical vertebral body B. The posterior arcuate vertebral arch is composed of pedicle and lamina C. A pair of transverse processes protruding upward. D．A pair of superior articular processes projecting upward. E．A pair of spinous processes projecting posteriorly or inferiorly.

5. Incorrect description of vertebrae is CD

A．There is a hole in the transverse process of the cervical spine B. The second cervical vertebra is also called the axis vertebra C. Only the transverse process of the thoracic spine has costal recesses D. Adults have 32-34 vertebrae E. Vertebral foramen

6. The correct way to say sternum is BC

A．Consists of four parts from top to bottom B. The manubrium and the junction of the body protrude slightly forward C. The depression in the middle of the upper edge of the manubrium is called the jugular notch D. Both sides of the sternum connect to the costal cartilage E. All the above statements are correct

7. The correct description of the thoracic spine is ABCD

A．All thoracic vertebrae participate in the composition of the thorax B. On both sides of the vertebral body there are costal recesses that articulate with the rib heads. C．Anterior to the tip of the transverse process is the transverse process costal recess that articulates with the costal tubercle. D．The spinous process is longer and stretches backward and downward. E．Clinically, puncture is often performed between the spinous processes of the thoracic spine.

8. The correct description of the rib is ABE

A．Ribs consist of ribs and costal cartilage. B．The first to seventh pairs of ribs are connected to the sternum and are called true ribs. C．The 8th to 12th pair of ribs are not connected to the sternum and are called false ribs. Only the true ribs participate in the formation of the thorax. E．There is a costal groove near the lower edge of the inner surface of the rib, which is the impression of intercostal blood vessels and nerves.

9. The cervical spine is characterized by ABD

A．Small vertebral body B. With transverse foramina C. There are 6 cervical vertebrae with bifurcated spinous processes D. Vertebral foramen is triangular E. The spinous process is longer and obliquely posterior and inferior

10. Sternal angle ACDE

A．The lateral end connects to the second costal cartilage B. Parallel to the lower edge of the fifth thoracic vertebra C. The plane made by it is flat to the right of the trachea D. The second narrowing of the esophagus through the plane made by it E. The plane made through it is the interface between the upper and lower mediastinum

11. Characteristics of the sacrum BD

A．The upper mouth of the sacrum is called the sacral hiatus B. There are four pairs of posterior sacral foramina C. Formed by fusion of four sacral vertebrae D. Male sacrum is long and narrow E. The sacrum is formed by the fusion of four sacral vertebrae

12. The structure of the upper end of the humerus has a BCD

A．radial nerve b. Surgical neck C. Deltoid tuberosity D. major and minor nodules

13. The structure belonging to the hip bone has ACDE

A．Greater sciatic notch B. Cape C．ischial spine d. AcetabulumE. pubic symphysis

14. There are ABCs that belong to long bones

A．fibula b. phalanx c. phalanx D．Ribs E．shoulder blade

15. The structures on the humerus have ABCDE

A．Greater tubercle B. Deltoid tuberosity C. Ulnar nerve groove D. radial nerve groove E. surgical neck

16. Belonging to the distal row of carpal bones is the DE

A．Navicular B. Lunate C．pea bone D. Trapezium E. capitate

17. BCDE belongs to the carpal bone

A．Metacarpal B．Scaphoid C. triangular bone D．HamateE. capitate

18. What is not the tarsus is the ABC

A．FemurB．metatarsal C．phalanx D．Cuboid E. navicular bone

19. The channels located on either side of the pituitary fossa at the base of the skull are the BC

A．Ethmoid and superior orbital fissure B. Superior orbital fissure and foramen C. Foramen ovale and spinous foramen D. Foramen magnum and jugular foramen E. superior orbital fissure and foramen magnum

20. Brain skull including ABC

A．frontal bone b. Sphenoid bone C．Ethmoid D. Upper frontal bone E. lower jaw

twenty one. Unpaired facial skull includes ABC

A．Vomer B. Hyoid bone C．mandible d. Lacrimal bone E．inferior turbinate

twenty two. AB located in the middle cranial fossa

A．optic canal b. Superior orbital fissure C. Infraorbital fissureD. Ruptured hole E. jugular foramen

twenty three. The correct description of the middle cranial fossa is ABCE

A．Lower than the anterior fossa B. The central depression of the sella is the pituitary fossa C. By optic canal and orbital communication D. By inferior orbital fissure and orbital communication E. Foramen rotundum, foramen ovale and spinous foramen can be seen on both sides of the sphenoid body from front to back

twenty four. The basic structure of the joint includes the ACD

A．Articular surface b. Articular lip C. Joint capsuleD. Joint cavity E. articular disc

25．Joints with articular discs are BCD

A．shoulder joint b. temporomandibular joint c. Sternoclavicular joint D. Knee joint E．hip joint

26．There are ABCs that make up the thorax

A．12 thoracic vertebrae b. 12 pairs of ribs C. A sternum D. A pair of clavicles E. a pair of shoulder blades

27．The correct description of the spine is ABDE

A．Consists of all vertebrae, sacrum, and coccyx and the bony connections between them B. The vertebral foramen of each vertebra connect to form the spinal canal, which contains the spinal cord and its capsule C. Viewed from the side, the spine has four physiological curves, among which the cervical and lumbar curves are convex backward, and the thoracic and sacral curves are convex forward D. Able to perform flexion, extension, lateral flexion, rotation and circular motions E. Participate in the formation of the thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity and posterior pelvic wall

28．The ligaments between the vertebrae include the ABCD

A．Anterior longitudinal ligamentB. Posterior longitudinal ligamentC. ligamentum flavumD. supraspinous ligament E. sacrospinous ligament

29．The structures connecting the vertebral bodies include the ACE

A．Anterior longitudinal ligamentB. ligamentum flavumC. Posterior longitudinal ligamentD. supraspinous ligament E. intervertebral disc

30．Spine BCD

A．Formed by the connection of cervical, thoracic, lumbar and intervertebral discs B. The vertebral foramina connects to form the spinal canal to accommodate the spinal cord C. There are 31 pairs of intervertebral foramen on the outside, which are the channels of spinal nerves and blood vessels. Children who can walk independently have four physiological bends E. small range of motion

31．The correct term for spine is BD

A．Consists of all vertebrae, sacrum, and coccyx b. Adults have four physiological curvatures C. Neck and lumbar curvature protruding forward D. Thoracic and sacral curvatures are beneficial to expand body cavity volume E. Spine can only do flexion and extension

32．ABD is involved in the composition of the radiocarpal joint

A．Lower end of ulna B. Lower end of radius C. pea bone D. triangular bone E. hamate

33．The correct description of the hip joint is ABCD

A．由髋臼和股骨头构成 B．髋臼的周缘有纤维软骨构成的髋臼唇 C．关节囊前壁有髂股韧带加强，限制其过伸 D．股骨头韧带内含营养股骨头血管

E．不能作环转运动

34．距小腿关节AB

A．由胫腓两骨下端和距骨滑车构成　 B．关节囊前、后壁松弛，两侧有韧带加强

C．外侧韧带薄弱，足过度内翻时易损伤 D．内侧韧带较坚韧 E．可作屈伸、收展、旋内、旋外等多种运动

◇名词解释

1．额状轴  2．正中矢状面  3．近侧  4．骨性标志  5．干骺端  6．骺  7． 长骨  8．骨髓  9． 韧带  10．骨连结

1．额状轴即由左向右与地平面平行，与身体的长轴和矢状轴皆垂直的轴。

2．正中矢状面即按冠状轴方向，将人体分为左右相等两部的纵切面。

3．距离肢体根部较近者为近侧。

4．骨性标志即在体表看得见或摸的着的骨的突起和凹陷称骨性标志。

5．干骺端即骨干与骺相邻的部分。

6．长骨的两端膨大称骺。

7．凡具有两端(膨大称骺)、一体(称骨干)、中空管状(管腔称髓腔)结构的骨是长骨，分布于四肢，主要适于运动。

8．骨髓位于骨髓腔和骨松质的间隙内，分红骨髓和黄骨髓两种。

9．韧带连于相邻两骨或一个骨的两结构之间的致密纤维结缔组织束称韧带，多位于关节周围。

10．骨与骨之间借纤维结缔组织、软骨、骨或滑膜关节相连称骨连结。

11．肋弓  12．胸骨角  13．颈静脉切迹  14．胸廓上口  15．椎间孔  16． 骶管  17． 骶管裂孔  18．椎间盘  19．颅囟  20．翼点

11．第8～10对肋骨的前端借肋软骨连于上位肋软骨形成肋弓。

12．胸骨柄和胸骨体连结处，形成微向前凸的角称胸骨角，侧方连结第二肋。

13．颈静脉切迹为胸骨柄上端呈微凹形的结构。

14．胸廓上口由胸骨上缘，第1肋和第1胸椎围成的口称胸廓上口，是胸腔和颈部的通道。

15．椎间孔即两相邻椎骨的上、下切迹围成的孔。

16．骶管由骶椎的椎孔连接而成，纵贯骶骨全长，上端与椎管续连，下端终于骶管裂孔。

17. The sacral hiatus is the opening at the lower end of the sacral canal. It is formed by the absence of the fourth and fifth sacral vertebral arches. There are sacral horns on both sides of the hiatus.

18. The intervertebral disc is the fibrocartilaginous disc that connects two adjacent vertebral bodies, and is composed of the fibrous ring at the periphery and the nucleus pulposus at the center.

19. There are many bones in the newborn's skull that have not yet fully developed, and the gaps between the bones are very large. The gaps in these parts are closed by connective tissue membranes and are called skull fontanelles.

20. The pterional point is on the side of the skull, at the confluence of the parietal, frontal, sphenoid, and temporal bones, where the bone is weak, and the anterior branch of the middle meningeal artery passes through it.

twenty one. board barrier 22．Paranasal sinuses 23. Greater ischial foramen 24．ischial foramen 25．pelvis 26．pubic symphysis 27．Boundary 28．arch of foot

twenty one. The spongy bone between the inner and outer plates of the calvaria is called the plate barrier.

twenty two. The paranasal sinuses surround the nasal cavity and communicate with the nasal cavity through tubes, holes, and fissures. There are maxillary sinuses, frontal sinuses, sphenoid sinuses, and ethmoid sinuses (anterior, middle, and posterior groups).

twenty three. The greater sciatic foramen is the hole enclosed by the sacrotuberous ligament, the sacrospinous ligament and the greater sciatic notch.

twenty four. The sciatic foramen is the hole enclosed by the sacrotuberous ligament, the sacrospinous ligament and the lesser sciatic notch.

25．The pelvis is a bony ring formed by the connection of the sacrum, coccyx, and hip bones on both sides. The pelvis is divided into two parts: the large pelvis and the small pelvis.

26．The pubic symphysis is located in the front upper part of the small pelvis, and is composed of two sides of the pubic symphysis connected by the interpubic disc.

27．The boundary line is a circular line surrounded by the sacral promontory, the arcuate line, the pubic comb, and the upper edge of the pubic symphysis.

28．The bones of the foot are closely connected by joints and ligaments, forming a convex upward arch in the longitudinal and transverse directions, called the arch of the foot.

◇Short answer questions

1. From the physical and chemical characteristics of bone, analyze why young bones are easy to deform, and why are old bones prone to fracture?

2. Describe the basic structure and auxiliary structure of the joint?

3. Briefly describe the movement of joints?

4. Describe the main bony landmarks of the whole body?

5. What is the clinical significance of the sternal angle, subscapular angle, spinous process of the seventh cervical vertebra, and iliac crest?

6. What are the morphological characteristics of the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral vertebrae?

7. What are the connections between vertebrae?

8. What constitutes the intervertebral foramen and the structures through which it passes?

9. What is the composition of the spine? What are the physiological curvatures? What kind of movement can be made?

10. Briefly describe the structure and function of the thorax

11. During epidural anesthesia, what structures does the puncture needle need to pass through to enter the epidural space?

12. Describe the composition and characteristics of upper and lower extremity bones and trunk bones?

13. What are the composition and morphological characteristics of the shoulder joint? What kind of movement can it do?

14. How many parts does the elbow joint consist of? What are its morphological and structural characteristics?

15. How are the forearm bones connected? What kind of movement can be made?

16. What is the composition and movement of the radiocarpal joint?

17. Discuss the composition and distinction of the pelvis and the characteristics of the female pelvis?

18. Describe the composition and structural characteristics of the hip joint?

19. How is the knee joint formed? What are its morphological and structural characteristics? What kind of movement can it do?

20. How is the calf (ankle) joint constituted? What are the characteristics of its shape and structure? What kind of exercise can it do?

twenty one. What are the cranium and facial skull?

twenty two. What are the characteristics of the neonatal cranium?

twenty three. What are the structures of the bony lateral wall of the nasal cavity?

twenty four. What are the main openings in the anterior, middle, and posterior fossa, and which structures do they pass through?

25．Describe the traffic relationship of the orbital cavity?

26．How is the temporomandibular joint formed? What kind of movement can it do?

【Answer】

◇Explanation of terms

◇Short answer questions

1. The physical properties of bone mainly depend on its chemical composition, which is mainly composed of organic matter and inorganic matter. The organic matter is mainly collagen fiber bundles and mucopolysaccharides, etc., which endow the bones with elasticity and ligaments; the inorganic matter is mainly calcium salts based on alkaline calcium phosphate, which make the bones firm and firm. The ratio of organic matter to inorganic matter in adult bone is about 3:7, which makes the bone both elastic and hard. The organic matter and inorganic matter in young children's bones each account for half, so they are more elastic and less hard, soft and easy to deform; the bones of the elderly have a larger proportion of inorganic matter, so they are more brittle and prone to fractures.

2. The basic structure of the joint refers to the structure that each joint must have, including: ① Articular surface: the opposite surface or contact surface of the knuckle bone, and each joint includes at least two articular surfaces. In the living body, the articular surface of the bone is covered with a layer of articular cartilage, which is smooth and elastic, which can reduce friction during movement and cushion shocks. ② Joint capsule: It is composed of connective tissue, attached to the periphery of the articular surface and the adjacent bone surface, divided into inner and outer layers: the outer layer is fibrous layer, which is composed of dense connective tissue; the inner layer is synovial layer, which is composed of loose Consisting of connective tissue, it clings to the inner surface of the fibrous layer and attaches to the edges of the articular cartilage. The synovial membrane can secrete a small amount of synovial fluid, which can lubricate the articular cartilage and have a certain nutritional effect on it. ③ Joint cavity: It is a closed cavity surrounded by the synovial layer of the joint capsule and articular cartilage. The cavity is under negative pressure and there is only a small amount of synovial fluid.

Auxiliary structures of the joint include ligaments, labrum, disc, synovial folds, and synovial bursa. ① Ligament: It is composed of dense connective tissue, connected between two bones, and located outside the joint capsule, called extracapsular ligament. It can be a local thickening of the fibrous layer of the joint capsule, or it can be independent of the joint capsule; it is located inside the joint capsule (the surface is wrapped by synovium), called intracapsular ligament. The presence of ligaments increases the stability of the joint. ②Articular lip: It is the fibrocartilage ring attached to the periphery of the glenoid fossa, which deepens the glenoid fossa and increases the stability of the joint. ③ Articular disc: It is a fibrocartilage plate located between the two articular surfaces, and its peripheral edge is attached to the joint capsule. It divides the joint cavity into two parts, which can make the articular surface more suitable and diversify the joint movement. ④ Synovial folds and synovial bursa: The folds formed by the protruding synovial layer into the joint cavity are synovial folds, which often contain fat tissue, which can fill the space in the joint cavity and make the joint more stable; the synovial bursa is The protruding protrusions of the synovial layer pass through the weak part of the fibrous layer. They are in the shape of a sac and contain synovial fluid. They are located between the tendon and the bone surface, which can reduce the friction between the two during exercise.

3. The movement form of the joint basically moves around three mutually perpendicular axes, the movement around the coronal axis is flexion and extension; the movement around the sagittal axis is adduction and abduction; the movement around the vertical axis is external rotation and rotation Internal; the distal end of the joint axis makes a circular motion, and the motion track of the entire bone can be described as a conical motion, which is called a circular motion, which is a continuous motion of flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction.

4. The bony landmarks of the trunk bones mainly include: the spinous process of the seventh cervical vertebra, the jugular notch, the sternal angle, the xiphoid process, the costal arch, the promontory of the sacrum, and the sacral angle. The bony landmarks of the skull mainly include: extraoccipital prominence, mastoid process, zygomatic arch, mandibular angle, supraorbital rim, supraorbital notch, infraorbital rim, brow arch, frontal tubercle, and parietal tubercle. The important bony landmarks of upper extremity bones are: clavicle, spine of scapula, acromion, coracoid process, medial and medial epicondyle of humerus, ulnar styloid process, radial styloid process, olecranon, etc. The important bony landmarks of lower extremity bones are iliac crest, anterior superior iliac spine, posterior superior iliac spine, ischial tubercle, pubic tubercle, greater trochanter, medial femoral epicondyle, lateral femoral epicondyle, patella, fibular head, tibial coarse Long, tibial anterior border, medial malleolus, lateral malleolus, calcaneal tubercle, etc.

5. The two sides of the sternal angle are parallel to the second rib, and the subscapular angle is parallel to the seventh rib or the seventh intercostal space. They can be used as important signs for counting the number of ribs. The spinous process of the 7th cervical vertebra is very long, the end is not bifurcated, and it is easy to touch in the living body. It is an important symbol for counting the number of vertebrae. The line connecting the highest points of the iliac crests on both sides is approximately level with the spinous process of the 3rd and 4th lumbar vertebrae, which is used as a sign for counting the number of vertebrae.

6. Cervical spine: The vertebral body is small and the vertebral foramen is large. There is a transverse process foramen on the transverse process. The spinous processes of the second to sixth cervical vertebrae are short and forked at the end. The articular surface of the articular process is approximately horizontal. The first cervical vertebra has no vertebral body and spinous process, which is circular, so it is called atlas, and there is an odontoid concave behind its anterior arch. The second cervical vertebra has the odontoid process, also known as the axis vertebra. The spinous process of the seventh cervical vertebra is long, called the spine, and can be used as a sign for counting the vertebrae. Thoracic vertebrae: There are vertebral body costal recesses and transverse process costal recesses, the spinous process is long and stretches backward and downward, showing an imbricate shape, and the articular surface of the articular process is in a coronal position. Lumbar spine: The vertebral body is relatively large, the spinous process is in the shape of a square plate, extending almost horizontally to the rear, and the articular surface of the articular process is in a sagittal position.

7. Adjacent vertebrae are connected by intervertebral discs, ligaments and joints. ① Intervertebral disc: Located between two adjacent vertebral bodies, it is the most important link between vertebral bodies. It consists of two parts, the central nucleus pulposus and the surrounding annulus fibrosus. ② Ligament: It can be divided into two parts: long ligament and short ligament. The long ligament includes the anterior longitudinal ligament and the posterior longitudinal ligament, which are located on the front and back of the vertebral body and intervertebral disc respectively; the supraspinous ligament is a longitudinal ligament connected to the tip of each spinous process, and this ligament extends upward to the neck to form the nuchal ligament, which is attached to the occipital bone . The short ligaments include the ligamentum flavum connecting adjacent lamellae; the interspinous ligament connecting adjacent spinous processes; and the intertransverse ligament connecting adjacent transverse processes. ③ Facet joint: It is a joint formed by the upper and lower facet joints of adjacent vertebrae, which is a planar joint.

8. The intervertebral foramen is composed of the subvertebral notch of the upper vertebra and the supravertebral notch of the lower vertebra between two adjacent vertebrae and the connecting ligament between them, in which spinal nerves and blood vessels pass.

9. The spine consists of 24 vertebrae, a sacrum, and a coccyx that are tightly connected by intervertebral discs, ligaments, and joints. Viewed from the side, the spine has four physiological curvatures: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral. Among them, the cervical and lumbar curves are convex forward, and the thoracic and sacral curves are convex backward. The spine can be flexed, extended, laterally flexed, rotated and rotated.

10. The thorax consists of 12 thoracic vertebrae, 12 pairs of ribs, the sternum and their connections. The thorax supports, protects, and participates in breathing movements.

11. During epidural anesthesia, the puncture needle needs to pass through the skin, superficial fascia, supraspinous ligament, interspinous ligament, and ligamentum flavum to enter the epidural space.

12．上肢骨包括上肢带骨和自由上肢骨两部分。上肢带骨有锁骨和肩胛骨；自由上肢骨有肱骨、桡骨、尺骨、腕骨(手舟骨、月骨、三角骨、豌豆骨、大多角骨、小多角骨、头状骨、钩骨)、掌骨(5块)、指骨(14块)。下肢骨包括下肢带骨和自由下肢骨两部分。下肢带骨有髋骨；自由下肢骨有股骨、髌骨、胫骨、腓骨、跗骨(距骨、跟骨、骰骨、三块楔骨、足舟骨)、跖骨(5块)、趾骨(14块)。躯干骨包括椎骨、肋和胸骨3部分。成人的椎骨包括7块颈椎，12块胸椎，5块腰椎，1块骶骨(由5块骶椎愈合而成)，1块尾骨(由4～5块尾椎愈合而成)。肋共有12对，胸骨1块。

13．肩关节由肱骨的肱骨头与肩骨胛的关节盂构成。肱骨头大，关节盂浅小，关节盂周缘有盂唇附着，可加深关节窝。关节囊薄而松弛，其上部、前部和后部都有肌腱加强，有保护肩关节和防止脱位的作用，关节囊内有肱二头肌腱的长头腱通过，但关节囊的下方缺少韧带和肌腱加强，是肩关节的薄弱处，故肩关节脱位时，肱骨头往往向关节囊的前下方滑脱。

肩关节是人体运动最灵活的关节，属于球窝关节，可作三轴性运动。即冠状轴上的屈伸运动，矢状轴上的内收、外展运动，垂直轴上的旋内、旋外运动。此外，还可作环转运动。

14．肘关节是由肱骨下端与尺、桡骨上端构成的复关节，包括三个关节：①肱尺关节：由肱骨滑车和尺骨滑车切迹构成；②肱桡关节：由肱骨小头和桡骨上端关节凹组成；③桡尺近侧关节：由桡骨环状关节面和尺骨的桡切迹构成。三个关节共同包裹在一个关节囊内。关节囊的前后壁薄而松弛，两侧壁厚而紧张，并有韧带加强，分别形成桡侧副韧带和尺侧副韧带。此外，在桡骨环状关节面周围还有桡骨环状韧带。肱尺关节属滑车关节，可在冠状轴上作屈和伸运动。肱桡关节形态上虽属球窝关节，但因受肱尺关节的限制，只能作屈、伸和旋前、旋后运动。桡尺近侧关节属于车轴关节，只能作旋转运动。

15. The interosseous connections of the forearm include: ①Interosseous membrane of the forearm: connected between the interosseous margins of the ulna and radius; ②Proximal radioulnar joint: composed of the annular articular surface of the radius and the radial notch of the ulna; ③Distal radioulnar Lateral joint: The joint head is formed by the annular articular surface of the ulnar head and the ulnar notch of the radius. The proximal and distal radioulnar joints are joint axle joints whose movement is pronation and supination through the line connecting the centers of the radial head and the ulnar head. During movement, the radial head rotates in situ, and the lower end of the radius carries the hand around the ulnar head. The movement of the radius rotating to the front of the ulna is called pronation. At this time, the radius crosses the ulna, and the back of the hand faces forward; otherwise, the radius turns back to the outside of the ulna, the two bones are juxtaposed (anatomical position), and the back of the hand is called supination. .

16. The radiocarpal joint (also known as the wrist joint) is a typical elliptical joint. It is composed of the carpal articular surface of the radius and the joint socket formed by the articular disc below the head of the ulna, together with the joint head composed of the scaphoid, lunate and triangular bones. . The radiocarpal joint can perform flexion, extension, retraction, extension and circular motions.

17. The pelvis is composed of left and right hip bones, sacrum, coccyx, and bony connections. The pelvis is divided into a large pelvis and a small pelvis by a boundary line. The boundary line is a circular line formed from the sacrum to both sides, through the arcuate line, the pubic comb, the pubic tubercle, and the upper edge of the pubic symphysis. The larger pelvis above the boundary line is the large pelvis, and the smaller pelvis is below the boundary line. The small pelvis has upper and lower openings. The upper pelvic opening is bounded by the boundary line; the lower pelvic opening is bounded by the tip of the coccyx, the sacrotuberous ligament, the ischial tuberosity, the ischial ramus, the inferior pubic ramus, and the lower border of the pubic symphysis. The cavity between the upper and lower openings is called the pelvic cavity, which houses the pelvic organs. The female pelvis is the only way for the fetus to be delivered.

Sex differences in the pelvis: Among the human skeleton, the sex difference is most significant in the pelvis. The characteristics of the female pelvis are mainly related to the function of pregnancy and childbirth, and this difference will gradually become obvious after about 10 years old. The main differences between male and female pelvis are as follows: the female pelvis is short and wide, the upper opening is close to round and wider, the small pelvic cavity is cylindrical, and the subpubic angle of the lower opening of the pelvis is also larger (90o-100o). related.

18. Answer: The hip joint is composed of the femoral head and the acetabulum. The acetabular lip is attached to the periphery of the acetabulum, which deepens the joint socket. The femoral head is almost completely incorporated into the acetabulum. The joint capsule is tough and thick, and the femoral neck is enclosed in the joint capsule except for the lateral part of the back. The joint capsule is reinforced by ligaments, the strongest of which is the iliofemoral ligament located on the anterior wall of the capsule. There is a ligament of the femoral head in the joint capsule, which is connected between the concave of the femoral head and the acetabulum, and the blood vessels nourishing the femoral head pass through it. The hip joint is a typical ball-and-socket joint, capable of multi-axis motion, including flexion and extension, adduction, abduction, internal rotation, external rotation, and circular motion.

19．膝关节由股骨下端、胫骨上端和髌骨构成。关节囊宽阔松弛，周围有韧带加强，其中位于前壁的髌韧带尤为强大，两侧分别有胫侧副韧带和腓侧副韧带，后壁有腘斜韧带。关节囊内有前、后交叉韧带，它们牢固地连结股骨和胫骨，前交叉韧带可限制胫骨向前移位，后交叉韧带可限制胫骨向后移位。位于股骨与胫骨关节面之间，分别有内、外侧半月板。内侧半月板较大，呈“C”形，外侧半月板较小，近似“O”形。两半月板内缘较薄而游离，外缘较厚连于关节囊。半月板可使两关节面更为适合，以增强关节的稳固性，并在运动时起缓冲作用。膝关节属于屈戌关节，主要作屈、伸运动，在半屈膝时，还可作轻度的旋转运动。

20．踝关节由胫、腓骨的下端与距骨滑车构成。关节囊前后壁薄而松弛，两侧有副韧带加强。内侧为内侧韧带(又名三角韧带)较坚韧，外侧韧带为三个独立的韧带，均较薄弱。踝关节属屈戌关节，能作背屈(伸)和跖屈(屈)的运动。

21．脑颅骨有8块：额骨、枕骨、蝶骨和筛骨各一块，颞骨和顶骨各一对，它们共同围成颅腔。面颅骨共有15块：其中成对的有上颌骨、腭骨、颧骨、鼻骨、泪骨和下鼻甲，共12块；不成对的3块，即犁骨、下颌骨和舌骨。

22．新生儿颅由于脑和感觉器官发育较快，而咀嚼功能尚未发达，因此脑颅大于面颅，其比例为8：1(成人为4：1)。新生儿的颅骨尚未发育完全，骨与骨之间的间隙较大，在颅顶各骨之间的间隙由结缔组织膜充填，称为颅囱。最大的囱位于矢状缝的前端，呈菱形，称为前囱(额囱)，生后1～2岁时闭合。在矢状缝与人字缝相交处有三角形的后囱(枕囱)，生后不久就闭合。

23．骨性鼻腔外侧壁有上、中、下鼻甲以及与之相对应的上、中、下鼻道。其中上、中鼻甲为筛骨部分，下鼻甲为独立的下鼻甲骨构成；上鼻道有筛窦后群的开口，中鼻道有额窦、上额窦及筛窦前、中群的开口，下鼻道有鼻泪管的开口。

twenty four. Anterior cranial fossa: There are sieve holes on the cribriform plate (through which the olfactory nerve passes). Middle cranial fossa: The optic canal passes through the optic nerve and ophthalmic artery; the superior orbital fissure passes through the arterial nerve, trochlear nerve, abducens nerve, ophthalmic nerve, and superior ophthalmic vein; the rupture foramen passes through the internal carotid artery; the foramen rotunda passes through the maxillary nerve; the egg The mandibular nerve passes through the foramen rotundum; the middle meningeal artery passes through the foramen spinosa. Posterior cranial fossa: foramen magnum (with spinal cord and brain transition); hypoglossal canal (with hypoglossal nerve passing through); inner ear door (with vestibular nerve, facial nerve and labyrinthine blood vessels passing through); jugular foramen (with internal jugular vein , glossopharyngeal nerve, vagus nerve and accessory nerve).

25．Communicates with the middle cranial fossa through the optic canal and superior orbital fissure; communicates with the infratemporal fossa and pterygopalatine fossa through the infraorbital fissure; communicates with the face through the infraorbital canal and infraorbital foramen; communicates with the lower part of the nasal cavity through the nasolacrimal duct The nasal passages communicate.

26．The temporomandibular joint, also known as the mandibular joint, consists of the mandibular head of the mandible, the mandibular fossa and the articular tubercle of the temporal bone. The joint capsule is relaxed anteriorly and posteriorly, reinforced by ligaments on the outside, and there is an articular disc in the joint cavity, which divides the joint cavity into upper and lower parts. The left and right jaw joints must move at the same time, so they are joint joints. The mandibular joint can be raised, lowered, forward, backward and sideways.

【Exercise questions】

◇A1-type questions

1. The morphological classification of muscle does not include E

A．long muscle b. short muscle c. flat muscle d. orbicularis muscle E. open muscle

2. The auxiliary structure of the muscle is the E

A．AponeurosisB. Tendon C．Tendon stroke D. Sarcolemma E．tendon sheath

3. Synovial bursa E

A．A closed capsule of connective tissue B. Mostly located at the friction between tendon and bone C. Can communicate with the joint cavity D. Contains synovial fluid to reduce friction E. All of the above are correct

4. Which statement about muscles is wrong C

A．Skeletal muscles are also known as voluntary muscles B. Each muscle is an organ C. Paralysis due to blockage of blood supply to muscles

D．Each muscle is composed of two parts: muscle belly and tendon. muscle blood vessels and nerves

5. Which is incorrect about the auxiliary structure of muscles C

A．Muscle accessory structures include fascia, synovial bursa, and tendon sheath B. Superficial fascia is also called subcutaneous fascia C. The deep fascia is not related to the intermuscular septum D. The blood vessels and nerves that supply the tendon pass through the mesotendinosum E. The tendon sheath has two layers

6. The muscle that does not belong to the masticatory muscle is B

A．Masseter muscle B．buccal muscle C. inner pterygoid D. Wing muscle E. Temporal muscle

7. The wrong statement about the masticatory muscles is A

A．Masseter, temporalis, and pterygoid muscles elevate the mandible B. Masseter, temporalis, and pterygoid muscles elevate the mandible C. One side of the lateral pterygoid muscle contracts to pull the mandible to the opposite side D. Bilateral contraction of the lateral pterygoid pulls the mandible forward E. The posterior fibers of the temporalis muscle retract the mandible

8. The wrong description of the masseter muscle is E

A．From below and inside the zygomatic arch B. Insert outside the mandibular angle C. Elevates the mandible during contraction D. Participate in chewing exercises E. innervated by facial nerve

9. Contraction of the medial flank muscle moves the mandible B

A．Lift up and move to the same side B. Lift up and move forward C. Lift up and move backwards D. Descending and moving to the same side E. descend and move to the opposite side

10. The genioglossus is incorrectly described as C

A．Is the main external tongue muscle B. Mental spine arising from the mandible C. One side retracts the tip of the tongue to the same side D. Simultaneous contraction of both sides makes the tip of the tongue stretch forward and downward E. innervated by hypoglossal nerve

11. Sternocleidomastoid A

A．For the superficial muscles of the neck B. Stops at the angle of the mandible C. Inserts on the occipital bone D. Flexes neck forward during contraction E. Innervated by branches of the brachial plexus

12. The incorrect description of the sternocleidomastoid is D

A．From the front of the manubrium and the sternal end of the clavicle to the mastoid B. Innervated by accessory nerves C. Simultaneous contraction of both sides can tilt the head back D. Contraction on one side bends the head to the opposite side E. Torticollis can occur when lesions on one side cause muscle spasms

13. Subhyoid muscles do not include D

A．Sternohyoid muscle B. Myohyoid muscle C. Sternothyroid muscle D. stylohyoid muscle E. thyrohyoid muscle

14. Suprahyoid muscles excluding C

A．digastric muscle b. stylohyoid muscle C. Myohyoid muscle D. Mylohyoid muscle E. Geniohyoid muscle

15. The wrong description of the pectoralis major is D

A．From the medial half of the clavicle, the sternum and the 1st to 6th costal cartilages B. Inserts on the greater tuberosity of the humerus C. It acts to adduct, internally rotate, and flex the shoulder joint D. Acts to adduct and externally rotate the shoulder joint E. The upper limbs are fixed and have the effect of lifting the ribs to assist inhalation

16. It is B that has the effect of lowering ribs and helping exhalation

A．External intercostal muscles and internal intercostal muscles      B. Internal intercostal muscles and anterolateral abdominal muscles      C. Internal intercostal muscles and diaphragm D. Diaphragm and anterolateral abdominal muscles E. All of the above are fine

17. The foramen of the vena cava is about flat to A

A．8th thoracic vertebra    B. 9th thoracic vertebra C. 10th thoracic vertebra d. 11th thoracic vertebra E. 12th thoracic vertebra

18. Esophageal hiatus about flat to C

A．8th thoracic vertebra b. 9th thoracic vertebra     C. 10th thoracic vertebra    D. 11th thoracic vertebra E. 12th thoracic vertebra

19. Aortic hiatus about flat to E

A．8th thoracic vertebra b. 9th thoracic vertebra C. 10th thoracic vertebra d. 11th thoracic vertebra     E. 12th thoracic vertebra

20. Diaphragmatic vena cava hiatus statement is wrong B

A．Located in the right anterior superior central tendon of the esophageal hiatus B. Passage of thoracic duct C. Approximately at the level of the eighth thoracic vertebra D. The inferior vena cava passes through E. It is about 4 vertebra heights away from the aortic hiatus

twenty one. Diaphragm E

A．During contraction, the dome of the diaphragm rises to aid inhalation B. During contraction, the dome of the diaphragm descends to facilitate exhalation C. During relaxation, the dome of the diaphragm rises to aid inhalation D. During diastole, the dome of the diaphragm rises to aid inhalation E. During contraction, the diaphragmatic vault descends to aid inhalation

twenty two. Aortic hiatus of the diaphragm is incorrectly stated E

A．Located in front of the 12th thoracic vertebra, between the left and right diaphragmatic crus and the spine B. At the level of the 12th thoracic vertebra C. aorta passes through

D．Passage of thoracic duct E. vagus nerve passes through

twenty three. rectus abdominis A

A．Inside the sheath of the rectus abdominis muscle B. There are 5-6 transverse tendons C. Anteriorly adjacent to the internal oblique or transversus aponeurosis D. When contracted, the ribs can be lowered to help exhalation E. All of the above are correct

twenty four. External oblique E

A．From the outer surface of the upper 8 ribs B. Insertion on iliac crest and linea alba C. Muscle fibers run in the opposite direction to the deep internal oblique D. Transition to the aponeurosis at the arcuate line E. aponeurosis envelops the rectus abdominis inwardly

25．Forms the inguinal ligament is A

A．External oblique tendon palpation B. Internal oblique aponeurosis C. Transversus abdominis aponeurosis D. Transverse fascia E. superficial abdominal fascia

26．The exercise that the trapezius cannot do is D

A．Bring the scapula closer to the spine B. Elevate the scapula C. Lower the scapula D. Bend the head to the opposite side and turn the face to the opposite side E. head back

27．Trapezius is incorrectly described as E

A．Triangular latissimus muscle B. Muscle fibers end at the outer 2/3 of the clavicle, acromion, and spine of the scapula C. The upper muscle bundles elevate the scapula D. The lower fascicles lower the scapula E. "slumped shoulders" when muscles are paralyzed

28．The latissimus dorsi can make C

A．Retroversion and external rotation of the scapula B. Shoulder joint adduction and external rotation C. Shoulder adduction and extension D. External rotation and extension of the shoulder joint E. ipsilateral flexion of the spine

29．pectoralis major inserts on B

A．Greater tuberosity of humerus    B. Greater tuberosity of humerus    C. Lesser tuberosity of humerus D. Lesser tuberosity of humerus E. intertubercular groove

30．Latissimus dorsi is incorrectly described as B

A．The largest flat muscle in the body B. From the lower 6 thoracic vertebral spinous processes, lumbar dorsal fascia

C．From the spinous processes of the lower 6 thoracic vertebrae, all the spinous processes of the lumbar vertebrae, the median sacral crest, and the posterior part of the iliac crest D. The muscle bundles are concentrated outward and upward E. lesser tuberosity crest of humerus

31．The wrong description for erector spinae is D

A．Located in the grooves on either side of the spine B. From the back of the sacrum and the back of the iliac crest C. Inserts upwards on the vertebrae, ribs, and mastoid D. Contraction on one side turns the spine to the opposite side E. Extends the spine and lifts the head when contracted

32．Is not related to shoulder joint movement is C

A．biceps brachii b. Coracobrachialis C. brachialis d. Triceps E. pectoralis major

33．The muscle that can move both the shoulder joint and the elbow joint is D

A．Biceps brachii and pronator teres B. Latissimus dorsi and teres major C. Triceps and coracobrachialis d. Biceps and triceps E. brachialis and pectoralis major

34．The deltoid does not make the shoulder joint E

A．bend B．Stretch C．OutreachD．rotate E．Adduction

35．The incorrect description of the biceps is C

A．The long head arises from the superior glenoid tubercle B. Elbow flexion, forearm supination, and shoulder flexion C. The short head arises from the body of the humerus D. Insertion on radial tuberosity E. The tendon moves inward and down as the aponeurosis and inserts on the surface of the forearm muscle

36．The muscle that abducts the shoulder joint is B

A．Deltoid, infraspinatus B. deltoid, supraspinatus C. Infraspinatus, latissimus dorsi, deltoid D. teres major, triceps E. deltoid, supraspinatus, teres minor

37．The one that can both flex the shoulder joint forward and extend it back is C

A．pectoralis major b. Latissimus dorsi c. deltoid d. teres minor E. teres major

38．The wrong description of the deltoid muscle is E

A．Belongs to the upper limb girdle muscles B. From the lateral segment of the clavicle, acromion and spine of the scapula C. Insertion on deltoid tuberosity of humerus D. Innervated by the axillary nerve E. The main function is to adduct and internally rotate the shoulder joint

39．The one that cannot adduct the shoulder joint is C

A．pectoralis major b. Subscapularis C. teres minor D. teres major E. latissimus dorsi

40．Adducts, extends, and internally rotates the shoulder joint is A

A．Latissimus dorsi and teres major B. Pectoralis major and teres major C. Deltoids and triceps d. Latissimus dorsi and teres minor E. infraspinatus and subscapularis

41．The muscle that externally rotates the shoulder is B

A．Deltoid and pectoralis major b. Deltoid and infraspinatus C. supraspinatus and infraspinatus d. pectoralis major and teres minor

E．teres major and subscapularis

42．Which of the following is not a forearm muscle A

A．Coracobrachialis B. Pronator teres C. supinator muscle d. Finger superficial flexor E. abductor hallucis longus

43．The wrong statement about the triceps is C

A．Has a long head and inner and outer heads C. Into the radial tuberosity B. Forearm extensor D. acts as elbow extension

E．innervated by radial nerve

44．Elbow extension is E

A．biceps brachii b. brachialis c. pronator teres d. palmaris longus E. Triceps

45．Long head of biceps tendon A

A．Through the shoulder joint capsule B. Insertion into radial tuberosity C. Located in the center of the elbow fossa D. Does not run in the intertuberculous groove

E．innervated by median nerve

46．The correct description for the triceps is B

A．The long head arises from the superior glenoid tubercle B. The medial and lateral heads arise from above and below the radial nerve groove respectively C. Inserts into the coronoid process of the ulna D. Able to extend elbow, extend shoulder and adduct E. All of the above are correct

47．C unrelated to elbow flexion and extension

A．biceps b. Brachialis C. Coracobrachialis D. Triceps E. Brachioradialis

48．The wrong description of the anterior group of the arm is D

A．For the flexor group B. Includes biceps brachii, coracobrachialis, and brachialis C. The main function is to flex the elbow joint D. All muscles insert into radial and ulnar tuberosities E. Innervated by musculocutaneous nerves

49．C with elbow flexion and supination

A．pronator teres, pronator quadratus B. Pronator teres, biceps brachii C. biceps d. Pronator teres, supinator E. none of the above is right

50．It is B that cannot rotate the forearm

A．biceps brachii b. brachialis c. pronator teres d. Pronator quadratus E. supinator muscle

51．The wrong statement about the flexor carpi radialis is A

A．Belongs to the deep volar muscles of the forearm B. From the lateral epicondyle of the humerus C. Inserts at the base of the 2nd metacarpal D. The function is to bend the elbow and wrist to make the wrist abduct E. innervated by median nerve

52．The muscle not involved in wrist flexion is A

A．brachioradialis b. Flexor carpi radialis C. Flexor carpi ulnaris D. palmaris longus E. finger superficial flexor

53．The metacarpophalangeal joint description is wrong B

A．Refers to the superficial and deep flexor muscles to make them flex C. The lumbrical muscles flex B. The interosseous muscles flex D. Stretches the interosseous muscles E. finger extensor muscles

54．The wrong statement about the lumbrical muscle is D

A．4 thin fascicles B. End at the dorsal aponeurosis of the 2nd to 5th fingers C. Able to flex metacarpophalangeal joints and extend interphalangeal joints D. Able to extend metacarpophalangeal joints and flexor interphalangeal joints E. Innervated by median nerve, ulnar nerve

55．D is not a hand muscle

A．adductor hallucis b. Flexor pollicis brevis C. abductor digitorum D. Extensor hallucis brevis E. lumbrical muscle

56．The wrong description of the iliopsoas muscle is A

A．Composed of the quadratus lumborum and iliacus muscles B. Passes deep to the inguinal ligament into the thigh C. Insertion on the lesser trochanter of the femur D. Hip flexion E. external hip rotation

57．The wrong description of the gluteus maximus is B

A．From the lateral surface of the iliac wing B. Inserts into the greater trochanter of the femur C. Its deep surface has structures such as the sciatic nerve

D．The trunk can be extended while the lower limbs are immobilized E. Extend and externally rotate the hip

58．Gluteus medius is incorrectly stated D

A．The upper anterior part is subcutaneous B. The lower posterior part is deep to the gluteus maximus C. Abduct the hip joint D. Adduct the hip joint E. internally rotate the hip

59．The one that flexes both the hip and the knee during contraction is C

A．biceps femoris b. Rectus femoris C. Sartorius muscle D. Semitendinosus and semimembranosus E. quadriceps

60．The one that stretches the thigh back when contracted is the E

A．iliopsoas muscleB. Sartorius C. gracilis D. quadriceps E. gluteus maximus

61．E that has nothing to do with stretching the thigh

A．biceps femoris b. Semimembranosus C. semitendinosus d. gluteus maximusE. adductor longus

62．A that stretches the thigh back

A．gluteus maximus b. gluteus medius C. gluteus minimus d. piriformis E. tensor fascia lata

63．The one that has nothing to do with hip external rotation is C

A．gluteus maximus b. gluteus medius C. Adductor longus D. piriformis E. iliopsoas muscle

64．No hip flexion is D

A．iliopsoas muscle b. Tensor fascia lata C. Sartorius D. Anterior fibers of gluteus maximus E. quadriceps

65．The one that can flex both the hip and the knee is C

A．Rectus femoris B. Vastus medialis C. vastus lateralis D. vastus intermedius E. sartorius muscle

66．The one that can flex the hip joint and externally rotate it is A

A．gluteus maximus b. gluteus medius C. iliopsoas muscle d. quadriceps E. tensor fascia lata

67．Does not adduct the hip joint is E

A．Pectineus B. Adductor longus C. gracilis d. Adductor magnus E. quadriceps

68．Can not extend the hip joint is A

A．piriformis muscle b. gluteus maximus c. semitendinosus d. Semimembranosus E. biceps femoris

69．Muscles not involved in knee flexion A

A．gastrocnemius b. Soleus muscle C. biceps femoris d. Semitendinosus E. Semimembranosus

70．In quadriceps paralysis, the main movement disorder is B

A．Stretch your thighs b. Stretch the calf C. Bend the thigh D. Abduct the thigh E. adduct the thigh

71．Quadriceps is incorrectly stated as C

A．For the anterior thigh muscles B. There are four muscle heads forming a tendon C. Action Hip flexion and knee flexion D. Function Hip flexion and knee extension E. innervated by femoral nerve

72．The wrong description of the inner thigh muscles is D

A．Consists of 5 muscles B. On the inner thigh C. Adduct the hip joint D. Internally rotate the hip E. innervated by femoral nerve and obturator nerve

73．It is B that does not have the function of bending the knee

A．gastrocnemius b. Soleus muscle C. semimembranosus d. Semitendinosus E. sartorius muscle

74．The muscle that extensors the knee joint is B

A．Sartorius muscle B. quadriceps c. Adductor magnus D. Biceps femoris E. tensor fascia lata

75．E

A．semitendinosus b. Semimembranosus C. biceps femoris d. Sartorius E. calf triceps

76．The sartorius muscle is incorrectly described as B

A．The longest muscle in the body B. From the anterior inferior iliac spine C. Inserts on the medial surface of the upper end of the tibia D. Flex hips and knees E. Internally rotate the flexed knee

77．The wrong description of the quadriceps is E

A．The largest muscle in the body B. From the front and back of the femur and the anterior inferior iliac spine C. Insertion on tibial tuberosity D. Tendon wraps around patella E. Has the function of extending the knee and hip joints

78．The wrong statement about the calf triceps is B

A．Includes gastrocnemius and soleus B. From the Achilles tendon to the talus C. Insertion of the Achilles tendon on the calcaneus D. Plantar flexes the foot and flexes the knee joint E. innervated by tibial nerve

◇Type B1 questions

(Questions 1 to 5 share alternative answers) A. masseter muscle b. Temporal muscle C. inner pterygoid D. Wing muscle E. digastric muscle

1. The one that moves the lower jaw up and forward is C

2. The one that elevates the mandible is A

3. Elevates and retracts the mandible is B

4. The one that pulls the mandible forward and down and moves it sideways is D

5. The one that descends the mandible is E

(6 to 10 questions share alternative answers) A. pectoralis major b. Latissimus dorsi c. supraspinatus d. teres minor E. deltoid muscle

6. It is E that abducts and participates in flexion and extension

7. The main adduction and internal rotation of the shoulder joint is A

8. External rotation of the shoulder is D

9. Can only abduct the shoulder joint is C

10. The one that can rotate and extend the shoulder joint is B

(Questions 11 to 15 share alternative answers) A. biceps brachii b. triceps c. Brachioradialis D. pronator teres

E．supinator muscle

11. The one that extends the elbow joint and adducts the shoulder joint is B

12. Elbow flexion and forearm supination is A

13. Only supination of the forearm is E

14. Elbow flexion and forearm pronation is D

15. Elbow flexion is C

(16~20 questions share alternative answers) A. Finger superficial flexors B. finger extensor

C．Flexor carpi ulnaris D. Extensor carpi radialis long and short E. extensor carpi ulnaris

16. Extend the radiocarpal joint and extend the 2nd to 5th fingers B

17. Radiocarpal flexion and radiocarpal adduction is C

18. Extends and abducts the radiocarpal joint is D

19. Flexion of the radiocarpal joint and fingers 2-5 is A

20. Extends and adducts the radiocarpal joint is E

(Questions 21 to 24 share alternative answers) A. Adductor thumb muscle B. Flexor pollicis brevis C. lumbrical musclesD. abductor pollicis brevis

E．little finger extensor

twenty one. C

twenty two. The one that flexes the proximal phalanx of the thumb is B

twenty three. Thumb retracted is A

twenty four. Stretching out the little finger is E

(25~30 questions share alternative answers) A. Sartorius muscle B. quadriceps c. Adductor magnus D. tensor fascia lata

E．gluteus maximus

25．The one that extends and externally rotates the hip is the E

27．D

28．Hip flexor is B

29．The one that flexes the hip joint and extends the knee joint is C

30．The one that adducts the hip is the E

◇X type question

1. The correct description of the sternocleidomastoid is ABC

A．From the manubrium sternum and the sternal end of the clavicle to the mastoid process of the temporal bone B. In the superficial layer of the neck C. Contraction on one side bends the head to the same side and turns the face to the opposite side D. Contraction on both sides, causing the head to tilt forward E. innervated by cervical plexus

2. The correct description of the scalene gap is ABC

A．Formed by the anterior and middle scalene muscles and the first rib B. The brachial plexus passes through C. The subclavian artery passes through D. The subclavian vein passes through E. phrenic nerve passes through

3. Trunk muscles including ABCE

A．Diaphragm B．pectoralis C．Abdominal musclesD．Shoulder muscles E．back muscles

4. Diaphragm BD

A．The esophagus passes through its central tendon B. The inferior vena cava runs through its central tendon C. The aorta runs through its central tendon D. Innervated by phrenic nerve

5. The correct description of diaphragm is ABD

A．There are three holes B. Inhale during contraction C. The peripheral part is the aponeurosis, and the central part is the muscle belly D. vaulted upward

6. AEs that do not pass through the diaphragmatic esophageal hiatus

A．Azygos veinB. vagus nerveC. Thoracic ductD. EsophagusE. Phrenic nerve

7. The important respiratory muscles are ABCDE

A．Diaphragm B．abdominal musclesC．External intercostal muscles D. pectoralis E．internal intercostal muscles

8. The structures passing through the diaphragmatic hiatus are ABCDE

A．EsophagusB．Thoracic ductC. vagus nerve d. inferior vena cava E. descending aorta

9. ABD belongs to the back muscles

A．Trapezius B. latissimus dorsi c. Serratus anteriorD. erector spinae E. subscapularis

10 Trapezius described correctly is BDE

A．On the neck and upper back B. The sides meet to form a rhomboid C. Contraction on one side, bending the neck to the same side D. Contract both sides, bringing the scapula closer to the spine E. innervated by accessory nerve

11 The correct description of the wall of the inguinal canal is ABCD

A．Located above the medial half of the inguinal ligament B. The inner mouth is called the deep ring, which is composed of the transverse fascia C. The outer orifice is a superficial ring formed by the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle D. In females the round ligament of the uterus passes through E. Pathologically, the contents of the abdominal cavity can protrude from here to form an inguinal hernia

12. Inguinal canal ABCD

A．Males have a vas deferens through B. There is a superficial ring just outside and below the pubic tubercle C. There is a deep ring about one transverse finger outside the medial side of the anterior superior iliac spine D. Adults are 4 to 5 cm long E. women have fallopian tubes

13. The correct term for abdominal muscles is ACE

A．The subaponeurosis of the external oblique muscle forms the inguinal ligament B. From superficial to deep, they are external oblique, transverse abdominis, and internal oblique

C．Muscle fibers of the internal oblique and the lower part of the transverse abdominis participate in the formation of the inguinal canal D. Abdominal muscle contraction reduces abdominal pressure and assists inhalation E. The aponeurosis of all three flat muscles participates in the rectus sheath

14. The structure formed by the external oblique muscles has BCD

A．Inguinal sickle B. Inguinal ligamentC. Lacunar ligamentD. Superficial ventral ring E. cremaster muscle

15. Anterior arm group including AC

A．biceps b. triceps c. brachialis and coracobrachialis D. Pronator quadratus and pronator teres E. brachioradialis and subscapularis

16. The muscle that makes the arm adducted has ABDE

A．Teres major muscle B. Coracobrachialis C. supraspinatus D. Triceps E. subscapularis

17. BCD is associated with radiocarpal joint movement

A．brachioradialis b. Flexor carpi radialis C. Finger superficial flexors D. palmaris longus E. pronator teres

18. BCD that adducts the fingers

A．lumbrical musclesB. Interosseous palmar muscles C. Opposite palmaris D. Adductor thumbis E. deep flexor

19. Hip extensor muscles have ABCD

A．gluteus maximus b. biceps femoris c. semitendinosus d. Semimembranosus E. quadriceps

20. Hip flexor muscles have ABD

A．iliopsoas muscleB. Sartorius C. biceps femoris d. rectus femoris

twenty one. Achilles tendon confluence is AC

A．Gastrocnemius B. peroneus longus C. Soleus muscle D. Peroneus brevis

twenty two. Anterior calf muscles have AC

A．Extensor digitorum longus B. Soleus muscle C. mu long extensor D. Extensor digitorum brevis E. peroneus longus

◇Explanation of terms

1. aponeurosis fascia

1. The aponeurosis refers to the tendon of the flat muscle, which is flat and wide in the shape of a membrane, composed of dense connective tissue, tough in texture, and has no contractile function. Fascia refers to the widespread connective tissue structure, which spreads all over the body and has various appearances. It can be divided into superficial fascia and deep fascia. Superficial fascia is a layer of loose connective tissue with different thicknesses, containing cutaneous nerves, blood vessels, Lymphatic vessels and fat, as well as skin muscles and mammary glands; deep fascia, also known as intrinsic fascia, is located deep to the superficial fascia, spreads all over the body and is continuous with each other, and is mainly composed of collagen fibers covering the body wall, limb muscles and blood vessels, etc. , forming muscle compartments, fascial sheaths, retinaculum and vascular nerve sheaths.

2. The starting point and insertion point of the muscle 3 . Intermuscular compartment 4. scalene gap  

2. Muscle is usually attached to two or more bone surfaces by the tendons at both ends, and spans one or more joints in the middle. When the muscle contracts, the two bones move closer to each other and produce movement. One of the bones must be relatively fixed in position, while The other bone moves relative to each other. The point of attachment of the muscle on the fixed bone is called the origin, and the point of attachment of the muscle on the moving bone is called the insertion point. Usually, the attachment point close to the midline of the body or the side end of the limbs is taken as the starting point or fixed point, and the other end is regarded as the dead point or moving point. The fixed point and moving point of the muscle can be interchanged under certain conditions.

3. The intermuscular septum is composed of deep fascia, mostly located in the extremities. The deep fascia penetrates deep into the muscles of the extremities, attaches to the bones, and forms a partition between the muscles. The deep fascia and intermuscular compartment separate and surround muscles or muscle groups so that they can move independently.

4. The scalene gap is located at the root of the neck, surrounded by the anterior scalene muscle, the middle scalene muscle, and the first rib, and the subclavian artery and brachial plexus pass through the gap.

5. Inguinal ligament 6. Inguinal sickle 7. Arcuate line 8．White line

5. The inguinal ligament is a tendonous structure that curls and thickens the lower edge of the external oblique aponeurosis and connects between the anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic tubercle, forming the lower wall of the inguinal canal. This ligament often serves as the boundary between the abdomen and the front of the thigh.

6. The inguinal falx is formed by the fusion of the aponeurosis of the lower part of the internal oblique muscle and the lower part of the transversus abdominis aponeurosis, also known as the combined tendon. Inserts at the medial end of the pubic pectin, forming the medial part of the posterior wall of the inguinal canal.

7. The posterior layer of the rectus sheath is absent below the umbilical cord 4-5 cm, and its concave downward free lower edge is called the arcuate line, also known as the semi-circular line. Below this line, the rear of the rectus abdominus is directly attached to the transverse fascia .

8. The linea alba is located on the midline of the anterior abdominal wall. It is formed by interlacing fibers of the rectus sheath on both sides. It starts from the xiphoid process on the top and ends at the pubic symphysis on the bottom.

9. Upper and lower foramen of piriformis 10. central tendon 11. tendon stroke

9. The superior piriformis foramen is located in the buttocks. Since the piriformis muscle originates from the front of the sacrum, it passes through the greater sciatic foramen horizontally to the buttocks, and divides the greater sciatic foramen into two parts. The upper hole, the superior gluteal nerve and blood vessels pass through the hole. The subpiriformis foramen is located below the lower edge of the piriformis muscle. Inside the foramen, from outside to inside, there are: sciatic nerve, posterior femoral cutaneous nerve, subgluteal nerve, artery and vein, internal pudendal artery, vein and pudendal nerve.

10. The surrounding part of the diaphragm is the muscle belly, and the central part is the aponeurosis called the central tendon, which has the vena cava hiatus through which the inferior vena cava passes.

11. The tendon is composed of 3 to 4 transverse connective tissues that separate the rectus abdominis.

◇Short answer questions

1. Describe the morphological classification of skeletal muscle and the function characteristics and distribution rules of various types of muscle.

1. Skeletal muscle can be divided into long muscle, brevis muscle, platysmus and orbicularis muscle according to its shape. Among them: the long muscle fibers are long and parallel to the long axis of the muscle, and can produce large-scale movements when contracted, and are mostly distributed in the limbs. The brevis muscle fibers are short, the range of motion produced during contraction is small, and they are mostly distributed in the deep layer of the trunk. The shape of the latissimus muscle is flat and wide. In addition to sports, it also participates in the formation of the body wall, and is mostly located in the superficial layer of the trunk. The orbicularis muscle fibers are ring-shaped, mostly located around some holes and fissures, and can close the holes and fissures when contracting.

2. What are the auxiliary devices of the muscles? Where are they located, what are their structural characteristics and functions?

2. Muscle auxiliary devices include superficial fascia, deep fascia, synovial bursa, tendon sheath, etc. The superficial fascia is located under the skin and wraps the whole body. It is composed of loose connective tissue, contains adipose tissue, superficial blood vessels, cutaneous nerves and superficial lymphatic vessels. The superficial fascia protects the deep structures. The deep fascia is located deep to the superficial fascia and is composed of dense connective tissue, which not only covers the whole body, but also penetrates deep into the muscles and muscle groups. In the extremities, the deep fascia inserts between the muscle groups and attaches to the bone, forming the intermuscular compartment. The deep fascia and interseptum divide the surrounding muscles or muscle groups so that they can move independently. The deep fascia also wraps the vascular and nerve bundles to form a vascular and nerve sheath, which has a certain protective effect. Fascial spaces are often formed between different layers of deep fascia, which are loose and easy to separate, and often become the way for infection to spread.

滑液囊为扁平的结缔组织小囊，内含少量滑液，多位于肌腱与骨面之间，可在运动时减少两者之间的摩擦。滑液囊可单独存在或与关节腔交通。腱鞘是包裹在一些长肌腱表面的鞘管，多位于活动较大的部位，由纤维层(腱纤维鞘)和滑膜层(腱滑膜鞘)两部分构成。纤维层在外，由增厚的深筋膜附着于骨面构成，呈管状，对肌腱起约束作用。滑膜层位于纤维层内，呈双层套筒状，外层紧贴纤维层的内面，称为壁层；内层包裹在肌腱的表面，又称脏层，两层互相移行，形成一密闭的滑膜腔，内含滑液，在肌腱运动时可减少其与骨面的摩擦。腱滑膜鞘脏、壁两层的移行处形成腱系膜，有营养腱的血管出入。

3．参加咀嚼运动的肌有哪些?其作用如何?

3．参加咀嚼运动的肌主要有咬肌、颞肌、翼内肌和翼外肌。其中咬肌、颞肌、翼内肌都可上提下颌骨(闭口)，两侧翼外肌收缩可使下颌骨前伸，颞肌后部纤维收缩可拉下颌骨向后，一侧翼外肌收缩，可使下颌骨向对侧侧方运动。此外颊肌也有协助咀嚼的作用。

4．主要的面肌有哪些?各有何作用?

5．试述胸锁乳突肌的位置、起止和作用。

6．试述斜方肌的位置、起止和作用。

4．面肌包括有颅顶肌、眼轮匝肌和口周围肌。颅顶肌即枕额肌，收缩时可提眉并使额部皮肤出现横皱纹。眼轮匝肌收缩时可闭合眼裂。口周围肌包括口轮匝肌和许多辐射状肌，口轮匝肌收缩时可闭合口裂，辐射状肌收缩可提上唇或降下唇，及向各方牵拉口角。

5．胸锁乳突肌位于颈侧部，起自胸骨柄和锁骨内侧端，止于颞骨乳突。一侧肌收缩可使头倾向同侧，脸转向对侧；两侧肌同时收缩可使头后仰。

6．斜方肌位于项部和背上部的浅层，起自枕外隆凸至第12胸椎棘突的背部中线处，止于锁骨外侧段、肩峰和肩胛冈。上部肌束收缩可使肩胛骨上提，下部肌束收缩可使肩胛骨下降，中部或全部肌束收缩可使两侧肩胛骨向脊柱靠近。

7．试述胸大肌的位置、起止和作用。

8．参与呼吸的肌有哪些?各有什么作用?

7．胸大肌位于胸前壁的上部，起于锁骨内侧半、胸骨和上部肋软骨，止于肱骨大结节下部。收缩时可使肩关节内收、旋内和前屈。当上肢固定时，还可引体向上，并可提肋助吸气。

8. The respiratory muscles mainly include the external intercostal muscles, the internal intercostal muscles and the diaphragm. The external intercostal muscles lift the ribs for inhalation, and the internal intercostal muscles lower the ribs for exhalation. The diaphragm is the most important respiratory muscle. When it contracts, the diaphragm vault descends, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity to help inhalation; when it relaxes, the diaphragm vault rises and returns to its original position, and the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases to aid exhalation.

9. Describe the location and shape of the diaphragm.

9. The diaphragm is located between the thoracic and abdominal cavities, forming the floor of the thoracic cavity and the roof of the abdominal cavity. The muscle bundles of the diaphragm originate from the back of the xiphoid process, the lower 6 pairs of ribs and costal cartilages, and the lumbar vertebrae, and all the muscle bundles end at the central central tendon. There are three holes in the diaphragm: ①The aortic hiatus is close to the front of the spine, through which the aorta and thoracic duct pass; ②The esophageal hiatus is located in front of the left front of the aortic hiatus, through which the esophagus and vagus nerve pass; ③The vena cava hiatus is located on the right side of the esophageal hiatus Anteriorly, the inferior vena cava passes through.

10. Describe the composition of the rectus abdominis sheath.

10. The rectus sheath is composed of three layers of platysma aponeurosis on the lateral abdominal wall, divided into anterior and posterior layers: the anterior layer is composed of the external oblique aponeurosis and the anterior layer of the internal oblique aponeurosis; the posterior layer is composed of the internal oblique aponeurosis The posterior layer of the aponeurosis is composed of the transversus abdominis aponeurosis. The anterior and posterior layers are inward and heal at the midline of the abdomen to form a sheath-like structure that wraps the rectus abdominis. Below the navel 4～

5cm

Below the position, the posterior layer of the sheath is completely transferred to the front of the rectus abdominis, and the posterior layer is absent. The free edge of the lower part of the posterior layer is called the arcuate line or the semicircular line, below which the rectus abdominis directly attaches to the transversalis fascia.

11. Describe the location, layer and shape structure of the anterolateral abdominal wall muscles.

11. ① Anterior abdominal wall muscle: mainly a piece of rectus abdominis muscle, which is located on both sides of the midline of the anterior abdominal wall, has 3 to 4 tendon divisions, and the surface of the muscle is wrapped by the rectus abdominis sheath. ② lateral abdominal wall muscles: including the external oblique, internal oblique and transversus abdominis. The external oblique muscle is located in the superficial layer of the lateral abdominal wall, and the muscle fibers are inclined from the upper outside to the lower inside, and most of them migrate to the aponeurosis. The aponeurosis participates in the composition of the front layer of the rectus sheath, the lower edge is curled and thickened, and connects between the anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic tubercle to form the inguinal ligament, and the tendon fibers at the medial end of this ligament turn posteriorly and inferiorly to form the lacuna ligament . Outer and superior to the pubic tubercle, the aponeurosis forms a tear called the subcutaneous ring of the inguinal canal. The internal oblique muscle is located deep to the external oblique muscle, and most of its fibers run from the outside to the inside and up to become the aponeurosis. The aponeurosis is divided into two layers at the outer edge of the rectus abdominis, participating in the front and back of the rectus sheath respectively. layer composition. The transversus abdominis is located deep to the internal oblique muscle, and the muscle fibers run transversely inward and migrate into the aponeurosis, which participates in the composition of the posterior layer of the rectus sheath. The inferomedial portion of the internal oblique aponeurosis meets the lower portion of the transversus aponeurosis to form the inguinal falx, also known as the syndesmotic tendon. A small amount of muscle fibers at the lower edge of the internal oblique and transversus abdominis wrap around the spermatic cord and enter the scrotum to form the cremaster muscle.

12. Describe the location, four walls and two openings of the inguinal canal.

12．腹股沟管位于腹股沟韧带内侧半的上方，为腹前壁下部肌和腱膜之间的一潜在性裂隙，全长4～ 5cm

。管有四个壁和两个口：上壁为腹内斜肌和腹横肌的弓状下缘；下壁为腹股沟韧带；前壁是腹外斜肌腱膜；后壁则为腹横筋膜和腹股沟镰；内口又称腹股沟管腹环或深环，为腹横筋膜向外的突口，约在腹股沟韧带中点上方

1.5cm 处；外口称腹股沟管皮下环或浅环，为腹外斜肌腱膜的裂孔，位于耻骨结节的外上方。

13．试述三角肌的位置、起止及作用。

14．试述肱二头肌的位置、起止和作用。

15．试述肱三头肌的位置、起止和作用。

13．三角肌位于肩部，起于锁骨外侧段、肩峰和肩胛冈，止于肱骨的三角肌粗隆。三角肌的主要作用是使肩关节外展，其中前部纤维收缩还可使肩关节前屈和旋内，后部纤维收缩可使肩关节后伸和旋外。

14．肱二头肌位于臂肌前群的浅层，起端有两个头，长头起自肩胛骨关节盂的上方，短头起自肩胛骨的喙突，两头合并成肌腹，经肘关节前方下行，止于桡骨粗隆。收缩时可屈肘关节和肩关节，当前臂旋前时，可使其旋后。

15．肱三头肌属于臂肌的后群，位于肱骨的后面。起端有三个头，长头起自肩胛骨关节盂的下方，外侧头、内侧头均起自肱骨的背面，三头会合成肌腹，经肘关节的后方，止于尺骨鹰嘴。收缩时可伸肘关节和肩关节。

16．试述运动肩关节的肌有哪些?

17．使肘关节屈、伸和前臂旋前、旋后的肌各有哪些?

16．运动肩关节的肌

①屈：胸大肌、三角肌前部肌束、肱二头肌、喙肱肌。②伸：背阔肌、三角肌后部肌束、大圆肌和肱三头肌长头。③外展：三角肌、冈上肌。④内收：胸大肌、背阔肌、大圆肌和肱三头肌长头。⑤旋内：肩胛下肌、胸大肌、背阔肌、大圆肌和三角肌前部肌束。⑥旋外：冈下肌、小圆肌和三角肌后部肌束。

17．使肘关节运动和前臂旋前、旋后的肌

①屈：肱二头肌、肱肌、肱桡肌。②伸：主要是肱三头肌。③旋前：旋前圆肌、旋前方肌。④旋后：旋后肌和肱二头肌。

18．试述髂腰肌的起止及作用。

19．试述臀大肌的位置、起止和作用。

20．试述运动髋关节的肌有哪些?

22．试述小腿三头肌的位置、起止和作用。

twenty three. Which muscles flex, extend, internally and externally rotate the knee joint?

18. The iliopsoas muscle includes the iliacus muscle and the psoas major muscle, which start from the iliac fossa and the lumbar spine respectively. After the two parts meet, they go down through the deep side of the inguinal ligament and in front of the hip joint, and end at the lesser trochanter of the femur. Joint flexion and external rotation, when the lower limbs are fixed, the trunk and pelvis can also be flexed forward.

19. The gluteus maximus is located in the superficial layer of the buttocks. It starts from the outer surface of the iliac crest and the back of the sacrum, passes through the back of the hip joint, and inserts into the gluteal tuberosity of the femur. When it contracts, it can extend and externally rotate the hip joint.

20. Muscles that move the hip joint

① Flexors: iliopsoas, tensor fascia lata, sartorius, rectus femoris. ②Extension: gluteus maximus, biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus. ③Abduction: gluteus medius, gluteus minimus. ④Adduction: adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, pectineus, gracilis. ⑤ internal rotation: gluteus medius and gluteus minimus (anterior muscle bundle). ⑥ External rotation: iliopsoas, gluteus maximus, gluteus medius and gluteus minimus (rear muscle bundle), piriformis, vastus medialis.

twenty two. The triceps calf is located at the back of the calf and consists of the superficial gastrocnemius and the deep soleus. The two heads of the gastrocnemius originate from the medial and lateral condyles of the femur, and the soleus originates from the back of the upper ends of the tibia and fibula. After the three heads meet, they migrate to become the Achilles tendon and insert on the calcaneal tubercle. When contracted, it plantarflexes the ankle, and the gastrocnemius also flexes the knee.

twenty three. muscles of the knee joint

① Flexors: biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, sartorius and gastrocnemius. ②Extension: quadriceps. ③ External rotation: biceps femoris. ④ Internal rotation: semitendinosus, semimembranosus.

"Human Anatomy" Chapter 3 Respiratory System 【Exercise Questions】

◇A1-type questions

1. E belongs to the lower respiratory tract

A．Oral b. nose C．Pharynx D．Throat E．trachea

2. D is not involved in the formation of the nasal septum

A．Nasal septal cartilage b. Vertical plate of ethmoid bone C. Vomer bone D．nasal bone e. mucous membrane

3. The most common site for epistaxis is E

A．The roof of the nasal cavity b. Back of the nasal cavity C. The outer wall of the nasal cavity D. Posterior superior part of nasal septum E. anterior lower part of nasal septum

4. The one that does not open into the middle nasal passage is E

A．frontal sinus b. maxillary sinus c. Preethmoid small chamber D. Small chambers in the ethmoid sinus E. sphenoid sinus

5. C that opens into the upper nasal passage

A．Preethmoid small chamber B. Small chambers in the ethmoid sinus C. Retroethmoid small chamber D. Frontal sinus E. maxillary sinus

6. The sphenoid sinus opens at D

A．Upper nasal passage B. Middle nasal passage C. Lower nasal passage D. Sphenoid ethmoid crypt E. nasal septum

7. Adult larynx between B

A．Between the 2nd and 5th cervical vertebrae B. Between the 3rd and 6th cervical vertebrae C. Between the 2nd and 7th cervical vertebrae D. Between the 3rd and 6th thoracic vertebrae E. Between the 3rd and 7th thoracic vertebrae

8. The paired laryngeal cartilages are D

A．Thyroid cartilage b. cricoid cartilage C. Epiglottis cartilage D. arytenoid cartilage E. Tracheal cartilage

9. The cartilage that forms the Adam's apple is A

A．Thyroid cartilage b. cricoid cartilage C. Epiglottis cartilage D. arytenoid cartilage E. Tracheal cartilage

10. The only complete ring of cartilage in the airways is the B

A．Thyroid cartilage b. cricoid cartilage C. Epiglottis cartilage D. arytenoid cartilage E. Tracheal cartilage

11. The narrowest part of the airway is the E

A．nostril b. Posterior nostril C. Throat D．Vestibular fissure E. glottic cleft

12. The part that is prone to edema during laryngitis is E

A．Throat mucosa B. Laryngeal vestibular mucosa C. Laryngeal middle cavity mucosa D. Laryngeal mucosa E. subglottic mucosa

13. Regarding the trachea, the error is A

A．Thyroid cartilage attached to trachea B. The trachea is in front of the esophagus C. The trachea divides into left and right main bronchi at the plane of the sternal angle

D．The tracheal cartilage is "C" shaped E. The tracheal carina is located on the inner surface of the tracheal bifurcation

14. False about the right main bronchus is D

A．Perpendicular to the left main bronchus B. Shorter than the left main bronchus C. Thicker than the left main bronchus D. Divides into two lobes of bronchi at the hilum E. Most foreign bodies in the trachea fall into the right main bronchus

15. What does not participate in the formation of the lung root is C

A．Pulmonary artery b. pulmonary veins c. Lobar bronchi D. nerve E．lymphatic vessel

16. Regarding the description of the lungs, the incorrect one is A

A．In the pleural cavity B. Conical in shape C. The left lung is narrow and long, and the right lung is wide and short D. The left lung is divided into upper and lower lobes E. The right lung is divided into upper, middle and lower lobes

17. The pleural cavity is located at E

A．Between the chest wall and the diaphragm B. Between the pleura and the lungs C. Between the chest wall and the mediastinum D. Between costopleura and mediastinal pleura E. between parietal pleura and visceral pleura

18. Regarding the pleural cavity, the correct answer is E

A．The pleural cavity is located in the chest cavity B. One on the left and one on the right of the pleural cavity C. There is a small amount of serous fluid in the pleural cavity D. Negative pressure in the pleural cavity E. All of the above are correct

19. The costophrenic recess is located in the B

A．Between costopleura and mediastinal pleura B. Between costopleura and diaphragmatic pleura C. Between the costal pleura and the roof of the pleura D. Between parietal pleura and visceral pleura E. between chest wall and mediastinum

20. In the mediastinal realm, the error is A

A．Anteriorly bounded by ribs B. Posteriorly bounded by the thoracic spine C. Up to the upper thorax D. down to the diaphragm E. mediastinal pleura

◇Type B1 questions

(Questions 1 to 3 share alternative answers)

A．Upper nasal passage B. Middle nasal passage C. Lower nasal passage D. Nasal space E. ethmoid crypt

1. The small chamber of the retroethmoid sinus opens at A

2. The frontal sinus opens at B

3. Nasolacrimal duct opens at C

(Questions 4 to 6 share alternative answers)

A．The upper mouth of the larynx B. Between the vestibular folds C. Between the vocal folds D. Between the vestibular and vocal folds on each side E. subglottic cavity

4. The vestibular fissure is located at B

5. glottic cleft at C

6. The throat chamber is located at D

Questions 7 to 9 share alternative answers)

A．环甲关节 B．环杓关节 C．弹性圆锥 D．甲状舌骨膜 E．环气管韧带

7．环状软骨、甲状软骨之间的连结是 A

8．环状软骨、杓状软骨之间的连结是 B

9．环状软骨、甲状软骨、杓状软骨之间的连结是 C

（10～12题共用备选答案）

A．第3颈椎下缘平面 B．第6颈椎下缘平面 C．颈静脉切迹平面 D．胸骨角平面 E．第6胸椎平面

10．气管起始处位于 B

11．气管分杈处位于 D

12．上、下纵隔分界处位于 D

（13～15题共用备选答案）

A．胸膜顶 B．肋胸膜 C．膈胸膜 D．纵隔 E．肋膈隐窝

13．高出锁骨内侧1/3上方2～ 3cm 的是 A

14．两侧纵隔胸膜之间所有的结构总称 D

15．胸膜腔的最低部位是 E

◇X型题

1．上呼吸道包括ABC

A．鼻 B．咽 C．喉 D．气管 E．主支气管

2．开口于中鼻道的有ABCD

A．上颌窦 B．额窦 C．筛窦前群小房 D．筛窦中群小房 E．筛窦后群小房

3．喉黏膜形成的结构是CE

A．会厌 B．弹性圆锥 C．前庭襞 D．声韧带 E．声襞

4．关于声门裂的描述，正确的是CE

A．位于喉口 B．介于两侧前庭襞之间 C．介于两侧声襞之间 D．介于两侧喉室之间

E．是喉腔中最狭窄的部位

5．关于气管的叙述，正确的是ABCDE

A．上接环状软骨 B．位于食管前方 C．可分为颈部、胸部两部分

D．甲状腺峡部位于第2～4气管软骨前方 E．气管切开术常在第3～5气管软骨处进行

6．关于肺，正确的描述是AC

A．肺尖突至颈根部 B．肺底中部有肺门 C．肺借肺根连于纵隔 D．左肺有斜裂和水平裂 E．右肺有斜裂

7．壁胸膜包括BCDE

A．肺胸膜 B．肋胸膜 C．膈胸膜 D．纵隔胸膜 E．胸膜顶

8．肋膈隐窝ABDE

A．是胸膜腔的一部分 B．左、右各一 C．相互连通 D．位于肋胸膜和膈胸膜相互移行处 E．深吸气时肺下缘不能伸入其内

9．胸膜前界的体表投影ABCDE

A．胸膜前界是肋胸膜和纵隔胸膜前缘之间的返折线 B．起自锁骨内侧1/3上方2～ 3cm 处 C．行经胸锁关节后方 D．右侧至第六胸肋关节 E．左侧至第六肋软骨

10．纵隔内的结构包括BCE A．喉 B．气管 C．食管 D．肺 E．心

◇名词解释

1．上呼吸道  2．鼻中隔  3．弹性圆锥  4．声带  5．喉中间腔

1．临床上常把鼻、咽、喉3部分称上呼吸道。

2．鼻中隔为鼻腔内侧壁，由筛骨垂直板、犁骨、鼻中隔软骨及被覆的黏膜构成。

3．弹性圆锥为圆锥形的弹性纤维膜，下缘附着于环状软骨弓上缘，上缘游离，张于甲状软骨前角后面和杓状软骨声带突之间，称声韧带，是发声的主要结构。

4．声带由声襞及其覆盖的声韧带和声带肌构成。

5．喉腔中位于前庭裂平面和声门裂平面之间的部分称喉中间腔。

6．气管杈  7．气管隆嵴  8．肺门 9．肺根  10．支气管树

6．气管向下至胸骨角平面分为左、右主支气管，分杈处称气管杈。

7．气管杈内面有一向上突的半月形纵嵴，称气管隆嵴，是支气管镜检查的定位标志。

8．肺的内侧面（纵隔面）中部凹陷，称肺门，是主支气管、肺动脉、肺静脉、淋巴管及神经等出入肺的部位。

9．出入肺门的主支气管、肺动脉、肺静脉、淋巴管及神经等结构，由结缔组织包绕形成肺根。

10．左、右主支气管在肺门处分为肺叶支气管，肺叶支气管入肺叶再分为肺段支气管，肺段支气管再反复分支，呈树枝状，称支气管树。

11．支气管肺段  12．胸膜  13．胸腔  14．胸膜顶  15．肋膈隐窝

11．每一肺段支气管及其分支和所属的肺组织称为支气管肺段，简称肺段。

12．胸膜是衬覆于胸壁内面和肺表面的一层浆膜，薄而光滑，可分脏、壁两层。

13．胸腔由胸廓和膈围成，向上经胸廓上口与颈部连通，向下借膈与腹腔分隔。

14．胸膜顶又称颈胸膜，指壁胸膜中突出于胸廓上口平面以上，呈穹窿状覆盖肺尖上方的部分。胸膜顶伸向颈根部，高出锁骨内侧1/3上方2～ 3cm 。

15．肋膈隐窝位于肋胸膜与膈胸膜相互移行处，呈半环形，是胸膜腔的最低部位，胸膜腔积液时首先积存于此。

◇简答题

1．简述呼吸系统的组成和功能。 2．鼻腔黏膜的分部和特点。 3．试述喉的位置。 4．简述喉腔的分布和结构。 5．简述左右主支气管的特点及临床意义。 6．试述肺的位置、形态和分叶。 7．胸腔与胸膜腔之间有什么不同。 8．简述胸膜的分部。 9．简述肺和胸膜下界的体表投影。 10．何为纵隔，分部如何？

◇名词解释

◇简答题

1．呼吸系统由呼吸道和肺两部分组成。呼吸道是输送气体的管道，包括鼻、咽、喉、气管及各级支气管。肺是进行气体交换的器官，主要由肺内各级支气管和肺泡等构成。呼吸系统的功能主要是进行气体交换，即从外界吸入氧，呼出二氧化碳，鼻还有嗅觉功能，喉还有发音的功能。

2．鼻腔黏膜可分为嗅区和呼吸区两部分。嗅区位于上鼻甲内侧面以及与其相对的鼻中隔部，活体呈苍白色或淡黄色，黏膜内有感受嗅觉刺激的嗅细胞。呼吸区为鼻腔黏膜除嗅区以外的部分，正常情况下呈红色，黏膜内具有丰富的血管、黏液腺和纤毛，对吸入的空气有加温、湿润以及净化作用。

3．喉位于颈前部中份，前方为皮肤、筋膜和舌骨下肌群，后为咽，两侧是颈部大血管、神经和甲状腺侧叶，向上开口于咽的喉部，向下与气管相续。成年人的喉介于第3～6颈椎之间，女性和小儿者稍高。喉借韧带和肌肉连于舌骨和胸骨，可随吞咽和发音而上下移动。

4．喉腔上经喉口与喉咽相通，下通气管。喉口朝向后上方，由会厌上缘、杓状会厌襞和杓间切迹围成。在喉腔内面侧壁上有上、下两对黏膜皱襞突入喉腔，上方一对称前庭襞，两者之间的裂隙称前庭裂；下方一对称声襞，其较前庭襞更突向喉腔，位于两侧声襞之间的裂隙称声门裂。声门裂是喉腔中最狭窄的部位。声带由声襞及其覆盖的声韧带和声带肌构成。

喉腔借前庭襞和声襞分为3部分：①喉前庭介于喉口至前庭裂平面之间。②喉中间腔位于前庭裂平面和声门裂平面之间，其向两侧延伸至前庭襞和声襞之间的梭形隐窝称喉室。③声门下腔为声门裂平面向下至环状软骨下缘的部分，此区黏膜下组织较为疏松，炎症时易水肿。婴幼儿喉腔较窄小，水肿时容易引起喉阻塞，导致呼吸困难。

5．左主支气管较长较细，走向较为水平，右主支气管较短较粗，走向较为垂直。临床上支气管异物以右侧者多见。

6．肺位于胸腔内，膈的上方，左右两肺分居纵隔两侧。肺形似圆锥形，有一尖一底，两面和三缘。肺尖圆钝，经胸廓上口突至颈根部，高出锁骨内侧1/3上方2～

3cm

. The lung base is opposite to the diaphragm, also known as the diaphragm surface, which is slightly concave upward. The outer surface (costal surface) is larger and rounded, close to the ribs and intercostal muscles; the inner surface (mediastinal surface) is opposite to the mediastinum. The depression in the middle of the mediastinal surface is called the hilum, which is the part where the main bronchus, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, lymphatic vessels and nerves enter and exit the lung. The structure that enters and exits the hilum is surrounded by connective tissue and is called the lung root. The anterior edge of the lung is sharp, the anterior edge of the right lung is nearly vertical, and there is a notch on the lower part of the anterior edge of the left lung, and the protrusion below the notch is called the left lung uvula. The lower edge of the lung is also sharper, and its position can move up and down with breathing. The posterior edge of the lungs is blunt and close to the spine. The left lung is divided into upper and lower lobes by the oblique fissure; the right lung has a horizontal fissure in addition to the oblique fissure, so the right lung is divided into upper, middle and lower lobes.

7. The thoracic cavity is surrounded by the thorax and the diaphragm. It communicates with the neck through the upper opening of the thorax upwards and separates it from the abdominal cavity downwards through the diaphragm. The contents of the thoracic cavity can be divided into the pleural cavity and lungs on the left and right sides, and the mediastinum in the middle. The pleural cavity is the serous cavity formed by the continuation of visceral pleura and parietal pleura at the root of the lung. There is one on the left and one on the right of the pleural cavity, which are not connected to each other. There is a negative pressure in the cavity, and there is a small amount of serous fluid, which has a lubricating effect and is conducive to breathing. Due to the negative pressure in the pleural cavity, the visceral and parietal pleura are attached to each other, so the pleural cavity is actually two potential cavities.

8. The pleura is a layer of serosa lining the inner surface of the chest wall and the surface of the lungs. It is thin and smooth and can be divided into visceral and wall layers. The visceral pleura covers the surface of the lungs, also known as the visceral pleura, which is close to the lungs and not easy to separate, and extends into the interlobular fissures. The parietal pleura is attached to the inner surface of the chest wall, the upper surface of the diaphragm, and both sides of the mediastinum, and is also called the parietal pleura. According to the different attachment parts of the parietal pleura, it can be divided into 4 parts that migrate each other: costal pleura, diaphragmatic pleura, mediastinal pleura, and pleural roof.

9. The inferior border of the pleura is the reflex line between the costal and diaphragmatic pleura. The right side starts from the back of the sixth sternocostal joint, the left side starts from the back of the sixth costal cartilage, both sides go outward and downward, intersects the 8th rib at the midclavicular line, intersects with the 10th rib at the midaxillary line, and intersects with the scapular line It intersects with the 11th rib and terminates at the level of the spinous process of the 12th thoracic vertebra. The lower border of the lung is about two ribs higher than the lower border of the pleura, that is, it meets the 6th rib at the midclavicular line, the 8th rib at the midaxillary line, the 10th rib at the scapular line, and finally the spinous process of the 10th thoracic vertebra at the side of the spine .

10. The mediastinum is the general term for all the organs, structures, and connective tissues between the left and right mediastinal pleura. It is bounded anteriorly by the sternum, posteriorly by the thoracic spine, on both sides by the mediastinal pleura, up to the upper thoracic opening, down to the diaphragm. Usually, the mediastinum is divided into upper mediastinum and lower mediastinum from the sternal angle to the lower border of the fourth thoracic vertebra. The lower mediastinum is further divided into three parts: the anterior mediastinum, the middle mediastinum, and the posterior mediastinum.

"Human Anatomy" Chapter 4 Vascular System

1. Heart and arteries [practice questions]

◇A1-type questions

1. blood circulation

A．The great circulation begins in the right ventricle b. The small circulation starts from the left ventricle C. Arterial blood flows in the large circulation

D．Arterial blood flows in the small circulation E. The main function of the small circulation is to convert venous blood into arterial blood

2. Heart

A．The left and right halves of the heart are connected to each other B. The left half of the heart contains venous blood C. The right side of the heart contains arterial blood D. Systemic circulation originates from the right hemicardium E. arterial heart

3. D belongs to the terminal artery

A．maxillary artery b. Middle meningeal artery C. superior rectal artery d. Central retinal artery E. superficial carotid artery

4. ligament arteriosus B

A．Located at the root of the pulmonary artery b. Connected to the left of the bifurcation of the left and right pulmonary arteries C. Connected to the right of the bifurcation of the left and right pulmonary arteries D. Is the channel between the pulmonary trunk and the aorta E. embryonic stage formed

5. Left common carotid artery B

A．Is a branch of the brachiocephalic trunk B. Is a first-order branch of the aorta C. Emanates from the concave side of the aortic arch D. Go outside the carotid sheath E. carotid sinus

6. The middle meningeal artery is B

A．First-order branches of the external carotid artery B. Branches of the maxillary artery C. Branches of the vertebral artery D. Branches of the internal carotid artery E. branch of middle cerebral artery

7. Right subclavian artery B

A．From the aortic arch B. From the cephalic trunk C. Runs in front of the anterior scalene D. Outgoing superior thyroid artery E. The hemostatic point of this artery is the midpoint of the clavicle

8. Palm Shallow Bow

A．On the superficial surface of the dupuytren's membrane B. Deep to the palmar fascia C. Consists of terminal radial artery and superficial palmar branch of ulnar artery D. Outgoing palmar artery E. Located about 2cm proximal to the deep arch of the palm

9. The fossa ovalis is located at D

A．On the posterior wall of the left atrium B. On the posterior wall of the right ventricle C. On the anterior wall of the right atrium D. On the interatrial septum of the right atrium E. right ventricular septum

10. Apex towards D

A．left front b. left C．lower left D．Lower left front E. on the right

11. The left atrium has B

A．Pulmonary artery b. 4 pulmonary vein ostia C. 2 pulmonary vein ostia D. Coronary sinus ostium E. superior vena cava ostium

12. The ostium of the coronary sinus is located at B

A．Between the inferior vena cava ostium and the right atrial appendage B. Between the inferior vena cava ostium and the right atrioventricular orifice C. Between the superior vena cava ostium and the right atrioventricular orifice D. Between the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava E. Between the ostium of the superior vena cava and the crista

13. The sinus node is located in A

A．Subepicardial near the ostium of the superior vena cava B. Subendocardium near the ostium of the superior vena cava C. Subepicardial near the ostium of the inferior vena cava D. Subendocardium near the inferior vena cava ostium E. Subintima near the ostium of the coronary sinus

14. Atrioventricular bundle B

A．Between the sinoatrial node and the atrioventricular node B. From the atrioventricular node C. From the sinoatrial node D. Forefoot and hindfoot

E．Directly attached to the Purinoy fiber

15. Aortic arch A

A．Continuing from the ascending aorta, bowing to the left rear B. There are 4 major branches on the convex side C. From the left ventricle, arched to the left rear D. There are 3 major branches on the concave side E. Outgoing left and right coronary arteries

16. External carotid artery B

A．Outgoing inferior thyroid artery B. Outgoing superior thyroid artery C. Outgoing vertebral artery D. No branches in the neck E. subclavian artery

17. subclavian artery D.

A．Dry from the head wall on the left side B. From the right side of the aortic arch C. Continuation into the brachial artery D. Outgoing vertebral artery E. lateral thoracic artery

18. Renal artery C.

A．The left side is longer than the right side B. From the abdominal aorta at the height of the 4th lumbar vertebra C. The left side is shorter than the right D. The starting point on the right side is slightly higher than the left side E. middle adrenal artery

19. The celiac trunk emits A

A．left gastric artery b. Left gastroepiploic artery C. Right gastric artery d. Right gastroepiploic artery E. proper hepatic artery

20. The arteries that directly distribute to the stomach have C

A．splenic artery b. Common hepatic artery C. short gastric artery d. Gastroduodenal artery E. cystic artery

twenty one. Splenic artery C.

A．From the abdominal aorta B. From the common hepatic artery C. Has branches to the stomach D. No branching to pancreas E. right gastroepiploic artery

twenty two. superior mesenteric artery B

A．Enter the mesenteric root of the sigmoid colon B. Enter the root of the mesentery C. are paired arteries D. Emerges from the sigmoid artery E. from celiac trunk

twenty three. Appendiceal artery arises directly from D

A．Right colic artery b. Superior mesenteric artery C. inferior mesenteric artery d. Ileocolic artery E. sigmoid artery

twenty four. inferior mesenteric artery C

A．Enter the root of the small intestine B. From the superior mesenteric artery C. Continuing down to the superior rectal artery D. Nutrition transverse colon E. from celiac trunk

25．Uterine artery A

A．Enters between the two layers of the broad ligament of the uterus B. Passes behind the ureter C. From the external iliac artery D. Passes below the ureter E. inferior mesenteric artery

26．Superior Mesenteric Artery D

A．rectumB．anal canal c. descending colonD. Transverse colon E. Sigmoid colon

27．The middle colic artery is located in B

A．In the lesser omentum B. In the mesentery C. In the mesentery D. In the greater omentum E. In the sigmoid mesentery

28．The terminal branch of the external carotid artery is A

A．maxillary artery b. Superior thyroid artery C. Facial arteryD. Lingual arteryE. middle meningeal artery

29．Structures not belonging to the right atrium are C

A．Superior vena cava B. Fossa ovalis C. pulmonary vein d. Pectinate muscle E. coronary sinus ostium

30．Sigmoid artery arises from D

A．Celiac dry b. Abdominal aortaC. superior mesenteric artery d. Inferior mesenteric artery E. Internal iliac artery

31．Inferior mesenteric artery nutrition D

A．CecumB．Empty, ileum C. Ascending colonD. Descending colon E. appendix

◇Type B1 questions

(Questions 1 to 4 share alternative answers) A. Coronary ostia B. pulmonary vein c. Meat column at the border D. Boundary crest E. aortic vestibule

1. The one that opens into the left atrium is B

2. The left ventricular outflow tract is E

3. Opens into the right atrium is A

4. Located in the right ventricle is C

(5 to 10 questions share alternative answers) A. Superior mesenteric artery B. Celiac dry C. common hepatic artery d. Gastroduodenal artery E. splenic artery

5. The inferior duodenal artery arises from A

6. Short gastric artery arises from E

7. Right gastroepiploic artery arises from D

8. The proper hepatic artery arises from C

9. Left gastric artery arises from B

10. Ileocolic artery arises from A

◇X type question

1. The correct statement about the large cycle and small cycle is CD

A．The blood in the general circulation is distributed to all parts of the body B. The arteries contain arterial blood C. Blood in the general circulation is ejected from the left ventricle D. The large and small circulations are continuous through the left and right atrioventricular orifices E. are two completely separate systems

2. The structures involved in the prevention of blood reflux in the heart chambers are ABC

A．mitral valve b. Tricuspid C. Chordae D. Meat column E．supraventricular crest

3. ventricular septal ACD

A．Consists of membranous and muscular parts B. All are composed of muscle components C. The membranous part is the predilection site of ventricular septal defect D. The membrane part is located in the upper part E. Muscle is on top

4. Cardiac conduction system including ACD

A．Atrioventricular node B. Coronary sinusC. Sinus nodeD. Atrioventricular bundle E. septal meat column

5. Palm deep bow ABDE

A．The palmar artery arises from the convex side of the arch B. The end of the radial artery participates in the formation of C. The terminal part of the ulnar artery participates in the formation of D. Deep to the flexor tendon E. proximal to the superficial palmar arch

6. The arteries that nourish the adrenal glands originate from the ABC

A．abdominal aorta b. inferior phrenic artery C. renal artery d. Lumbar arteryE. celiac trunk

7. The direct branch of abdominal aorta is CDE

A．Short gastric artery b. Left gastric artery C. Middle adrenal artery D. Lumbar arteryE. renal artery

8. The uterine artery is distributed in ABC

A．UterusB．Fallopian tubes C. ovaryD．Perineum E．rectum

9. Heart BC

A．Located in the anterior mediastinum B. Located in the middle mediastinum C. About 2/3 is on the left side of the midline D. About 1/2 is on the left side of the midline E. All located to the left of the midline

10. Left coronary artery nutrition ABCE

A．Anterior wall of the right ventricle B. left atrium C. Anterior wall of the left ventricle D. 1/3 behind the interventricular septum E. left ventricle posterior wall

11. The venous return pathway of the heart has ABC

A．Flows directly into the right atrium b. Flows directly into each heart C. Drains into the right atrium through the coronary sinus. Drains into the right atrium through the superior vena cava E. Inferior vena cava into right atrium

12. aortic arch BCDE

A．Pass below the bifurcation of the trachea B. Across the superior part of the left main bronchus C. Baroreceptors in the wall D. Intramural chemoreceptors E. left common carotid artery

13. Common carotid artery ABC

A．From the left side of the aortic arch B. The right side originates from the brachiocephalic trunk C. Divided into two terminal branches of internal carotid artery and external carotid artery D. The right side originates from the aortic arch E. From the left side of the head and arm

14. External carotid artery sends out branch nutrition ACDE

A．Tongue B．eyeball c. eyelidD．Parotid gland E. tooth

15. Subclavian artery CE

A．From the right side of the aortic arch B. From the left side of the trunk C. Pass through the scalene gap D. Does not pass through the scalene gap E. Outgoing vertebral artery

16. serous pericardium BCE

A．Is the outer layer of the pericardium B. Is the inner layer of the pericardium C. Between the visceral and parietal layers is the pericardial cavity D. There is a pericardial cavity between the fibrous pericardium E. visceral layer and wall layer

17. ACD from the celiac trunk

A．left gastric artery b. Renal arteryC. common hepatic artery d. Splenic arteryE. right gastric artery

18. The arteries that nourish the lower gastrointestinal tract can be derived from BCDE

A．Celiac dry b. Inferior mesenteric artery C. superior mesenteric artery d. Internal iliac artery E. ileocolic artery

19. Arteries distributed in the upper gastrointestinal tract come from ABCD

A．splenic artery b. Celiac dry C. superior mesenteric artery d. Proper hepatic artery E. inferior mesenteric artery

20. The arteries distributed in the adrenal glands are derived from the BDE respectively

A．Celiac dry b. Renal arteryC. splenic artery d. inferior phrenic artery E. abdominal aorta

twenty one. The arteries in the rectum and anal canal come from the BCE respectively

A．External iliac artery b. Inferior mesenteric artery C. Internal iliac artery d. Superior mesenteric artery E. internal pudendal artery

twenty two. Pericardium ABDE

A．The inner layer is serous pericardium B. The outer layer is fibrous pericardium C. epicardium

D．The visceral layer of the serous pericardium is also called the epicardium E. Between the serous pericardium and the parietal layer is the pericardial cavity

twenty three. Structures ABCD only visible in the right ventricle

A．tricuspid valve b. supraventricular crest C. Meat column D．Flesh column at the margin E. anterior septum

◇Explanation of terms

1. Artery 2. vein 3. blood circulation 4．Temperance belt (separate meat column) 5．Ligamentum arteriosus (ductal cord)

1. The blood vessels that draw blood from the heart are called arteries.

2. The blood vessels that bring blood back to the heart are called veins.

3. The heart contracts and contracts rhythmically, pumping blood into the arteries. The blood is finally distributed to various tissues of the body through capillaries, where it exchanges gases and substances with cells and tissues, and then returns to the heart through veins. Such circulation is not only called blood circulation.

4. The band of moderation (column of septum) connects the interventricular septum to the fascicle at the base of the anterior papillary muscle in the right ventricle. The fibers of the right bundle branch pass through it.

5. On the left side of the bifurcation of the pulmonary trunk into the left and right pulmonary arteries, there is a short connective tissue cord connecting the aortic arch, which is called the arterial ligament. Is the formation of ductus arteriosus atresia during the embryonic period.

6. Transverse pericardial sinus 7. Pericardial oblique sinus 8. systemic circulation

6. The visceral layer of the serosal pericardium surrounds the ascending aorta and the pulmonary artery trunk, leaving a gap between its rear and the anterior wall of the left atrium and the superior vena cava, called the transverse pericardial sinus.

7. There is a cavity between the posterior wall of the left atrium and the posterior pericardial wall, which is bounded on both sides by the left pulmonary vein, right pulmonary vein, and inferior vena cava, called the oblique pericardial sinus.

8. The arterial blood with high oxygen content in the systemic circulation flows from the left ventricle into the aorta, and then reaches the capillaries of the whole body along various branches. The veins and inferior vena cava return to the right ventricle, and this circulation route is called the systemic circulation.

9. Pulmonary circulation 10. Carotid sinus 11. Palm shallow bow 12. Palm deep bow 13. carotid glomerulus

9. Venous blood in the pulmonary circulation enters the pulmonary artery from the right ventricle, passes through various branches of the pulmonary artery, and after gas exchange, arterial blood rich in oxygen flows back to the left atrium through the pulmonary vein. This circulation pathway is called the pulmonary circulation.

10. The carotid sinus is the enlarged portion at the end of the common carotid artery and the beginning of the internal carotid artery, with baroreceptors in its wall.

11. The superficial palmar arch is formed by the anastomosis of the end of the ulnar artery and the superficial palmar branch of the radial artery. It is located on the deep surface of the palmar membrane. The most convex part of the arch does not exceed the second palmar crease, and branches from the arch nourish the 2nd to 5th fingers.

12. The deep palmar arch is composed of the end of the radial artery and the deep palmar branch of the ulnar artery. It is located deep to the flexor tendon, and branches from the arch nourish the 2nd to 5th fingers.

13. The carotid glomerulus is located behind the bifurcation of the internal carotid artery and the external carotid artery.

◇Short answer questions

1. What are the parts of the right ventricle? Describe its location and its entrance and exit. 2. What are the main structures of the right atrium? 3. What are the main structures of the right ventricle? 4. Where are the sinoatrial node and the atrioventricular node located? 5. How many ways does the venous blood of the heart return to the heart? What are the main branches of the coronary sinus?

◇Short answer questions

1. The right ventricle is divided into the outflow tract (conus pulmonary artery) by the supraventricular crest, the outlet is the pulmonary artery ostium and the inflow tract (the rest), and the entrance is the right atrioventricular orifice.

2. The main structures of the right atrium are: an ear (right atrial appendage), a muscle (comb muscle), a crest (crista border), a fossa (fossa ovalis) and four ostia (coronary sinus ostium, superior vena cava ostium, inferior vena cava and right atrioventricular orifice).

3. The main structures of the right ventricle are: a crest (supraventricular crest), a cone (conus arteriosus), a cord (chordae), two orifices (right atrioventricular orifice and pulmonary artery ostium), and two valves (tricuspid valve, pulmonary valve) , Three muscles (papillary muscle, muscle column and septum muscle column).

4. The sinoatrial node is located near the front of the superior vena cava ostium, subepicardial at the upper end of the sulcus. The atrioventricular node is located on the right side of the lower part of the atrial septum, subendocardially anterior and superior to the ostium of the coronary sinus.

5. The venous blood of the heart returns to the heart from the coronary sinus, the anterior cardiac vein, and the smallest cardiac vein. The main branches of the coronary sinus are the great cardiac vein, cardiac vein, and small cardiac vein.

6. What are the divisions of the aorta? How many branches are there in the ascending aorta? What are the two parts of the descending aorta? 7. Briefly describe the locations and functions of chemoreceptors and baroreceptors. 8. What are the parietal and visceral branches of the abdominal aorta? 9. What are the great blood vessels that enter and exit the heart? 10. What structures are visible in the left ventricular cavity?

6. The aorta can be divided into ascending aorta, aortic arch and descending aorta. The ascending aorta branches into left and right coronary arteries. The descending aorta is further divided into the thoracic and abdominal aorta.

7. Chemoreceptors sense changes in oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations in the blood, and exist in the aortic glomerulus below the concave side of the aortic arch and in the carotid glomerulus behind the bifurcation of the internal and external carotid arteries; baroreceptors sense changes in blood pressure, and exist in the aortic arch Intramural and carotid sinus within the wall of the enlarged portion of the vessel at the end of the common carotid artery or at the origin of the internal carotid artery.

8. The main mural branches of the abdominal aorta are the inferior phrenic artery and the lumbar artery. Paired visceral branches include the middle adrenal artery, renal artery, and testicular artery (ovarian artery); unpaired visceral branches include the celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, and inferior mesenteric artery.

9. The great blood vessels entering and exiting the bottom of the heart include superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, pulmonary trunk, aorta, and 4 pulmonary veins.

10. The mitral valve, chordae tendineae, papillary muscle, meat column, left atrioventricular orifice, aortic vestibule and aortic valve can be seen in the left ventricular cavity.

11. The cardiac conduction system includes the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, junctional bundle, atrioventricular bundle, left and right bundle branches, and Purkinson's fibers.

11. What structures does the cardiac conduction system include? 12. What are the main branches of the external carotid artery? 13. What blood vessels are in the thyroid? 14. What are the visceral branches (first-order branches) of the abdominal aorta? 15. What arteries are in the stomach? 16. What are the branches of the superior mesenteric artery? 17. What arteries are in the colon?

12. The main branches of the external carotid artery are superior thyroid artery, lingual artery, facial artery, maxillary artery and superficial temporal artery.

13. The blood vessels of the thyroid include the superior and inferior thyroid arteries, and the superior, middle and inferior thyroid veins.

14. The visceral branches (first-order branches) of the abdominal aorta include the celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, inferior mesenteric artery, renal artery, testicular artery (ovarian artery), and middle adrenal artery.

15. The arteries of the stomach include the left gastric artery, right gastric artery, right gastroepiploic artery, left gastroepiploic artery, and short gastric artery.

16. Branches of the superior mesenteric artery are the jejunal, ileal, ileocolic, right colic, and middle colic arteries.

17. The arteries of the colon include the ileocolic artery, right colic artery, middle colic artery, left colic artery, and sigmoid artery.

2. Veins and Lymph [Exercise Questions]

◇A1-type questions

1. The correct statement about veins is D

A．Superficial veins and superficial arteries accompany B. The walls of the arteries are thicker than those of the arteries C. All veins have valves D. There are two types of veins in the systemic circulation: shallow and deep E. The lumen is smaller than the corresponding artery

2. Vein angle B

A．Located behind the midpoint of the clavicle B. Located behind the sternoclavicular joint C. Formed by the confluence of the brachiocephalic veins on both sides D. There is superficial vein infusion E. None of the above is correct

3. internal jugular vein C

A．Injected directly into the superior vena cava B. Concomitant with external carotid artery C. into the brachiocephalic vein D. Injected into the subclavian vein E. is a superficial vein

4. median cubital vein D

A．From the center of the venous network on the back of the hand B. Mostly injected into the brachial vein C. Belongs to deep veins D. Belonging to superficial veins E. Connect radial and ulnar veins

5. Azygos vein B

A．into the brachiocephalic vein B. into the superior vena cava C. From the left ascending lumbar vein D. Collect blood from breast veins E. Collection of blood from the internal thoracic vein

6. Small saphenous vein A

A．Go behind the lateral ankle B. Walk in front of the lateral ankle C. From the medial arch of the dorsal vein of the foot D. Inject into the posterior tibial vein E. No venous valve

7. Hepatic portal vein C

A．into the inferior vena cava B. into the hepatic vein C. No venous valve D. No side circulation E. Only superior and inferior mesenteric vein infusion

8. Thoracic duct not collected D

A．Lymph of left upper body B. Lymph in the left lower body C. right lower body lymph

D．Lymph of right upper body E. lymph of left lower extremity

9. Right Lymphatic Duct A

A．Collect lymph from the right upper body B. Collect lymph from the right lower body C. Collect lymph from the right lower extremity

D．Is the longest lymphatic duct E. Collect lymph from 1/2 of the body

10. Cephalic vein A

A．From the radial side of the venous network on the dorsum of the hand B. From the ulnar side of the venous network on the dorsum of the hand C. into the brachial vein D. Inject into the basilic vein E. is a deep vein

11. Accessory hemiazygos vein C

A．From the left ascending lumbar vein B. From the right ascending lumbar vein C. Inject into the semiazygos vein D. Collect blood from the left lower posterior intercostal artery E. into the superior vena cava

12. Testicular vein B

A．Injected into the inferior vena cava B. The right side injects into the inferior vena cava C. Inferior vena cava on the left D. Injected into the renal vein E. into the adrenal vein

13. human lymphatic trunk B

A．There are 8 B. There are 9 C. There are two unpaired D. Both are injected into the thoracic duct E. Inject into the vein angle

14. External jugular vein A

A．It is the largest superficial vein in the neck B. Synthesized by the occipital and facial veins C. Injected into the internal jugular vein D. Injected into the brachiocephalic vein E. Deep to the sternocleidomastoid muscle

15. Superior vena cava from left and right A

A．Synthesis of the brachiocephalic vein B. Synthesis of the subclavian vein C. Synthesis of the internal jugular vein D. Brachiocephalic synthesis E. Synthesis of subclavian and internal jugular veins

16. brachiocephalic vein C

A．Only one B. Synthesized by both internal jugular veins C. Synthesized by the internal jugular and subclavian veins D. Synthesized by the subclavian veins on both sides E. Inject into the superior vena cava posterior to the sternoclavicular joint

17. great saphenous vein C

A．Is the deep vein of the lower extremity B. From the lateral side of the dorsal venous arch of the foot C. From the medial side of the dorsal venous arch of the foot D. Inject into the popliteal vein E. into the tibial vein

18. Lymphatic D.

A．The pipe diameter is uniform B. Always accompanied by blood vessels C. Present in all organs and tissues D. There are a large number of valves E. eventually drains into the right lymphatic duct

19. Thoracic duct B

A．Through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm into the chest cavity B. Through the aortic hiatus of the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity C. Ascending along the front of the esophagus D. Admit the right bronchus and mediastinal trunk E. into the thoracic cavity through the vena cava

20. The thoracic duct is often filled with A

A．Left venous angle B. Right venous angle C. Right subclavian vein D. Right brachiocephalic vein E. left subclavian vein

twenty one. Spleen C

A．It is oblate and hollow sex organ B. Located in the right hypochondrium C. Covered by ribs 9-11 D. There are 2 to 3 card notches on the trailing edge E. in epigastric region

◇Type B1 questions

(1 to 4 share alternative answers) A. superior vena cava b. inferior vena cava C. portal veinD. Axillary veinE. femoral vein

1. Azygos infusion A

2. Hepatic vein infusion B

3. Intravenous injection into the gallbladder C

4. D into the cephalic vein

(5 to 10 questions share alternative answers) A. Thoracic ductB. Right lymphatic duct C. cisterna chyliD. Left venous angle E. right vein angle

5. Intestinal dry injection C

6. Right bronchomediastinal trunk injection B

7. Inject A into the left neck trunk

8. Lumbar injection C

9. Thoracic tube injection D

10. Left subclavian shaft injection A

◇X type question

1. great saphenous vein BCD

A．into the external iliac vein B. into the femoral vein C. From the medial arch of the dorsal vein of the foot D. Through the front of the medial malleolus E. small saphenous vein

2. The branch of inferior vena cava is ACD

A．hepatic vein b. Left testicular vein C. Right testicular vein D. Lumbar vein E. External iliac vein

3. There is BDE at the site where the hepatic portal-vena cava side accessory anastomosis passes

A．liver B．Stomach C．spleen D．Around the navel E. esophagus

4. The superficial veins of the upper extremities have BC

A．Radial veinB. basilar vein C. Cephalic veinD. Ulnar vein E. brachial vein

5. brachiocephalic vein BCD

A．Synthesized by the internal and external jugular veins B. into the superior vena cava C. one on each side

D．With subthyroid vein injection E. with superior thyroid vein injection

6. The tributaries of the great saphenous vein have ABCDE

A．Superficial medial femoral vein B. Superficial lateral femoral vein C. Superficial abdominal veins D. Superficial circumflex iliac vein E. external pudendal vein

7. The correct statement about veins is BCDE

A．Higher internal pressure compared to arteries B. from the capillary network

C．The total volume is greater than the total volume of the arteries D. Extremity deep veins and arteries accompanying E. Head and neck veins mostly without venous valves

8. The correct statement about deep and superficial veins is ABDE

A．Superficial veins lie within the subcutaneous tissue B. Superficial veins are not accompanied by arteries C. The deep vein is often used as the site of intravenous injection D. Most of the deep veins are accompanied by arteries E. Abundant anastomoses between deep and superficial veins

9. PVBDE _

A．Have venous valves B. No venous valve C. One on each side D. There are two on the left and right E. into the left atrium

10. subclavian vein BE

A．Is a continuation of the brachial vein B. Is a continuation of the axillary vein C. From the inner edge of the first costal D. Injected into the cephalic vein E. external jugular vein

11. Axillary lymph nodes with ACE

A．Outer group B. Inner group C. Central groupD. suprascapular group E. axillary group

12. basilic vein BCE

A．On the radial side of the upper extremity B. On the ulnar side of the upper extremity C. From the dorsal vein of the hand, such as the ulnar side D. From the radial side of the venous network on the dorsum of the hand E. into the axillary or brachial vein

13. Superficial inguinal lymph node collection ACE

A．Superficial lymphatic vessels of the thigh B. Superficial lymphatic vessels on the lateral border of the foot C. Superficial lymphatic vessels on the medial dorsum of the foot D. Superficial lymphatic vessels in the posterolateral part of the calf E. superficial lymphatic vessels in bold lateral part

14. Azygos BCD

A．From the left ascending lumbar vein B. From the right ascending lumbar vein C. into the superior vena cava D. One of the main ways to communicate the superior and inferior vena cava systems E. Inability to communicate superior and inferior vena cava

15. CE _

A．From the ulnar side of the venous network on the dorsum of the hand B. Formed by the confluence of the internal jugular and subclavian veins C. From the radial side of the venous network on the dorsum of the hand D. into the superior vena cava E. into the axillary vein

16. Venous valve ACDE

A．Formed by folding of the intimal membrane of the vein wall B. The head and neck veins are the most common C. There are many lower extremity veins D. The valve opens with the flow of blood E. It is an important device to prevent blood reflux

17. The branches of the hepatic portal vein have ABCDE

A．Superior mesenteric vein B. Inferior mesenteric vein C. left gastric vein d. Right gastric vein E. splenic vein

18. cisterna cisterna ACD

A．Is a cystic enlargement at the origin of the thoracic duct B. Formed by the confluence of the left and right lumbar trunks C. Formed by the confluence of the left and right lumbar trunks and intestinal trunks D. Located in front of the first lumbar vertebra E. in front of the 2nd lumbar vertebra

19. The thoracic duct receives the ACE before injecting into the left venous horn

A．Left bronchus mediastinal trunk B. Right bronchus mediastinal trunk C. left neck d. Right neck trunk E. left subclavian shaft

◇Explanation of terms

1. Vein angle 2 . Chylous cistern 3 . Egg garden nest 4．splenic notch

1. Venous angle: The angle formed by the confluence of the internal jugular vein and the subclavian vein is called the venous angle, which is located behind the sternoclavicular joint.

2. Cistern chyli: It is the beginning of the thoracic duct, formed by the confluence of the left and right lumbar trunks and intestinal trunks at the level of the first lumbar vertebra.

3. Fossa ovale: In the right atrium, the oval depression in the middle and lower part of the atrial septum is called the fossa ovale, which is the relic of the closed foramen ovale during the embryonic period. It is weak here and is a predilection for atrial septal defect.

4. Splenic notch: The 2 to 3 depressions on the upper edge of the spleen are called splenic notch, which is a sign to identify the spleen when palpated.

◇Short answer questions

1. Compare the properties of arteries and veins. 2. The systemic circulation includes which venous system? 3. Which two veins form the superior vena cava? What are its branches? 4. Briefly describe the composition and tributaries of the brachiocephalic vein.

1. Arteries are blood vessels that lead blood out of the heart, originating from the ventricle, with fast blood flow, high internal pressure, thin lumen, thick wall, and strong elasticity; veins are blood vessels that lead blood back to the heart, originating from capillaries, and blood flow The speed is slow, the internal pressure is low, the lumen is thick, the wall is thin, and the elasticity is weak.

2．体循环包括上、下腔静脉系（含肝门静脉系）和心静脉系。 3．上腔静脉由左、右头臂静脉合成，其属支有左、右头臂静脉和奇静脉。

4．头臂静脉由同侧颈内静脉和锁骨下静脉在胸锁关节后方汇合而成，其属支有：颈内静脉、锁骨下静脉、椎静脉、胸廓内静脉和甲状腺下静脉等。

5．简述颈内静脉的起始和属支。

5．颈内静脉在颈静脉孔处起于乙状窦，除收受乙状窦的静脉血外，还有面静脉，下颌后静脉，舌静脉和甲状腺上、中静脉等属支。

6．简述下腔静脉的合成和属支。 7．说明门静脉的合成及特点。8．门静脉有哪些主要属支？ 9．上腔静脉收集身体哪些部分的静脉血？ 10．面静脉有何特点？如何与海绵窦相交通？

6．下腔静脉由左、右髂总静脉合成，其属支有左、右髂总静脉，膈下静脉，腰静脉，右侧睾丸静脉（卵巢静脉），肾静脉，右肾上腺静脉和肝静脉。

7．肝门静脉由肠系膜上静脉与脾静脉在胰头后方汇合而成。其介于两端毛细血管网之间，无静脉瓣，收集腹腔内不成对脏器（肝脏除外）的静脉血，血液营养物质丰富。

8．肝门静脉的主要属支有：肠系膜上、下静脉，胃左、右静脉，脾静脉，胆囊静脉和附脐静脉。

9．上腔静脉收集头、颈、上肢、胸壁和部分胸腔脏器的静脉血。

10．面静脉的特点是无静脉瓣。①面静脉——内眦静脉——眼上静脉——海绵窦；②面静脉——面深静脉——翼静脉丛——导血管——海绵窦。

11．门静脉主要通过哪几处静脉丛与上、下腔静脉系之间形成吻合？ 12．全身的淋巴干共有几条？ 13．胸导管收集身体哪些部分的淋巴？右淋巴导管收集身体哪些部分的淋巴？ 14．胸导管在何处如何起始？如何进入胸腔？

11．肝门静脉与上、下腔静脉系之间主要通过食管静脉丛，直肠静脉丛，脐周静脉网形成吻合。

12．全身的淋巴干共九条：左、右颈干，左、右锁骨下干，左、右支气管纵隔干，左、右腰干和肠干。

13．胸导管收集左侧上半身，整个下半身的淋巴，右淋巴导管收集右侧上半身的淋巴。

14．胸导管起始于第1腰椎前方，由左、右腰干和肠干汇合而成，起始部常膨大称为乳 糜池，经膈的主动脉裂孔入胸腔。

"Human Anatomy" Chapter 5 Digestive System

【Exercise questions】

◇A1-type questions

1. Visceral C.

A．Includes the digestive, respiratory, and urinary systems b. All located in the chest and abdominal cavity C. Each system communicates directly or indirectly with the outside world through holes and channels D. The heart is an internal organ E. The spleen is also an internal organ

2. The system that is not visceral is B

A．urinary system b. Vascular system c. reproductive system d. Respiratory systemE. digestive system

3. E is a hollow sex organ

A．Kidneys, ureters, bladder B. Trachea, lungs C. Stomach, liver D. Cecum, appendix, pancreas E. fallopian tubes, uterus

4. A is a solid organ

A．liver, pancreas b. Main bronchi, lungs C. Kidney, ureter D. Prostate, vas deferens E. ovary, uterus

5. The organ with the "gate" is B

A．transverse colon b. Kidney C．fallopian tube d. Trachea E．Stomach

6. Upper gastrointestinal tract excludes C

A．Oral b. duodenum c. Jejunum D．Stomach E．esophagus

7. Lower GI tract excluding B

A．cecum b. duodenum c. ileum D．Colon E．rectum

8. In the description of the oral cavity, the wrong one is E

A．Forward through the slit of the mouth to the outside world B. It communicates with the pharynx through the pharynx C. On both sides of the mouth are the cheeks D. The floor of the mouth is composed of mucous membrane, muscle and skin E. When the upper and lower dentition occlude, the oral vestibule does not communicate with the proper oral cavity

9. Palate B

A．The first 1/3 is the hard palate B. The soft palate is composed of striated muscle and mucous membrane C. The soft palate is also known as the palatine velum D. From the palatine velum to the arcuate folds on both sides, a symmetrical velopharyngeal arch in front E. The palatoglossal arch is located between the velopharyngeal and palatoglossal arches

Ten. Tongue E.

A．A muscular organ covered by mucous membranes B. Behind the boundary groove is the root of the tongue, accounting for the last 1/3 of the tongue C. The lingual tonsils are located in the mucous membrane at the base of the tongue D. Filamentous papillae without taste buds E. All of the above

11. Tongue muscle C

A．The external muscles of the tongue are innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve B. Belongs to the subhyoid muscle group C. Paralysis of one side, the tip of the tongue is turned to the affected side when the tongue is stretched out

D．One side is contracted, and the tip of the tongue is biased to the same side E. innervated by hypoglossal nerve

12. Tooth B

A．Can be divided into two parts: crown and root B. Dental pulp C. Teeth are made entirely of dentin D. Both deciduous and permanent teeth have premolars E. Both the crown and the root are covered with enamel

13. 5┼ means A

A．Right mandibular 2nd premolar b. Left mandibular 2nd premolar C. Right mandibular 2nd deciduous molar D. Left mandibular second deciduous molar E. left mandibular second molar

14 .┼Ⅲ means D

A．Right maxillary canine b. Left maxillary canine C. Right maxillary canine d. Left maxillary primary canine E. Left maxillary 1st premolar

15. Major salivary gland E

A．The largest pair are the parotid glands, and the parotid duct opens in the sublingual fold B. The smallest pair is the submandibular gland C. The sublingual gland tubules also open in the sublingual monsoon D. All 3 pairs of major salivary glands have duct openings in the sublingual monsoon E. The parotid duct opens at the buccal mucosa directly opposite the maxillary second molar

16. Pharynx A

A．Is the common passage of the digestive tract and respiratory tract B. There are pyriform recesses in the nasopharynx, which are often the place for foreign body retention

C．The oropharynx passes through the pharyngeal opening of the Eustachian tube, and through the Eustachian tube to the middle ear tympanic chamber D. The hypopharynx descends into the laryngeal cavity E. Pharyngeal recesses are deep depressions on either side of the throat

17. Esophagus C.

A．The esophagus of an adult is about 40 cm long. The first stenosis of the esophagus is about 25cm away from the central incisor C. The second stricture of the esophagus is at the intersection with the left bronchus D. The esophagus can be divided into 3 segments according to the stroke, and the abdominal segment is the longest E. The third stricture of the esophagus is located where it meets the cardia

18. Stomach D.

A．When it is moderately filled, most of it is located in the left hypochondrium and epigastric region B. The pyloric sinus is also called the pyloric part C. The fundus is located at the lowest part of the stomach D. The pyloric duct is located on the right side of the pyloric sinus E. Angular notch at the lowest point of the greater curvature of the stomach

19. small intestine C

A．Also known as mesenteric small intestine B. Divided into jejunum and ileum C. Including duodenum, jejunum and ileum 3 parts D. The jejunal mucosa has collecting lymphoid follicles E. High and dense annular folds of ileal mucosa

20. Duodenum D.

A．Surrounds the pancreas in a C shape B. The upper part is also called the ball part C. There is a large papilla of the duodenum on the anterolateral wall of the descending part D. The descending part descends on the right side of the 1st to 3rd lumbar vertebrae and in front of the medial edge of the right kidney E. horizontal continuation of jejunum

twenty one. large intestine B

A．There are colonic bands, colonic pouches and intestinal fat in each part B. The cecum is the beginning of the large intestine, located in the right iliac fossa

C．The colon can be divided into 3 parts, the ascending colon, the transverse colon and the descending colon D. The perineal curvature of the rectum is convex posteriorly E. The end of the appendix attaches to the cecum

twenty two. Structures not part of the anal canal are E

A．anal sinus b. anal column c. anal valve d. toothed line e. transverse rectal fold

twenty three. Liver B

A．位于右季肋区和腹上区        B．上界在右锁骨中线平第5肋 C．上面凹凸不平，可分4叶        D．前下缘（即下缘前部）钝圆 E．肝静脉由肝门出肝

24．胆囊B

A．为分泌胆汁的器官 B．位于肝的胆囊窝内 C．后端圆钝为胆囊底 D．胆囊管和肝左、右管合成胆总管 E．胆囊底的体表投影位于锁骨中线与肋弓相交处

25．胰B

A．兼有内、外两分泌部，分泌物全由胰管输送 B．在第1、2腰椎水平横贴于腹后壁        C．位于胃的前方 D．可分头、颈、体、尾 4 部 E．胰管与肝总管汇合后共同开口于十二指肠大乳头

◇B1型题

（1～4题共用备选答案） A．舌扁桃体B．咽扁桃体 C．梨状隐窝D．腭扁桃体 E．咽隐窝

1．位于咽上壁后部的是B

   2．位于扁桃体窝的是     D

3．位于舌根部黏膜内的是A

4．位于喉口两侧的是C

（5～8题共用备选答案） A．十二指肠上部（球部） B．十二指肠升部 C．十二指肠降部

D．十二指肠水平部 E．十二指肠空肠曲

5．胆总管和胰管开口    C

 6．十二指肠溃疡好发于  A

7．十二指肠悬肌附于E

8．肠系膜上血管的后方为D

（9～12题共用备选答案） A．肝圆韧带裂           B．静脉韧带裂 C．胆囊窝

D．腔静脉沟 E．肝门静脉

9．肝右侧纵沟后部是  D        10．肝左侧纵沟前部是A

11．肝左侧纵沟后部是  B    12．肝右侧纵沟前部是C

（13～17题共用备选答案） A．肛梳           B．肛管 C．肛柱  D．齿状线 E．白线

13．直肠穿过盆膈开口于肛门的一段管道称 B

14．肛门内括约肌于肛门外括约肌之间的环形线称 E

15．肛管内的纵形黏膜皱壁称  C

16．肛管黏膜与皮肤的分界线称D

17．肛门内括约肌紧缩形成的环状带称A

◇X型题

1．属于内脏的器官是ACE

A．十二指肠      B．心         C．肺      D．脾      E．膀胱

2. The system belonging to the viscera is BCDE

A．endocrine system b. reproductive system c. respiratory system d. Digestive system e. urinary system

3. Particular organs are ABCD

A．liver b. Pancreas C．lung D．Kidney E．bladder

4. ABD is the marking line of the chest wall

A．scapular line b. Midclavicular line C. Left and right vertical lines D. Anterior and posterior midlines E. upper and lower horizontal lines

5. CD _

A．Left and right hypochondria B. Left and right ventrolateral area (lumbar area) C. Left and right groin area (iliac area) D. Shame area E. Umbilical area

6. The epigastric region is BC

A．Left and right ventrolateral regions B. Left and right hypochondriac C. Epigastric region D. Umbilical region E. shame area

7. Organs belonging to the upper gastrointestinal tract have ACD

A．Pharynx B．Jejunum C．EsophagusD．DuodenumE. ileum

8. Organs belonging to the lower gastrointestinal tract have ACDE

A．ileum b. duodenum c. appendix d. Colon E．rectum

9. Structures containing taste buds are ABD

A．Contoured nipples B. Leafy papilla C. Filamentous nipples D. Fungal papillae E. Lingual tonsils

10.3 Pair of large oral glands (saliva and axillary glands) ABCE

A．The parotid glands are the largest pair B. The sublingual glands are the smallest pair C. The submandibular gland is located in the submandibular gland cavity inside the mandible D. The parotid duct opens at the buccal mucosa level against the maxillary second premolar E. The large duct of the sublingual gland often opens into the sublingual monsoon together with the submandibular duct

11. Pharynx ABD

A．位于颈椎前方 B．上固着于颅底（或上起颅底） C．下于第 6 颈椎体下缘平面移行于气管 D．口咽部向前经咽峡通口腔 E．咽隐窝和梨状隐窝均位于喉咽

12．食管ABCD

A．按其行程可分颈、胸、腹3段B．上端于第6颈椎体下缘平面续咽 C．第1个狭窄在食管起始处D．第2个狭窄距中切牙约 25cm E．第3个狭窄位于其与胃相接处

13．胃ACDE

A．属于上消化道  B．在中等充盈时，大部分位于腹上区，小部分位于左季肋区 C．入口附近称贲门部      D．胃的中间部分称胃体 E．幽门部又分为幽门窦幽门管

14．小肠BCD

A．可分十二指肠、空肠、回肠和盲肠等部 B．空肠和回肠又称系膜小肠          C．十二指肠球黏膜面光滑无环状襞 D．空、回肠黏膜均有孤立淋巴滤泡     E．空肠黏膜还有集合淋巴滤泡

15．大肠ABC

A．结肠和盲肠具有结肠带、结肠袋和肠脂垂 B．盲肠位于右髂窝，为大肠的起始部

C．阑尾根部连于盲肠的后内侧壁    D．结肠均为腹膜内位器官 E．直肠骶曲凸向前方

16．肛管ABCD

A．上续直肠，末端终于肛门 B．内面有纵行的黏膜皱襞，称肛柱 C，肛瓣与肛柱下端共同围成的小隐窝称肛窦 D，齿状线下方，宽约 1cm 微凸的环形带为痔环    E，肛门括约肌为随意肌

17．肝ABCE

A．上面与膈相触，由镰状韧带分为左、右2叶 B．脏面有近似 H 形的沟 C．右纵沟前部为胆囊窝 D．出入肝门的结构有肝动、静脉和肝管      E．前下缘（下缘前部）锐利

18．肝AC

A．主要（或大部分）位于右季肋区和腹上区 B．上界在右锁骨中线平第4肋

C．出入肝门的结构中无肝静脉 D．方叶位于肝门之后  E．前下缘（或下缘前部）钝圆

19．肝外胆道包括ABDE

A．胆囊       B．肝左管和肝右管      C．胰管     D．肝总管   E．胆总管

20．胰ABCD

A．外分泌部分泌胰液，在消化过程中起重要作用 B．胰液由胰管排泄 C．前面隔网膜囊与胃后壁相邻 D．位于第1、2腰椎水平横贴于腹后壁 E．胰管与肝总管汇合后，共同开口于十二指肠大乳头

◇名词解释

1．内脏  2．锁骨中线  3．肩胛线  4.咽峡   5.咽隐窝  

1．内脏包括消化、呼吸、泌尿和生殖4大系统，组成这4个系统的器官大部分位于胸、腹、盆腔内，并借孔、道直接或间接与外界相通，内脏的主要功能是进行物质代谢和繁衍后代。

2．锁骨中线为胸部的标志线，是通过锁骨中点而作的垂线。在男性，此线大致与通过乳头而作的垂线，乳头线相当。

3．肩胛线为胸壁的标志线，是通过肩胛骨下角作的垂线。

4．咽峡由腭帆后缘、左右腭舌弓及舌根（*由腭垂、腭帆游离缘、两侧的腭舌弓、腭咽弓及舌根）共同围成的狭窄处称咽峡，为口腔通咽的孔口，也是口腔和咽的分界处。

5．在鼻咽，位于咽鼓管圆枕后上方（*咽鼓管圆枕后方与咽后壁之间）的凹陷称咽隐窝，为鼻咽癌的好发部位。

 6.梨状隐窝   7.幽门瓣

8.回盲瓣 9.齿状线  10.肝门  

6．在喉咽，喉口两侧各有一深凹（*喉的两侧和甲状软骨内面之间，黏膜下陷形成的隐窝），称梨状隐窝，为异物易嵌顿滞留的部位。

7．在胃的幽门，胃黏膜覆盖幽门括约肌，形成的环形皱襞称幽门瓣，有延缓胃内容物排空和防止肠内容物逆流至胃的作用。

8．在回盲口，由回肠末端突入盲肠而形成的上、下两个半月形的瓣称回盲肠，有阻止小肠内容物过快流入大肠和防止盲肠内容物逆流到回肠的作用。

9．在肛管内面，由肛瓣与肛柱下端（*由肛柱下端下肛瓣基部）连成的锯齿状环形线称齿状线，此线以上为黏膜，以下为皮肤。

10. On the visceral surface of the liver, there is an approximately "H"-shaped groove, and the transverse groove is called the hepatic hilum, which is the left and right branches of the proper hepatic artery, the left and right branches of the hepatic portal vein, the left and right liver vessels, and the nerves and lymphatic vessels entering and leaving the liver parts.

 11. Hepatic pedicle 12. Large papilla of duodenum 13. Ampulla of hepatopancreas

11. The structures entering and exiting the portal of the liver, that is, the left and right branches of the proper hepatic artery, the left and right branches of the hepatic portal vein, the left and right ducts of the liver, nerves and lymphatic vessels, are surrounded by connective tissue, called the hepatic pedicle.

12. There is a longitudinal duodenal fold on the posteromedial wall of the descending part of the duodenum, and the protrusion at the lower end of the longitudinal fold is called the major papilla of the duodenum, which is the common opening of the common bile duct and pancreatic duct.

13. The common bile duct passes obliquely through the posteromedial wall of the descending part of the duodenum, where it joins the pancreatic duct to form a slightly enlarged ampulla of the hepatopancreas, which opens into the great papilla of the duodenum. The hepatopancreatic ampulla is surrounded by the hepatopancreatic ampullary sphincter, and the end segments of the common bile duct and pancreatic duct are also surrounded by sphincters. Bile and pancreatic juice enter the duodenum through the opening.

◇Short answer questions

1. What types of internal organs can be divided according to structure? Give 3 examples of each.

2. What are the marking lines on the chest?

3. What are the marking lines that divide the abdomen into 3 parts and 9 areas? How to draw lines?

4. What types of teeth can be divided into shape and function? Give an example of how to use dental formulas to mark permanent teeth and deciduous teeth?

5. What are the parts of periodontal tissue?

1. According to the structure, internal organs can be divided into two categories: hollow organs and solid organs. For example, esophagus, stomach, and bladder are hollow organs; liver, pancreas, and lung are solid organs.

2. The chest marking lines include anterior midline and posterior midline; paired ones include sternal line, parasternal line, midclavicular line, anterior axillary line, midaxillary line, posterior axillary line, and scapular line.

3. The marking lines that divide the abdomen into three parts and nine regions are the upper and lower horizontal lines and the left and right vertical lines (or vertical lines). The upper horizontal line is the line passing through the lowest points of the costal arches on both sides (or the lowest point of the 10th rib on both sides); the lower horizontal line is the connecting line passing through the iliac tubercle on both sides; the left and right vertical lines (or longitudinal lines) is a vertical line drawn through the midpoint of the left and right groins.

4. Teeth can be divided into three categories according to shape and function: incisors, canines and molars. Among them, the permanent teeth have premolars and molars, and the deciduous teeth have no premolars.

Clinically, the position of the teeth is marked with the tooth type, which is often based on the position of the examinee, and the "+" mark is used to divide the upper jaw, the lower jaw, and the left and right halves, a total of 4 areas. Marked in order by Roman numerals Ⅰ～Ⅴ: deciduous central incisors, deciduous lateral incisors, deciduous canines, 1st deciduous molars, 2nd deciduous molars. Marked in sequence with Arabic numerals 1 to 8: central incisors, lateral incisors, canines, first premolars, second premolars, first molars, second molars, third molars.

5. Periodontal tissue consists of three parts: periodontal ligament, alveolar bone and gingiva.

6. What is the location and division of the pharynx?

7．咽各部有哪些重要结构及各部的交通关节如何？

6．咽位于第1～6颈椎前方,上固定于颅底，向下至第6颈椎体下缘平面续于食管。咽腔以软腭和会厌上缘为界自上而下分为：①鼻咽，是在颅底与软腭平面之间的咽腔；②口咽，是软腭至会厌上缘平面之间的咽腔；③喉咽，是会厌上缘至第6颈椎体下缘平面（*环状软骨下缘平面）之间的咽腔。

7．咽各部的重要结构：鼻咽有咽鼓管咽口、咽鼓管圆枕、咽隐窝、咽扁桃体和咽鼓管扁桃体。口咽有扁桃体窝及窝内的腭扁桃体（*还有舌会厌正中襞、会厌谷）。喉咽有梨状隐窝。咽各部的交通关系是：鼻咽向前经鼻后孔通鼻腔、向两侧以咽鼓管咽口、咽鼓管通中耳的鼓室；口咽向前经咽峡通口腔；喉咽向前经喉口通喉腔，向下与食管相续。

8．试述胃的位置和分部。

9．直肠的位置如何？直肠内面的形态如何？

10．肛管内面有哪些结构？

8．胃在中等度充盈时，大部分位于左季肋区，小部分位于腹上区，贲门位于第11胸椎体左侧，幽门在第1腰椎体右侧。胃可分为4部：①贲门部，是位于贲门周围的部分；②胃底，是贲门平面向左上方凸出的部分；③胃体是胃的中间部；④幽门部为胃体下界与幽门之间的部分，此部又可分为左侧份较扩大的幽门窦和右侧份呈管状的幽门管。

9．直肠位于小骨盆腔后部、骶、尾骨的前方。其上端在第3骶椎平面与乙状结肠相接。向下穿盆膈移行于肛管。直肠上端管径较细，向下肠腔显著扩大，直肠下部为直肠壶腹。在直肠内面有3个直肠横襞，由黏膜和环行肌构成。其中，上直肠横襞位于直肠左壁，距肛门约

11cm 。中直肠横襞位于直肠右前壁，距肛门约 7cm

。下直肠横襞多在直肠左壁或缺如。3个横襞以中间一个位置最恒定、最大而明显。

10．肛管内面的结构有：①肛柱，为6～8条纵行的黏膜皱襞，柱内有动、静脉及纵行肌；②肛瓣，为半月形的黏膜皱襞，连于相邻肛柱下端之间；③肛窦，为肛瓣和相邻肛柱下端围成的小隐窝；④齿状线，是肛柱下端与肛瓣基部连成的锯齿状环形线，此线以上为黏膜，以下为皮肤；⑤肛梳，在齿状线下方，宽约

1cm smooth and slightly convex ring-shaped band; ⑥ white line, 1-1.5cm above the anus of the living body

The light blue circular line on the skin is located between the inner and outer sphincters of the anus.

11. What is the location and lobes of the liver?

12. Describe the location, divisions and functions of the gallbladder.

13. What are the parts of the extrahepatic biliary tract?

14. How is bile secreted by the liver drained into the duodenum?

11. Most of the liver is located in the right hypochondriac region and the upper abdominal region, and a small part is located in the left hypochondriac region, which is covered by the thorax and only exposed between the left and right costal arches in the upper abdominal region, directly touching the anterior abdominal wall. The diaphragmatic surface of the liver is divided into a larger right lobe and a smaller left lobe by the falciform ligament. The visceral surface is divided into right lobe, left lobe, square lobe in front of the horizontal groove and caudate lobe behind the horizontal groove by the "H" shaped groove.

12. The gallbladder is located in the gallbladder fossa on the surface of the liver, the upper part is connected to the liver by connective tissue, and the lower part is free and fixed by peritoneal covering. The gallbladder can be divided into 4 parts: ①The fundus of the gallbladder is the blunt part at the front end; ②The body of the gallbladder is the middle part; ③The neck of the gallbladder is the narrow part at the back end; Migrating tube, 3~ long

4cm, the mucosa of this part forms spiral folds, which are called spiral folds, and gallstones are often incarcerated here. The gallbladder is an organ that stores and concentrates bile, and also regulates the pressure of the biliary tract.

13. The extrahepatic biliary tract includes the gallbladder and the bile duct, which in turn includes the left hepatic duct, the right hepatic duct, the common hepatic duct, and the common bile duct (*the extrahepatic biliary tract includes the left hepatic duct, the right hepatic duct, the common hepatic duct, the cystic duct, the gallbladder and common bile duct, etc.).

14. Normally, the hepatopancreatic ampulla sphincter remains contracted, the gallbladder relaxes, and the bile secreted by the liver passes through the left and right ducts of the liver, the common hepatic duct, and the cystic duct into the gallbladder for storage and concentration. After eating, due to the stimulation of food and digestive juice, the gallbladder contracts reflexively, and the sphincter of the ampulla of the hepatopancreas relaxes. Enters the duodenum and participates in the digestion of food.

"Human Anatomy" Chapter 6 Urinary System

【Exercise questions】 ◇A1 type questions

1. Regarding the statement about the kidney, the wrong one is B

A．is an extraperitoneal organ

B．The left kidney is half a vertebral body lower than the right kidney

C．adult renal hilum about level with the first lumbar vertebral body

D．The 12th rib obliquely passes behind the middle part of the left kidney

E．inferior vena cava

2. In the shape of a flat funnel, it gradually becomes thinner after exiting the renal hilum and becomes the ureter B

A. banquet

B．renal pelvis

C．Kidney calyx

D．Kidney large calices

E．kidney papilla

3. The part of the renal cortex extending into the renal medulla is C

A．Kidney door

B. banquet

C．kidney column

D．renal pyramid

E．kidney papilla

4. The wrong statement about the ureter is D

A．muscular duct

B．Descend along the front of the psoas

C．Across the bifurcation of the common iliac artery at the entrance to the lesser pelvis

D．The lower end opens into the bladder body

E．在子宫颈外侧约 2cm 处有子宫动脉从其前方通过

5．膀胱最下部称C

A．膀胱底

B．膀胱尖

C．膀胱颈

D．膀胱体

E．膀胱顶

6．关于膀胱的说法，正确的是A

A．是一储尿器官

B．膀胱底处有尿道内口

C．充盈时全部位于盆腔内

D．成人膀胱容积为l00～300ml

E．男性膀胱低于女性膀胱

◇B1型题

（1～4题共用备选答案）

A．肾髓质

B．肾柱

C．肾蒂

D．肾小盏

E．肾门

1．肾皮质深入到肾锥体间的部分是B

2．肾锥体位于A

3．和肾锥体直接有管道连通的结构是D

4．肾窦和外界相通的结构是E

（5～8题共用备选答案）

A．膀胱底

B．膀胱体

C．膀胱颈

D．膀胱尖

E．膀胱三角

5．尿道内口开口于E

6．膀胱前上方的结构称D

7．输尿管穿过A

8．前列腺贴近C

◇X型题

1．女性膀胱后面邻接的结构有AE

A．子宫颈

B．子宫底

C．子宫体

D．直肠

E．阴道

2．以下描述正确的是ACD

A．膀胱的顶部被有腹膜

B．膀胱的底部有盆膈

C．膀胱极度充盈时在耻骨联合上缘行膀胱穿刺可不经腹膜腔

D．膀胱的前面贴近耻骨联合

E．膀胱的后面贴骶尾骨

3．男性膀胱后面毗邻的结构有ABD

A．直肠

B．精囊腺

C．尿道

D．输精管末端

E．骶尾骨

◇名词解释 1．肾区  2．膀胱三角  3．肾门  4.肾窦

1．肾区：竖脊肌的外侧缘与第12肋下缘所形成的夹角部位，是肾门在腰背部的体表投影区。此区称为肾区。

2．膀胱三角：在膀胱底部的内面，位于两输尿管口与尿道内口之间的黏膜区；此区粘膜和肌层连接紧密，黏膜光滑无皱襞是膀胱疾病的好发部位，称膀胱三角。

3．肾门：肾内侧缘中部的凹陷部位，是血管神经出入肾的部位，称肾门。

4．肾窦：肾门向肾实质内凹陷形成的腔隙，称为肾窦；内有疏松结缔组织填充并含有血管神经、淋巴管、肾大盏、肾小盏和肾盂结构。

 5.肾蒂  6.肾盂

5．肾蒂：出入肾门的神经血管淋巴管和肾盂等结构，被结缔组织包裹在一起，称肾蒂。

6. Renal pelvis: The membranous structure connected between the major calices of the kidney and the ureter, called the renal pelvis; it is an integral part of the urinary catheter.

◇Short answer questions 1. What structures can be seen with the naked eye on the coronal section of the kidney?

2. Where is the stricture of the ureter located? What is its clinical significance?

3. Briefly describe the capsule and characteristics of the kidney.

1. Macroscopic structures on the coronal section of the kidney: the superficial layer of the kidney, which is reddish-brown as the renal cortex. The deep part of the renal cortex is pale, which is the renal medulla; there are many renal pyramids, the base of the renal pyramids faces the cortex, the tip is blunt, faces the renal sinus, and protrudes into the small calyx, which is the renal papilla. Between the renal pyramids, filled with cortical extensions, are the renal columns. The renal hilus and renal sinus contain the blood vessels, nerves and lymph of the kidney, most of which are covered by membranous structures, and the membrane surrounding the renal papilla is called the small calyx. Two to three small renal calyces form a large renal calyx, and the large renal calyx merges into a funnel-shaped renal pelvis that exits the renal hilum.

2. There are three main stenosis in the ureter, which are located at the beginning of the ureter, the junction of the small pelvic opening and the iliac vessels, and the place where it passes through the bladder wall. Ureteral stones are prone to incarceration in the stricture, which is also a predilection for ureteral diseases.

3. The capsule of the kidney has three layers, which are fibrous capsule, fat capsule and renal fascia from inside to outside. The fibrous capsule is a thin film composed of tough dense connective tissue and a small amount of elastic fibers, which wraps on the surface of the renal parenchyma. Normally, it is loosely connected with the renal parenchyma and is easy to peel off. Fat capsule is adipose tissue located around the fibrous capsule of the kidney, and is abundant in the margin and lower end of the kidney. Renal fascia is the outermost membranous structure that wraps around the kidneys and adrenal glands. Its connective tissue trabeculae pass through the fat capsule and connect with the fibrous capsule, which is the main fixed structure of the kidney. At the lower end of the kidney and the medial anterior and posterior fascia are open and do not heal with each other.

"Human Anatomy" Chapter 7 Endocrine System

【Exercise questions】

◇A1-type questions

1. Organs that are endocrine glands are B

A．bartholin gland

B．pituitary

C．prostate

D．pancreas

E．testis

2. Endocrine glands are characterized by B

A．with catheter

B．no catheter

C．few blood vessels

D．Big size

E．fast blood flow

3. D belongs to endocrine tissue

A．pineal gland

B．testis

C．thyroid

D．islet

E．spleen

4. D is an endocrine organ

A．Thymic reticulocytes

B．spleen

C．islet

D．pineal gland

E．Leydig cells

5. Thyroid C

A．Consists of a gorge and two conical lobes?

B．hard texture

C．The inner layer of the thyroid capsule is called the true thyroid capsule

D．Thyroid pseudocapsule composed of superficial cervical fascia

E．The isthmus is located between the 5th and 6th tracheal cartilages

6. Parathyroid B

A．in front of the lateral lobe of the thyroid

B．Behind the lateral lobes of the thyroid

C．A pair of small spherical structures

D．The upper one-to-many is located near the superior thyroid artery

E．The next pair is located at the junction of the middle and lower 1/3 behind the lateral lobe of the thyroid gland

7. adrenal C.

A．attached to the inside of the kidney

B．intraperitoneal organ

C．Half moon on the left, triangle on the right

D．May descend with sagging kidney

E．encapsulated in renal fibrous capsule

8. Regarding the description of the pituitary gland, the error is D

A．in the pituitary fossa above the sphenoid body

B．Adjacent to the optic chiasm

C．Divided into adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis

D．subthalamus

E．Females are slightly larger than males

9. Adenohypophysis A

A. Including the distal part, tuberosity and middle part

B. Consists of a funnel and a nerve

C. also known as the anterior lobe

D. Can be called the posterior lobe

E. to secrete oxytocin

10. Neurohypophysis E

A. Consists of the distal part, the tubercle part and the middle part

B. to secrete growth hormone

C. to secrete gonadotropins

D. Includes the anterior and posterior pituitary glands

E. Includes median eminence, nerve, and funnel

11. Iodine deficiency can cause which endocrine gland enlargement? C

A) parathyroid glands

B. Pituitary gland

C. Thyroid

D) the adrenal glands

E. Testis

12. pineal gland D

A．is a structure of the posterior thalamus

B．is a structure of the hypothalamus

C．Located between the superior and inferior colliculus of the midbrain

D．located posterior to the dorsal thalamus

E．Oxytocin B can be secreted

13. Important endocrine glands include

A．Parotid, gonad, thyroid, adrenal, pituitary, pancreas

B．Thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pituitary, pineal

C．Submandibular gland, ovary, adrenal gland, pineal gland, pituitary gland, prostate gland

D．Sublingual glands, thymus glands, lacrimal glands, adrenal glands, seminal vesicles, pineal gland

E．Parotid gland, pancreas, pituitary gland, ovary, adrenal gland, testis

14. Which of the following statements about hormones is incorrect A

A. secreted by ductal glands

B. Directly into the blood

C. secreted by ductless glands

D. A small amount has a big effect

E. Act on specific target organs ◇B1-type questions

(Questions 1 and 2 share alternative answers)

A．parotid gland

B．islet

C．thyroid

D．prostate

E．pancreas

1. C is an endocrine gland

2. B belongs to endocrine tissue

(3 to 6 questions share alternative answers)

A．thyroid

B．adrenal gland

C．pituitary

D．thymus

E．pineal gland

3. belongs to the hypothalamus is C

4. E

5. Located in the upper mediastinum is D

6. The endocrine gland located behind the dorsal thalamus is the E

(6 to 10 questions share alternative answers

A．adrenal gland

B．thyroid

C．pituitary

D．pineal gland

E．parathyroid gland

7. Cretinism is caused by the lack of secretory function of which gland in childhood B

8. Dwarfism is caused by which gland is secretively deficient in childhood C

9. Which gland secretory hyperfunction causes acromegaly in adulthood C

10. Which gland is damaged in infancy causing abnormal sex development D

(Questions 11 to 14 share alternative answers)

A．thyroid

B．parathyroid gland

C．adrenal gland

D．pituitary

E．pineal gland

11. Swelling glands that cause difficulty breathing are A

12. Swelling of glands can lead to visual impairment and loss of field of vision is D

13. Precocious puberty due to hyposecretion E

14. Hypersecretion leading to delayed puberty E

(Questions 15-18 share alternative answers)

A．thyroid

B．pituitary

C．parathyroid gland

D．pineal gland

E．adrenal gland

15. It is "H" shaped, located in the front center of the neck, directly adjacent to the larynx and tracheal cartilage is A

16. There are two pairs in total, the one in the shape of a soybean-sized ball is C

17. E?

18. Glandular tissue is prone to calcification after adulthood, and X-ray films can be used as a location marker is D

 ◇X type question

1. endocrine gland BDE

A．Ducted glands and ductless glands

B．slow blood flow

C．high blood pressure

D．strong blood circulation

E．secretions go directly into the blood circulation

2. Thyroid ABDE

A．"H" shape

B．The isthmus is located in front of the 2nd to 4th tracheal cartilages

C．Both are composed of lateral lobes, cone lobes and isthmus

D．has two coats

E．rich in blood

3. Adrenal ABCs

A．is an extraperitoneal organ

B．above the kidney

C．Parenchyma consists of cortex and medulla

D．The effect of its secretion is consistent with that of parasympathetic nerve excitation

E．The medulla makes up most of the gland

4. Endocrine tissue ABCDE

A．Scattered in other tissues or between cells

B．unrecognizable to the naked eye

C．no definite structure

D．Also has endocrine function, can secrete hormones

E．Including islets

5. Endocrine glands including AD

A．pineal gland

B．islet

C．prostate

D．pituitary

E．thymus

6. adrenal ACE

A．One on the left and one on the left, located behind the peritoneum, above the kidney

B．Encased in a fibrous capsule with the kidney

C．Enclosed with the kidney in the renal fascia

D．The one on the left is triangular, and the one on the right is half-moon

E．The adrenal parenchyma is divided into cortex and medulla

7. Regarding the description of the pituitary gland, which of the following are correct ABCD

A．in the pituitary fossa above the sphenoid body

B．Adjacent to the optic chiasm

C．The surface is surrounded by a membrane

D．Divided into adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis

E．The neurohypophysis consists of a neural portion, a medial portion, and a median eminence

8. Which of the following is not an endocrine gland ABCE

A．Leydigm

B．islet

C．follicle and corpus luteum

D．pituitary

E．thymus

◇Explanation of terms

1. Endocrine glands 2. endocrine tissue

1. Endocrine glands refer to endocrine organs that exist independently in structure and are visible to the naked eye, such as the thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland, pituitary gland, pineal gland, and thymus.

2. Endocrine tissue refers to some cell clusters or cells with endocrine function scattered in other tissues and organs, such as islets in the pancreas, interstitial cells in the testis, follicles and corpus luteum in the ovary, etc.

◇Short answer questions

1. Where is the thyroid located? What are the clinical symptoms of goiter?

2. Describe the morphology and capsule of the thyroid.

1. The thyroid is located in the front of the neck, and the lateral lobe is attached to the side of the larynx and the upper part of the trachea. The upper end reaches the middle of the thyroid cartilage, and the lower end reaches the height of the fifth or sixth tracheal cartilage; the isthmus is located in front of the second to fourth tracheal cartilage. Because the thyroid gland is directly connected to structures such as the larynx and trachea, excessive enlargement of the thyroid gland can compress the larynx and trachea and cause dyspnea.

2. The appearance of the thyroid gland is "H" shaped, consisting of two lateral lobes and the isthmus in the middle. There are two layers of capsule on the surface of the thyroid gland, the inner layer is a fibrous capsule, called the true thyroid capsule (capsule); the outer layer is called the thyroid pseudocapsule (capsule), which is formed by the pretracheal fascia in the deep cervical fascia. There are parathyroid glands and vascular network between the two fascial sacs. The pseudocapsule forms ligaments attached to the cricoid and tracheal cartilage. Therefore, the thyroid gland can move up and down with the larynx when swallowing.

3. Describe the location and shape of the adrenal glands.

4. Describe the location, divisions and functions of the pituitary gland.

3. The adrenal gland is located in the retroperitoneal space, attached to the inner upper part of the upper end of the kidney, and is enclosed in the renal fascia and fat sac together with the kidney. The left adrenal gland is roughly half-moon-shaped, and the right side is triangular, and the left side is slightly larger than the right side.

4. The pituitary gland is located in the pituitary fossa above the sphenoid body of the middle cranial fossa, the upper end is connected to the hypothalamus by the funnel, and the upper front is adjacent to the optic chiasm. The pituitary gland can be divided into two parts: the anterior adenohypophysis and the posterior neurohypophysis. The pituitary gland is composed of many gland cells, including the distal part, the middle part and the nodular part, which can secrete a variety of hormones, can promote the growth and development of the body, and affect the functional activities of other endocrine glands (such as the thyroid gland, adrenal gland and gonads, etc.); The neurohypophysis is developed from the extension of the hypothalamus and is attached to the middle part. It is composed of the nerve part, the infundibulum and the median eminence. The neurohypophysis has no secretory function and can store and release antidiuretic hormone and vasopressin produced by the neuroendocrine cells of the hypothalamus. Oxytocin, which functions to increase blood pressure, decrease urine output, and contract uterine smooth muscle

"Human Anatomy" Chapter 8 Sensory Organ System

【Exercise questions】

◇A1-type questions

1. Eye fiber membrane D

A．Is the innermost layer of the eyeball wall B. Rich in blood vessels and pigment cells C. All layers are transparent d. The first 1/6 part is the cornea E. The posterior 5/6 is the ciliary body

2. For the description of the cornea, the wrong one is A

A．Rich in blood vessels b. Rich in sensory nerve endings C. Colorless and transparent d. Accounting for the first 1/6 of the fibrous membrane E. slightly forward convex

3. Cornea D

A．White and translucent b. No refractive power C. The surface is covered with a layer of bulbar conjunctiva D. Rich in sensory nerve endings E. Rich in lymphatic vessels

4. Sclera A

A．Occupies the last 5/6 of the fibrous membrane B. transparent c. Brown-black d. The front is connected to the lens E. Has refractive effect

5. For the description of the sclera, the wrong one is E

A．Dense and tough b. Accounting for the last 5/6 of the fibrous membrane C. Deep at the junction with the cornea there is the canal of scleral veins D. It has the function of protecting the internal structure of the eyeball E. part of the choroid

6. Regarding the description of the eyeball, which one is wrong B

 A．Located in the orbit, connected to the orbital wall by fascia B. Its posterior part is connected to the brain via the ophthalmic nerve C. Consists of the wall and contents of the eyeball D. Slightly spherical E. It has the functions of refractive imaging and light stimulation

7. eyeball vascular membrane A

A．Located in the outermost layer of the eyeball B. Consists of loose connective tissue C. Rich in nerves, blood vessels and pigment cells D. Divided from front to back into iris, ciliary body, and choroid E. brownish black

8. iris B

A．It is the most anterior part of the vascular membrane, located behind the cornea B. There are two kinds of skeletal muscles arranged in different directions in the iris C. There is a round pupil in the center D. The pupillary sphincter is innervated by the parasympathetic nerve E. Disc-shaped

9. C communicates the anterior and posterior chambers of the eyeball

A．iridocorneal angle b. Scleral sinus C. pupil D．Tears E. anterior chamber angle

10. ciliary body C

A．Located on the outer rear of the iris B. Is the thickest part of the vascular membrane C. Is the part that absorbs aqueous humor D. The contraction of the ciliary muscle can adjust the curvature of the lens E. ciliary smooth muscle

11. Choroid A

A．Located in the anterior part of the vascular membrane B. The outside is loosely connected to the sclera C. Thin and soft d. Rich in blood vessels and pigment cells E. Nutritious effect on eyeball tissue

12. The one with the ability to feel strong light and distinguish colors is A

A．cone cells b. Rod cells C. bipolar cells d. Ganglion cells E. visual cell

13. When looking at near objects, the main reason for thickening the lens is B

A．Ciliary zonule tension B. Contraction of the ciliary muscle C. The lens is elastic D. Constriction of the pupillary sphincter E. none of the above is correct

13. Regarding the description of aqueous humor, the wrong one is C

 A．Produced by the ciliary body B. From the anterior chamber through the pupil to the posterior chamber

C．Infiltration through the iridocorneal angle into the scleral canal d. Can nourish the eyeball and maintain intraocular pressure E. Has refraction

14. lacrimal apparatus C

A．The lacrimal gland is located in the lacrimal fossa B. The lacrimal canaliculus originates from the lacrimal gland C. The nasolacrimal duct opens into the lower nasal passage D. The lacrimal canaliculus opens in the superior fornix of the conjunctiva E. Lacrimal punctum leads inward to nasolacrimal duct

15. When the superior rectus muscle contracts, the pupil turns to A

A．Up inside B．Shangwai C．Down inside D．above E．Under the outside

16. C is what makes up the wall of the eyeball

A．Cornea, choroid and retina B. Fibrous membrane, cornea, vascular membrane and retina C. Fibrous membrane, vascular membrane and retina D. Cornea, sclera and choroid E. Fibrous membrane, cornea and sclera

17. Retina B

A．The innermost layer is the pigment cell layer B. Optic disc on the nasal side of the retina C. Rich in blood vessels and pigment epithelium D. All layers have light sensitivity E. Consists of visual cells, bipolar cells and cone cells

18. Macular B

A．The central retinal artery passes through B. Located slightly below the 3.5mm temporal side of the optic disc C. Compiled by bipolar cells D. Strong photosensitivity, but no color discrimination ability E. Contains cones and rods

19. Regarding the description of the eyeball, the wrong one is A

A．The ciliary muscle relaxes and the lens becomes thicker and more curved B. The chamber of the eye is filled with aqueous humor C. Aqueous humor leaks into scleral canal

D．The anterior chamber communicates with the posterior chamber through the pupil E. The vitreous is a colorless, transparent jelly

20. Vitreous C

A．It is a colorless transparent liquid B. Related to maintenance of intraocular pressure C. Has refraction D. The function of nutritious retina E. full of eyeballs

twenty one. Conjunctiva C

A．Meibomian glands in the conjunctiva B. The outer membrane that forms the wall of the eyeball C. When the eyelids are closed, the conjunctiva forms the conjunctival sac D. The upper and lower fornix of the conjunctiva are formed between the upper and lower eyelid conjunctiva and the eyeball E. Thin, transparent, rich in blood vessels, covering the eyelids

twenty two. Aqueous humor E

A．It is a translucent liquid that fills the chamber of the eye B. Secreted by the iris C. From the anterior chamber through the pupil to the posterior chamber of the eye D. Adjust the light entering the eye E. Has refractive effect

twenty three. Extraocular muscle B

A．A total of seven pieces, all originating from the common tendon ring in the neural tube B. The function is to lift the eyelid and move the eyeball C. Contraction of the superior oblique muscle turns the eye upward and outward D. Contraction of the inferior oblique muscle turns the eye downward and outward E. the smooth muscle that surrounds the eyeball

twenty four. Regarding the description of the external auditory canal, which one is wrong C

A．When checking the tympanic membrane, the auricle should be pulled back and upwards B. The subcutaneous tissue of the external auditory canal is less, and the pain is severe when the inflammatory furuncle is swollen C. The outer 2/3 is cartilage, and the inner 1/3 is bone. Is the curved duct from the outer ear door to the tympanic membrane E. Conducted sound waves

25．Tympanic membrane B

A．Located between the inner ear and outer ear B. The inward depression of the center is the umbilical cord C. The slack is below D. There is a reflected light cone above the front E. light red

26．The Eustachian tube in children is characterized by E

A．Slender B. thinner and shorter C. Thick and long D. thicker and shorter E. stubby and level

27．membranous labyrinth A

A．Located in the bony labyrinth B. Contains perilymph C. Consists of three parts: membranous semicircular canal, utricle, and sacculus D. Contains nerve fibers E. The utricle and sacculus are position receptors

28．D is not a membranous labyrinth

A．Utricle B. membranous canal C. Cochlear duct D．vestibule E. balloon

29．auditory receptors are B

A．Ampulla crest B. Spiralizer c. Balloon plaque D. Utricular spots E. hair cells

30．Tympanum C

A．The outer wall is the tympanum B. The medial wall is the cochlea C. The wall is covered with mucous membrane D. Through the vestibular window to the inner ear E. Through the inner ear door through the cranial cavity

31．Ossicle C

A．Is the pathway of bone conduction B. The stapes are located between the three auditory ossicles C. The malleus attaches to the inner surface of the tympanic membrane D. The incus is the most medial e. Connect the cochlear window

32．Eustachian tube D

A．The tube that connects the inner ear to the pharynx B. Under negative pressure C. In children, the tube is approximately vertical

D．The function is to maintain the balance of air pressure inside and outside the tympanic cavity E. Enhance the conduction of sound waves

33．Sound waves travel from the external auditory canal to the inner ear in the order D

A．Tympanic membrane → malleus → stapes → cochlear bone → cochlea B. Tympanic membrane → malleus → incus → cochlea C. Tympanic membrane → stapes → malleus → incus → cochlea D. Tympanic membrane → malleus → incus → stapes → vestibular window → cochlea E. Tympanic membrane → malleus → incus → stapes → semicircular canal → cochlea

◇Type B1 questions

(Questions 1 to 3 share alternative answers) A. pupil b. cornea c. Eye chamber D. Conjunctiva E．Scleral Canal

1. Associated with aqueous humor reflux is the E

2. The one with refractive effect is B

3. A mucous membrane rich in blood vessels is D

(Questions 4 to 6 share alternative answers)

A．Choroid b. Fovea C. sclera d. Optic disc E. ganglion cells

4. The blind spot on the retina is D

5. The most sensitive part of the retina is the B

6．眼球纤维膜包括C

（7～10题共用备选答案） A．蜗管 B．鼓膜  C．螺旋器  D．前庭窗  E．前庭

7．听觉感受器是 C

8．膜迷路包括 A

9．迷路壁上有 D

10．鼓室的外侧壁是B

（11～13题共用备选答案） A．眼球  B．脉络膜  C．眼房 D．角膜 E．视网膜

11．房水位于 C

12．眼球血管膜包括 B

13．贴附于血管膜内面的是E

（14～16题共用备选答案） A．虹膜 B．角膜 C．晶状体 D．睫状体 E．瞳孔

14．眼球纤维膜包括 B

15．眼球内容包括 C

16．沟通眼球前房与后房的是E

（17～19题共用备选答案） A．视锥细胞 B．房水 C．视杆细胞 D．睫状体 E．巩膜

17．感受光和分辨颜色的是 A

18．具有屈光作用的是 B

19．使睫状体向前内侧移位的是D

（20～22题共用备选答案） A．球结膜 B．泪小管 C．鼻泪管 D．上斜肌 E．下斜肌

20．使眼球转向上外方的是 E

21．开口于下鼻道前部的是 C

22．覆盖在巩膜前面的是A

（23～25题共用备选答案） A．前庭蜗器  B．耳屏   C．耳垂   D．鼓膜   E．光锥

23．位于外耳道与鼓室之间的是 D

 24．位觉和听觉感受器是 A

25． 临床采血常选用的部位是  C

（26～28题共用备选答案）

A．鼓膜  B．球囊斑  C．前庭  D．迷路壁 E．蜗窗

26．骨迷路包括 C

27．位觉感受器包括 B

28．鼓室的内侧壁是D

（29～31题共用备选答案） A．蜗管 B．咽鼓管 C．蜗窗 D．内淋巴 E．壶腹嵴

29．保持鼓膜内、外气压平衡的是 B

30．被第二鼓膜封闭的是C

 31．位觉感受器包括E

◇X型题

1．眼球壁的组成包括ABD

A．眼球纤维膜      B．眼球血管膜      C．球结膜      D．视网膜     E．晶状体

2．眼球内容物包括ABD

A．房水      B．晶状体      C．睫状体      D．玻璃体      E．泪腺

3. Has refractive effect is BDE

A．pupil b. Aqueous humor C．ciliary body d. Vitreous E. lens

4. Aqueous humor cycles through ABCDE

A．pupil b. back room c. Anterior chamber D．iridocorneal angle E. Scleral Canal

5. phakic ACD

A．A biconvex transparent body B. The periphery is connected to the vitreous body by the ciliary zonules C. flexibleD．Belongs to the eyeball refractive substance E. Greater flexion when looking at distant objects

6. Eye accessories include ABCD

A．lacrimal apparatus b. Conjunctiva C．eyelid d. Extraocular muscles E. aqueous humor

7. Extraocular muscles including CDE

A．Orbicularis oculi B. Ciliary muscle C. superior rectus D. Levator palpebrae E. lateral rectus

8. The divisions of the conjunctiva include AB

A．bulbar conjunctiva b. Eyelid conjunctiva C. conjunctival sac d. Superior conjunctival fornix E. subconjunctival fornix

9. lacrimal apparatus including ABCE

A．lacrimal gland b. Nasolacrimal duct C. tear duct D. tears E．lacrimal sac

10. Eyelids with ABDE

A．subcutaneous tissue b. Eyelid conjunctiva C. bulbar conjunctiva d. Tarsus E. orbicularis oculi muscle

11. The following descriptions about the external auditory canal are correct with ABD

A．A curved pipe B. The outer 1/3 is cartilage, and the inner 2/3 is bone. The length of the adult external auditory canal is about 5 cm D. When observing the adult tympanic membrane, the auricle must be pulled back and up E. The skin of the external auditory canal is loosely combined with the periosteum and perichondrium

12. The following descriptions about the tympanic membrane are correct with ABD

A．At the bottom of the external auditory canal B. Inclined at an angle of 45° to the lower wall of the external auditory canal C. There is a cone of light on the lower part of the tympanic membrane D. The upper 1/4 of the tympanic membrane is the flaccid part E. The center of the tympanic membrane is slightly depressed outwards, called the umbilical cord of the tympanic membrane

13. The correct description of the walls of the tympanum is ABCDE

A．The outer wall has the tympanic membrane B. The upper wall is the tympanum C. The posterior wall leads to the mastoid sinus D. The inferior wall is adjacent to the origin of the internal jugular vein E. Vestibular and cochlear windows on the medial wall

14. Regarding the description of the Eustachian tube, the error is CD

A．It is the channel connecting the tympanic cavity and nasopharynx B. part of the middle ear C. usually open

D．The mucous membrane of the canal wall is not continuous with the mucous membrane of the tympanic chamber E. Maintain the balance of pressure inside and outside the tympanic membrane

15. inner ear ABDE

A．Inside the tympanic cavity B. Consists of bony labyrinth and membranous labyrinth C. The bony labyrinth lies within the membranous labyrinth D. The membranous labyrinth contains endolymph E. Has auditory receptors and positional receptors

16. Bone labyrinth including ACE

A．Bone semicircular canal B. Cochlear duct C．cochlea d. Utricle E. vestibule

17. Position receptors including ACE

A．Ampulla crest B. Spiralizer c. Utricular spots D. Tympanic membrane E. Balloon plaque

◇Explanation of terms

1. Receptor 2 . Eye chamber 3 . iridocorneal angle 4. Scleral sinus 5. aqueous humor

1. Receptors refer to structures that can receive various stimuli from the internal and external environments of the body and convert them into nerve impulses. They are divided into general receptors and special receptors.

2. The chamber of the eye is the cavity between the cornea, the lens, and the ciliary body, and is divided into an anterior chamber and a posterior chamber by the iris.

3. The edge of the anterior chamber of the eye, the angle formed by the iris and the cornea, is called the iridocorneal angle.

4. Deep at the junction of the sclera and the cornea, there is a circular small tube called the scleral canal, which is the way for the return of aqueous humor.

5. Aqueous humor is a colorless and transparent liquid filled in the eye chamber, which has the functions of refracting, nourishing the cornea, lens and maintaining intraocular pressure.

 6. Yellow class 7．optic disc

8. Refractive system 9．Conjunctival sac 10. light cone

6. There is a small yellow area about 3.5mm on the temporal side of the optic disc, called the macula, and the central part is slightly depressed, called the fovea, which is the most sensitive place for light sensitivity and color discrimination.

7. At the back of the retina slightly nasal, the optic nerve fibers converge into a white disc-shaped bulge, called the optic disc. Here, cells are ignored and there is no light-sensing function, so it is called physiological blind spot.

8. The contents of the eyeball include the aqueous humor, lens, and vitreous humor. These structures, like the cornea, are avascular, colorless and transparent, and have a refractive effect, so they are also called the refractive system of the eyeball.

9. When the palpebral fissure is closed, the sac-like space enclosed by all parts of the conjunctiva is called the conjunctival sac.

10. During biopsy, there is a triangular reflective area at the front and bottom of the navel of the tympanic membrane, which is called the light cone.

 11. Ossicular chain 12．get lost

11. In the tympanic cavity, the malleus, incus, and stapes are connected by joints to form the ossicular chain, which can amplify the pressure of the tympanic membrane vibration and transmit it to the ear.

12. The inner ear is located in the petrous portion of the temporal bone and has a complex structure, so it is also called the labyrinth, the bony labyrinth and the membranous labyrinth.

◇Short answer questions

1. Briefly describe the production, circulation pathways and functions of aqueous humor. 2. What structures does light pass through to be imaged on the retina? 3. Briefly describe the accommodation of the lens for near vision. 4. Describe the location of the tympanum, the names and structures of the walls. 5. Describe the shape of the Eustachian tube and the characteristics of the Eustachian tube in children. 1. After the aqueous humor is produced by the ciliary body, it enters the anterior chamber of the eyeball from the posterior chamber of the eyeball through the pupil, then penetrates into the scleral sinus through the iridocorneal angle, and finally enters the ophthalmic vein. Aqueous humor has functions such as refraction, nutrition of cornea and lens, and maintenance of intraocular pressure.

2. Light → cornea → anterior aqueous humor → pupil → posterior aqueous humor → lens → vitreous body → stimulate photoreceptor cells → bipolar cells → ganglion cells → optic nerve → central.

3. When looking at near objects, the ciliary muscle contracts, the ciliary process moves forward and inward, close to the lens, the ciliary zonules relax, the lens becomes thicker by virtue of its own elasticity, the surface curvature increases, and the refractive power increases, so that nearby objects are Imaging on the retina.

4. The tympanum is a small air-filled cavity within the petrous wall of the temporal bone. The upper wall is separated from the middle cranial fossa by the tympanum, and the lower wall is the wall of the jugular vein, adjacent to the origin of the internal jugular vein. The anterior wall is the wall of the carotid artery, with the ostium of the Eustachian tube. The posterior wall is the mastoid wall, and the upper part has the opening of the mastoid antrum. The outer wall is the wall of the tympanic membrane. The inner wall is called the labyrinth wall, and there are vestibular windows and cochlear windows in the rear.

5. The Eustachian tube is the tube that connects the tympanic cavity with the nasopharynx. Its function is to balance the air pressure in the tympanic cavity with the external air pressure to maintain the normal shape of the tympanic membrane. The eustachian tube in children is short and straight, so pharyngeal infection can easily spread to the tympanic cavity through the eustachian tube, forming otitis media.

6. What is the anatomical basis for pupil dilation or constriction? 7. Describe the production and excretion pathways of tears. 8. Briefly describe how sound waves travel. 9. Briefly describe the distribution and main functions of the membranous labyrinth.

10．运动眼球的肌肉有哪几条？其作用如何？

6．虹膜内有两种不同方向排列的平滑肌。环绕瞳孔周围排列的称瞳孔括约肌，受副交感神经支配；由瞳孔向周围呈辐射状排列的称瞳孔开大肌，受交感受神经支配。当眼视近物或在强光下时，瞳孔缩小。反之，瞳孔开大。

7．泪腺分泌泪液→结膜上穹→结膜囊→泪点→泪囊→鼻泪管→下鼻道前部。

8．声波→耳廓→外耳道→鼓膜→听骨链→前庭窗→前庭阶外淋巴（→蜗管内淋巴→基底膜→螺旋器）→鼓阶外淋巴→蜗窗 9．

膜迷路分为膜半规管、球囊、椭圆囊和蜗管四部分，含有特殊感受器。膜半规管内有壶腹嵴，是位觉感受器，能感受旋转变速运动的刺激。球囊和椭圆囊内有球囊斑和椭圆囊斑，亦是位觉感受器，能感受直线变速运动的刺激和头部的位置觉。蜗管内有螺旋器，为听觉感受器，能感受声波的振动并区别不同的音调。

10．运动眼球的肌肉有6条：上直肌（上内）、下直肌（下内）、内直肌（内侧）、外直肌（外侧）、上斜肌（下外）、下斜肌（上外）。

《人体解剖学》第九章生殖系统

【练习题】

◇A1型题

1．不成对的男性生殖器是 A

A．前列腺 B．精囊 C．尿道球腺 D．睾丸 E．附睾

2．男性生殖腺是E

A．前列腺 B．睾丸 C．精囊 D．尿道球腺 E．附睾

3．分泌雄性激素的细胞位于D

A．前列腺 B．尿道球腺 C．精曲小管 D．睾丸间质 E．附睾

4．精索内不含有C

A．输精管 B．睾丸血管 C．射精管 D．神经 E．淋巴管

5．精子的产生部位是C

A．白膜 B．睾丸网 C．精曲小管 D．睾丸间质 E．附睾

6．储存精子的器官是B

A．睾丸 B．附睾 C．精囊 D．膀胱 E．射精管

7．正常情况下睾丸位于C

A．盆腔内 B．附睾后外侧 C．阴囊内 D．腹腔内 E．腹股沟管内

8．睾丸C

A．内侧邻接附睾 B．睾丸间质是产生精子的部位 C．后缘有血管、神经和淋巴管出入 D．外形似蚕豆 E．精曲小管分泌雄激素

9．对精囊的描述，正确的是C

A．是贮存精子的囊袋 B．开口于尿道海绵体部 C．位于膀胱底后方 D．位于输精管末端内侧 E．是圆形的囊状器官

10. Participating in the composition of the spermatic cord is A

A．Vas deferens B. Inguinal canal C. Epididymal duct D. Semantic tubule E. ejaculatory tube

11. The ejaculatory duct opens at C

A．Beginning of urethra B. Urethral membrane C. Urethral prostate D. The spongy body of the urethra E. anterior urethra

12. The seminal vesicle is located in B

A．Below the bladder B. Lateral side of the ampulla of the vas deferens C. The inner side of the ampulla of the vas deferens D. Below the prostate E. lower back of penis

13. Regarding the description of the scrotum, the error is D

A．The scrotum is made up of skin and meat membranes B. On the lower back of the penis C. Holds the testicles and epididymis

D．The meat membrane is composed of dense connective tissue E. Regulates the temperature in the scrotum

14. Regarding the description of the male urethra, the error is A

A．From the fundus of the bladder B. Finally the external opening of the urethra of the head of the penis C. There are three narrow and two curved D. Divided into prostate, membranous and cavernous parts E. Total length 16～22cm

15. The narrowest part of the male urethra is E

A．Internal opening of urethra B. Urethral prostate C. Urethral membrane D. The spongy body of the urethra E. external urethral opening

16. Regarding the description of the penis, the correct one is B

A．Consists of two sponges B. Separate head, body and root into three parts C. The penis is often referred to clinically as the posterior urethra

D．The urethra passes through the cavernous body of the penis E. The cavernous body is surrounded by meat membrane and skin

17. Regarding the description of the prostate gland, the correct one is D

A．Adjacent to the fundus of the bladder B. One of the male reproductive glands C. It is chestnut-shaped, with the tip facing up and the bottom facing down D. Passes through the urethra E. vas deferens through

18. The clinically referred to anterior urethra is C

A．Prostate B. Membrane C. Spongy body D. Prostate and membranous E. ureter

19. The bulbourethral gland is located at C

A．In the scrotum septum B. Inside the urethral bulb C. In the urogenital diaphragm D. Inside the cavernous body E. In the pelvic diaphragm

20. Ovaries belong to B

A．External genitalia b. Gonads C. reproductive tract d. Accessory glands E. Extraperitoneal organs

twenty one. Regarding the ovaries, E

The wrong statement is A. On the side wall of the pelvis B. It is an intraperitoneal organ C. The upper end is in contact with the umbrella of the fallopian tube D. The lower end is connected to the uterus by ligaments E. The posterior border is the mesentery, where blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels enter and exit

twenty two. The preferred site for tubal ligation is C

A．Fallopian tube funnel B. Fallopian tube ampulla C. Fallopian tube gorge D. Uterus E. fallopian tube fimbria

twenty three. About the fallopian tubes, the wrong statement is D

A．Is a pair of muscular ducts B. Divided into four parts from outside to inside C. The ampulla is the site of egg cell fertilization D. The uterus is the site of tubal ligation E. fimbria

twenty four. The wrong statement about the uterus is E

A．Located in the center of the small pelvis b. Between the bladder and rectum C. Leaning forward D. Forward flexion is the obtuse angle formed between the corpus of the uterus and the cervix E. The uterus is divided into four parts: fundus, body, neck, and canal

25．The ligament that maintains the anteversion of the uterus is B

A．Broad ligament of uterus b. Uterine round ligament C. cardinal ligament of the uterus d. Sacrouterine ligament E. ligament proper of the ovary

26．The finger-like protrusions around the infundibulum of the fallopian tube are called D

A．uterus b. Fallopian tube canal C. Fallopian tube ampulla D. fallopian tube fimbria

E．uterine round ligament

27．The site where the egg and sperm meet for fertilization is C

A．Fallopian tube uterus B. Fallopian tube gorge C. Fallopian tube ampulla D. Fallopian tube funnel E. fallopian tube fimbria

28．During surgery, the sign to identify the fallopian tube is E

A．Fallopian tube uterus B. Fallopian tube gorge C. Fallopian tube ampulla D. Fallopian tube funnel E. fallopian tube fimbria

29．The cervix refers to D

A．Uterine orifice of fallopian tube B. Peritoneal opening of fallopian tube C. The upper opening of the cervix D. The lower opening of the cervix E. inferior angle of uterine cavity

30．In the description of female genitalia, the wrong one is C

A．The isthmus of the fallopian tube is a common site for tubal ligation B. Deepest in the posterior part of the vaginal vault C. The fundus is the lower part of the uterus D. The cardinal ligament of the uterus has the function of preventing uterine prolapse E. The broad ligaments of the uterus restrict lateral movement of the uterus

31．Intraperitoneal organ is D

A．Pancreas B．liver C．kidney D．Stomach E．ascending colon

32．The organ belonging to the interperitoneum is A

A．uterus b. Kidney C．transverse colon d. Spleen E．Stomach

33．The extraperitoneal organs are C

A．Stomach B．Spleen C．Pancreas D．Liver E．bladder

◇Type B1 questions

(Questions 1 to 3 share alternative answers) A. testicle b. Epididymis C. Spermatic cord D．seminal vesicle E．urethral ball

1. A is the male gonad

 2. The male accessory gland is D

3. The organ that temporarily stores sperm is B

(Questions 4 to 7 share alternative answers) A. Prostate B. Membrane C. Spongy body D. Subpubic curvature E. pubic curvature

4. The part of the male urethra that passes through the urogenital diaphragm is B

 5. The part of the male urethra known as the anterior urethra is C

6. The constant curvature in the male urethra is D

7. The bend that disappears in the male urethra is E

(Questions 8-11 share alternative answers) A. ovaryB．Fallopian tubes C. UterusD．vagina E．vulva

8. It is A that produces egg cells and secretes estrogen and progesterone

9. What is not part of the female internal genitalia is E

10. The muscular conduit that transports the egg cell is B

11. The muscular organ that conceives the fetus is C

(Questions 12 to 15 share alternative answers) A. Broad ligament of uterus b. Uterine round ligament C. cardinal ligament of the uterus d. Sacrouterine ligament E. sacrotuberous ligament

12. The main structure that prevents uterine prolapse is the C

13. The main structure that maintains the anterior flexion of the uterus is the D

14. The main structure that maintains the anteversion of the uterus is the B

15. The structure that restricts the lateral movement of the uterus is A

(Questions 16-17 share alternative answers) A. labia majora b. Labia minora C. Labial frenulum D. Vaginal vestibule

E．bartholin gland

16. It is easy to cause tearing during childbirth, and it is B that should be protected

17. It is E that secretes mucus and lubricates the vaginal opening

(18~20 questions share alternative answers) A. Stomach B．EsophagusC. Pancreas D．Liver E．anal canal

18. Intraperitoneal organs are A

19. The organ belonging to the peritoneum is D

20. The extraperitoneal organs are C

◇X type question

1. Synthetic ejaculatory tube is AB

A．The end of the vas deferens B. Excretory duct of the seminal vesicle C. Epididymal duct D. Testicular efferent tubules E. excretory duct of prostate

2. The duct that passes through the prostate has BC

A．vas deferens b. Posterior urethra C. ejaculatory duct d. Anterior urethraE. testicular efferent tubules

3. The structure that makes up the spermatic cord has ACDE

A．Vas deferens B. Ejaculatory duct C. testicular artery d. Testicular vein E. lymphatic vessels and nerves

4. Strictures of the male urethra are BDE

A．Prostate B. Membrane C. Spongy body D. Internal opening of urethra E. external urethral opening

5. Vas deferens including ABCE

A．EpididymisB. Vas deferens C. Ejaculatory duct D. seminal vesicle E. male urethra

6. Those belonging to the male accessory glands have ACD

A．prostate b. Bartholin gland C. Seminal vesicle D．bulbourethral gland E. epididymis

7．睾丸ABCE

A．具有产生精子的功能   B．具有分泌雄激素的功能    C．位于阴囊内 D．表面全部包贴睾丸鞘膜      E．上端和后缘有附睾附着

8．男性尿道ABCE

A．有排精的作用      B．尿道膜部括约肌控制排尿 C．尿道前列腺部有射精管开口

D．尿道膜部为穿过盆膈的一段     E．尿道海绵体部最长

9．关于子宫的说法，正确的是ACDE

A．位于小骨盆腔内  B．为实质性器官    C．子宫主韧带可阻止子宫脱垂 D．子宫内的腔隙称子宫腔 E．维持子宫前倾的是子宫圆韧带

10．子宫阔韧带中含有ABCD

A．卵巢 B．输卵管 C．子宫主韧带 D．子宫圆韧带 E．骶子宫韧带

11．子宫BC

A．位于小骨盆腔的中央      B．子宫的内腔称子宫腔      C．子宫颈为炎症和肿瘤好发部位 D．子宫的后方为膀胱 E．子宫的前方为耻骨联合的后方

12．女性腹膜腔与外界相通，需经过的器官有BCD

A．尿道      B．阴道      C．子宫 D．输卵管       E．输尿管

13．组成小网膜的韧带是AC

A．肝十二指肠韧带 B．镰状韧带  C．肝胃韧带  D．肝圆韧带    E．脾胃韧带

14．属于腹膜间位器官的是CDE

 A．肾      B．胃      C．子宫     D．膀胱     E．肝

15．属于腹膜内位器官的是ABCD

A．胃      B．空肠     C．阑尾     D．脾      E．胆囊

16．属于腹膜外位器官的是ABCD

 A．Kidney B．Pancreas C．ureter d. adrenal gland E. spleen

17. The structures formed by the peritoneum are ABCD

A．ligament b. Mesentery C. greater omentum d. Lesser omentum E. dome

◇Explanation of terms

1. Sheath cavity 2 . spermatic cord 3 . Fallopian tube isthmus

1. The visceral and wall layers of the testicular sheath move toward each other at the posterior edge of the testis to form a closed cavity called the sheath cavity, with a small amount of serous fluid inside.

2. From the deep ring of the inguinal canal to the upper end of the testis, there is a soft round cord-like structure called the spermatic cord. It consists of the vas deferens, testicular artery, venous plexus, nerves, lymphatic vessels and sheath ligaments and other outer covering membranes.

3. The isthmus of the fallopian tube is a section immediately adjacent to the uterine part of the fallopian tube, which is located outside the uterine wall. The diameter of the tube is relatively narrow, and it is a common site for tubal ligation.

 4. Fallopian tube fimbria 5．Vaginal vault 6. peritoneum 7. peritoneal cavity

4. There are many finger-like protrusions around the funnel of the fallopian tube, called the umbrella of the fallopian tube, which is a sign to identify the fallopian tube during surgery.

5. The upper end of the vagina surrounds the cervix and vagina in the shape of a dome, and the shape gap formed between the two is called the vaginal fornix, and the rear part of the vaginal fornix is ​​the deepest.

6. The peritoneum is a layer of serosa that lines the inner surface of the abdominal and pelvic walls and covers the surface of the abdominal and pelvic viscera. It is called parietal peritoneum lining the inner surface of abdominal and pelvic walls; visceral peritoneum is called visceral peritoneum covering the surface of abdominal and pelvic viscera.

7. The peritoneal cavity refers to the cavity surrounded by the mutual migration of visceral peritoneum and parietal peritoneum.

◇Short answer questions

1. Briefly describe the composition of the male genitalia. 2. Briefly describe the composition of the female genitalia. 3. Briefly describe the production and expulsion pathways of spermatozoa (indicated by arrows). 4. When inserting a urinary catheter for a male patient, which stenosis and bends do you pass through in sequence? 5. What are the divisions of the fallopian tubes and what is the significance of each division? 1. The male genitalia consists of two parts, the internal and external genitalia. Internal genitalia include: ① Gonads—testes; ② Vas deferens—epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, and male urethra; ③ Accessory glands—seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands. External genitalia include: penis and scrotum.

2. The female genitalia consists of two parts, the internal and external genitalia. Internal genitalia include: ① gonads - ovaries; ② delivery ducts - fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina; ③ accessory glands - Bartholin's glands. The female external genitalia is the vulva, which is composed of mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, vaginal vestibule, clitoris and vestibular bulb.

3. The seminiferous tubule epithelium produces sperm → seminiferous tubule → seminiferous straight tubule → testicular rete → testicular efferent tubule → epididymis → vas deferens → ejaculatory duct → urethra → in vitro.

4. When a male patient inserts a urinary catheter, the urethral orifice, the membranous part, and the internal urethral orifice pass through in sequence, and the external urethral orifice is the narrowest; the bends are anterior pubic curve and subpubic curvature, respectively.

5. The full length of the fallopian tube can be divided into four parts from the outside to the inside, namely, the funnel of the fallopian tube, the ampulla of the fallopian tube (the part where the egg cell is fertilized), the isthmus of the fallopian tube (the part often selected for tubal ligation) and the uterus.

6. Describe the shape, position and fixture of the uterus.

6. The uterus is an inverted pear shape with a slightly flat front and back, about 8cm long, 4cm wide, and 2cm thick

, which can be divided into three parts: the fundus, the cervix and the uterine body. The cervix is ​​further divided into the cervicovaginal part and the upper part of the cervicovaginal cavity; the uterus is located in the center of the pelvic cavity, between the bladder and the rectum, in a forward-bending position; Lateral movement; ② Uterine round ligament: maintain the forward position of the uterus; ③ Uterine cardinal ligament: Fix the cervix and prevent uterine prolapse; ④ Sacrouterine ligament: Maintain the forward flexion of the uterus and maintain it together with the uterine round ligament Anteversion of the uterus.

"Human Anatomy" Chapter 10 Nervous System

【Exercise questions】

◇A1-type questions

1. Regarding the shape of the spinal cord, which of the following is correct B

A．The spinal cord and spinal canal are equal in length b. The lower end of the adult spinal cord is level with the lower edge of the first lumbar vertebra C. Cervical, thoracic, and lumbar nerve roots form the cauda equina d. The lower end of the spinal cord narrows to the filament terminal E. There is an anterior median groove on the ventral surface of the spinal cord and a posterior median fissure on the back

2. The cranial nerve connected to the telencephalon is B

A．oculomotor nerve b. olfactory nerve c. Trochlear nerve D. optic nerveE. Trigeminal nerve

3. The cranial nerve connected to the pons is C

A．oculomotor nerve b. Trochlear nerve C. facial nerve d. Vagus nerveE. hypoglossal nerve

4. Somatomotor cranial nuclei do not include D

A．abducens nucleus b. Hypoglossal nucleus C. Trochlear nucleus D. Vagal nucleus E. oculomotor nucleus

5. Regarding the part where the cranial nerve enters and exits the brain, the correct one is C

A．In the medullary pontine sulcus there is the facial nerve B. In the interpeduncular fossa of the midbrain there is the optic nerve C. The hypoglossal nerve lies in front of the medullary pyramid D. Oculomotor nerve at the back of the cerebellum E. middle cerebellar abducens nerve

6. Parasympathetic cranial nuclei excluding B

A．Superior salivary nucleus B. Doubtful C. Dorsal nucleus of the vagus nerve D. Inferior salivary nucleus E. dorsal oculomotor nucleus

7. The structure of the hypothalamus does not include E

A．optic chiasm b. Gray nodule C. nipple body D. Funnel E．pineal gland

8. E not visible on medial hemispheres

A．Paracentral lobules B. Corpus callosumC. Distance groove D. Parietal groove E. Angular gyrus

9. The inability to straighten the wrist is due to any nerve injury A

A．桡神经 B．尺神经 C．正中神经 D．腋神经 E．肌皮神经

10．关于胸神经支配的阶段性描述，何者错误E

A．胸2相当于胸骨角平面 B．胸6相当于剑突平面 C．胸8相当于肋弓平面

D．胸10相当于脐平面 E．胸12相当于耻骨联合上缘平面

11．内脏运动神经A

A．分交感神经和副交感神经  B．受意识支配 C．不分节前、节后纤维    D．分布于骨骼肌 E．低级中枢位于骶2~4灰质侧角

12．与脊髓的第7胸节相对应的椎骨是A

A．第5胸椎体    B．第6胸椎体   C．第7胸椎体   D．第8胸椎体 E．第9胸椎体

13．皮质脊髓侧束D

A．传导痛、温觉冲动         B．传导本体感觉冲动 C．传导内脏运动冲动

D．传导躯体运动冲动 E．传导对侧躯体的深感觉

14．楔束C

A．传导对侧下半身的意识性本体觉和精细触觉冲动 B．传导对侧上半身的意识性本体觉和精细触觉冲动 C．传导同侧上半身的意识性本体觉和精细触觉冲动 D．传导同侧下半身的意识性本体觉和精细触觉冲动 E．传导同侧上半身痛、温觉和粗糙触觉冲动

15．与间脑相连的脑神经是D

A．三叉神经     B．面神经      C．动眼神经      D．视神经 E．滑车神经

16．从脑干背面发出的脑神经是B

A．动眼神经      B．滑车神经   C．展神经        D．面神经 E．前庭蜗神经

17．对第四脑室的叙述，哪项是错误的D

A．位于延髓、脑桥和小脑之间 B．向上经中脑水管与第三脑室相通 C．向下通脊髓中央管  D．只借第四脑室正中孔与蛛网膜下隙相通 E．向上借中脑水管和侧脑室直接相通

18．躯体运动区主要位于D

A．中央后回和中央旁小叶的后部 B．中央后回和中央旁小叶的前部 C．中央前回和中央旁小叶的后部   D．中央前回和中央旁小叶的前部 E．中央前回和中央旁小叶的后部

19．视区位于A

 A．距状沟两侧      B．颞横回     C．额下回中部     D．角回 E．额中回后部

20．小脑延髓池位于 C

A．Between the cerebellum and midbrain B. Between the cerebrum and cerebellum C. Between the cerebellum and medulla D. Between the brainstem and cerebellum E. Dilation of the lower end of the epidural space

twenty one. Cerebrospinal fluid B

A．It is a colored opaque liquid B. Produced mainly by the choroid plexus of the ventricles C. Adult volume 1000~1400ml

D．Finally enters the lymph fluid E. The total amount varies from time to time

twenty two. Internal capsule knee A

A．Contains cortical nuclei B. Contains the corticospinal tract C. Contains apparent radiation D. Contains acoustic radiation E. central thalamic radiation

twenty three. The fiber bundle connecting the left and right cerebral hemispheres is B

A．Internal capsule B. Corpus callosumC. Cortical nuclei D. Corticospinal tract E. medial lemniscus

twenty four. Medial geniculate body A

A．Involved in the conduction of auditory impulses B. Related to visual impulse conduction C. Related to body motor conduction D. Related to somatosensory transmission E. related to visceral transmission

25．The nerve that innervates the biceps is C

A．median nerve b. Ulnar nerve C. Musculocutaneous nerve d. Axillary nerveE. radial nerve

26．The nerve that innervates the triceps is A

A．radial nerve b. Musculocutaneous nerve C. Axillary nerve d. median nerve E. ulnar nerve

27．Fractures of the midshaft of the humerus are vulnerable to C

A．Axillary nerve b. median nerve c. radial nerve d. Ulnar nerve E. musculocutaneous nerve

28．Visceral motor fibers innervate the oculomotor nerve C

A．Most of the muscles of the eyeball B. Parotid C. Ciliary muscle of the pupillary sphincter D. Sublingual gland E. submandibular gland

29．Dysgeusia in the anterior 2/3 of the tongue, more common in lesion B

A Trigeminal nerve B. facial nerve c. Glossopharyngeal nerve d. Hypoglossal nerve E. vagus nerve

30．The nerve that innervates the muscles of mastication is E

A．facial nerve b. maxillary nerve c. Glossopharyngeal nerve d. Hypoglossal nerve E. mandibular nerve

31．Organs with only sympathetic innervation but no parasympathetic innervation are E

A．liver b. transverse colon C. heart D．Stomach E．adrenal medulla

32．corticospinal tract E

A．Upper motor neurons in the lower third of the precentral gyrus B. Through the genu of the internal capsule to the brainstem C. Manages skeletal muscle movement on the same side of the trunk D. At the intersection of the cone all cross to the opposite side E. Most of the lower motor neurons are in the contralateral anterior horn of the spinal cord

33．Which of the statements about the central branch of the middle cerebral artery is false A

A．Distributed in the cerebral cortex B. Supply the deep part of the medulla of the brain C. The basal ganglia that supply the brain, D. Enters the brain parenchyma almost vertically E. Supply internal capsule, diencephalon

34．spinal nerve C

A．A total of 31 b. Manage the movement of the body's skeletal muscles C. The anterior branch is thicker D. Left and right plexus asymmetry E. Contains only somatosensory and somatomotor fibers

35．E

A．Spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve B. Trigeminal sensory nucleus C. Trigeminal motor nucleus d. The ventroposterolateral nucleus of the thalamus E. In trigeminal ganglion

◇Type B1 questions

(Questions 1 to 5 share alternative answers) A. oculomotor nerve b. olfactory nerve c. optic nerve d. Trigeminal nerveE. vagus nerve

1. Cranial nerve connected to telencephalon B

2. Cranial nerve connected to the diencephalon C

3. Cranial nerve A connected to the midbrain

4. Cranial nerve connected to pons D

5. Cranial nerve E connected to the medulla oblongata

(6 to 10 questions share alternative answers) A. Sieve hole B．Superior orbital fissure C. Round hole D．Foramen ovale E. jugular foramen

6. Site where the ophthalmic nerve enters and exits the cranium B

7. Where the mandibular nerve enters and exits the cranium D

8. The site where the maxillary nerve enters and exits the cranium C

9. Site where the olfactory nerve enters and exits the cranium A

10. The site where the glossopharyngeal nerve enters and leaves the cranium E

(Questions 11 to 14 share alternative answers) A. Sternal angle plane B. Nipple plane C. Xiphoid plane D. navel plane

11. T2 distribution area is equivalent to A

12. T10 distribution area is equivalent to D

13. T4 distribution area is equivalent to B

14. T6 distribution area is equivalent to C

(Questions 15-14 share alternative answers) A. ilioinguinal nerve b. median nerve c. Phrenic nerve d. sciatic nerve

15. The main branch of the sacral plexus is the D

16. The major branches of the lumbar plexus are the A

17. The main branch of the brachial plexus is the B

18. The main branch of the cervical plexus is the C

(19~21 questions share alternative answers) A. Mixed nerves b. motor nerves c. sensory nerve

19. spinal nerve A

20. maxillary nerve C

twenty one. accessory nerve B

(Questions 22 to 24 share alternative answers) A. Bipolar cells b. Ganglion cellsC. Neurons in the lateral geniculate body

twenty two. The first-order neurons of the visual conduction pathway are A

twenty three. The second-order neurons of the visual conduction pathway are B

twenty four. The third-order neuron of the visual conduction pathway is C

(Questions 25-27 share alternative answers) A. Trigeminal ganglion cells b. Neurons in the spinal trigeminal and pontine trigeminal nuclei C. Neurons in the ventroposteromedial nucleus of the dorsal thalamus

25．头面部的痛觉、温度觉、触觉和压觉传导通路的第一级神经元为A

26．头面部的痛觉、温度觉、触觉和压觉传导通路的第二级神经元为B

27．头面部的痛觉、温度觉、触觉和压觉传导通路的第三级神经元为C

（28～30题共用备选答案） A．大脑前动脉 B．大脑后动脉 C．“出血动脉”

28．颈内动脉的主要分支 A

29．大脑中动脉的主要分支 C

30．椎动脉的主要分支B

（31～34题共用备选答案） A．额下回后部 B．额中回后部 C．缘上回 D．角回

31．运动性语言中枢 A

32．听觉性语言中枢 C

33．书写中枢 B

34．视觉性语言中枢D

（35～39题共用备选答案） A．中央前回和中央旁小叶的前部 B．枕叶内侧面距状沟两侧的皮质 C．中央后回和中央旁小叶的后部 D．颞横回 E．边缘叶

35．内脏活动中枢位于 E

36．视区位于 B

37．躯体感觉区位于 C

38．听区位于 D

39．躯体运动区位于A

◇X型题

1．脊髓ACD

A．上端在平枕骨大孔处与脑相连 B．下端在成人平齐第2腰椎的下缘 C．呈前后略扁的圆柱状 D．有2处膨大 E．相连有26对脊神经

2．内脏运动神经包括BC

A．迷走神经      B．交感神经      C．副交感神经 D．躯体神经 E．动眼神经

3．副交感神经的低级中枢位于ABE

A．动眼神经副核   B． 上涎核     C． 疑核     D． 孤束核 E．骶髓的骶副交感核

4．脑干腹侧面能观察到的结构有ABC

A．大脑脚      B．锥体      C．基底沟   D．上丘      E．下丘

5．语言中枢包括ABCD

A．听话中枢      B．说话中枢      C．书写中枢 D．阅读中枢      E．嗅觉性语言中枢

6．硬脑膜形成的结构有ABCD

A．falx cerebri b. tentorium C. superior sagittal sinus d. Cavernous sinus E. paranasal sinuses

7. Internal carotid artery BC

A．From the subclavian artery B. Enter the cranial cavity through the carotid artery C. Distributed on the medial and dorsolateral surfaces of the cerebral hemispheres

D．Distributed on the medial and dorsolateral surfaces of the cerebellar hemispheres E. Nutrition for cerebellum, brainstem, etc.

8. Nerves distributed in the hand have BCE

A．Musculocutaneous nerve b. Ulnar nerve C. radial nerve d. Axillary nerve E. median nerve

9. The cranial nerves related to eyeball function have ABCD

A．optic nerve b. oculomotor nerve c. trigeminal nerve d. Trochlear nerve E. hypoglossal nerve

10. Cranial nerves passing through the jugular foramen have BCD

A．vestibulocochlear nerve b. Glossopharyngeal nerve C. vagus nerve d. Accessory nerve E. hypoglossal nerve

11. The main branch of the vagus nerve is the ACD

A．Superior laryngeal nerve b. Carotid artery C. Cervical branch D. Recurrent laryngeal nerve E. parotid branch

12. Conduction pathway AC for pain, temperature and gross touch in the trunk and limbs

A．1st order neurons are located in the ipsilateral spinal ganglion B. The second-order neurons are located in the nucleus propria of the dorsal horn of the contralateral spinal cord C. The 3rd order neurons are located in the ventroposterolateral nucleus of the contralateral dorsal thalamus D. 3rd order fibers project to the central posterior gyrus via the anterior limb of the internal capsule

E．Manage the pain, temperature and rough touch of the whole body

13. Cone BCD

A．Mainly governs the movement of smooth muscle B. The cell bodies of the upper motor neurons are located in the cerebral cortex

C．Lower motor neuron cell bodies are located in the brainstem or spinal cord D. Includes corticonuclear and corticospinal tracts E. Most of the fibers do not cross

14. The conduction tracts in the anterior cord of the spinal cord have AD

A．Anterior spinothalamic tract B. Thin bundle C. Wedge beam D. Anterior corticospinal tract E. lateral corticospinal tract

15. BD _

A．Thin bundle B. Lateral corticospinal tract C. Wedge beam D. Lateral spinothalamic tract E. intrinsic bundle

16. ACE is involved in the composition of the brainstem

A．midbrain b. Diencephalon C. pons d. cerebellum E. medulla oblongata

17. The cranial nuclei in the brainstem have AD

A．Oculomotor nucleus B. Lateral geniculate body C. Thin bundle nucleus D. Upper salivary nucleus E. Doubt

18. Inside the cerebellum is the ADE

A．Cerebellar cortex b. Thin bundle nucleus C. substantia nigra d. Myeloid E．dentate nucleus

19. The structure of the hypothalamus has BCD

A．Medial geniculate body B. Funnel C．optic chiasm D. Emulsion E. lateral geniculate body

20. The lobes of the cerebral hemispheres include the ABCE

A．frontal lobe b. parietal lobe c. insula d. Marginal leaves E. Temporal lobe

twenty one. Choroid plexus AB

A．Produces cerebrospinal fluid b. Formed by capillary plexus, pia mater, and ependymal epithelium protruding into the ventricle C. The choroid plexus is found in the lateral ventricle D. Located in the aqueduct of the midbrain E. Cerebrospinal fluid leaks into the superior sagittal sinus through the choroid plexus

twenty two. Vertebral artery ABD

A．Enter the skull through the foramen magnum B. A basilar artery is synthesized at the medullary pontine groove C. Branches in the frontal lobe D. Branch nutrition spinal cord, medulla oblongata, pons and cerebellum E. common carotid artery

twenty three. Central branch of middle cerebral artery ACE

A．thin and long b. Distributed in the cerebral cortex C. Enters the brain parenchyma almost vertically D. Distributed in the superficial part of the cerebral medulla E. When blood pressure is too high, it is easy to rupture and bleed

twenty four. Nerves distributed on the back of the hand have BC

A．Musculocutaneous nerve b. Ulnar nerve C. radial nerve d. Axillary nerveE. median nerve

25．The main branches of the lumbar plexus are ACDE

A．femoral nerve b. sciatic nerve c. Obturator nerve D. Pudendal nerve E. iliohypogastric nerve

26．The nerve that belongs to the branch of the sacral plexus is the AC

A．superior gluteal nerve b. Pudendal nerve C. sciatic nerve d. Femoral nerve E Obturator nerve

27．The cranial nerves that enter the orbit through the superior orbital fissure are ABCE

A．oculomotor nerve b. Trochlear nerve C. ophthalmic nerve d. Maxillary nerve E. abducens nerve

28．The cranial nerves distributed in the eyeball are ABC

A．optic nerve b. oculomotor nerve C. trigeminal nerve d. Trochlear nerve E. hypoglossal nerve

29．The cranial nerves distributed in the tongue have BCDE

A．Trochlear nerve B. trigeminal nerve c. facial nerve d. Glossopharyngeal nerve E. hypoglossal nerve

30．The characteristics of autonomic nerves are BE

A．Controls skeletal muscles b. Innervates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands C. Sent from the lower center to the skeletal muscle D. Dominate the skin E. Divided into preganglionic fibers and postganglionic fibers

31．AD occurs when one optic tract is completely damaged

A．Hemianopia in the nasal half of the ipsilateral eye B. Hemianopia in the temporal half of the ipsilateral eye C. Nasal hemianopia in the contralateral eye D. Hemianopia in the temporal half of the fellow eye E. Blindness in the injured side eye

◇Explanation of terms

1. Gray matter 2 . White matter 3 . Nervous 4．Ganglia 5. grid

1. In the central nervous system, the parts where the cell bodies and dendrites of neurons gather are dark in color and are called gray matter.

2. In the central nervous system, the parts where nerve fibers gather are white and bright, called white matter.

3. In the central nervous system, the cell bodies of neurons are aggregated into a gray mass called the nucleus.

4. In the peripheral nervous system, neuronal cell bodies aggregate into gray mass-like structures called ganglia.

5. In the central nervous system, the parts where gray matter and white matter are mixed, that is, nerve fibers are interwoven into a network, and gray matter clumps are scattered in it, which is called a reticular structure.

 6. Internal capsule 7. Striatum 8. Subarachnoid space 9. Epidural space

6. The internal capsule is located between the dorsal thalamus, caudate nucleus, and putamen, and is composed of ascending and descending fiber bundles. It is divided into three parts: the anterior limb of the internal capsule, the genu of the internal capsule, and the posterior limb of the internal capsule, and manages the sensory and motor functions of the opposite side of the body. .

7. The striatum consists of the putamen and caudate. In terms of phylogeny, the caudate nucleus and putamen are called the new striatum, and the globus pallidum is called the old striatum. The striatum plays an important role in regulating body movement.

8．脊髓蛛网膜与软脊膜间较宽阔的间隙称蛛网膜下隙，内含清亮的脑脊液。

9．硬脊膜与椎管内面骨膜之间的狭窄腔隙称硬膜外隙，内含疏松结缔组织、脂肪、淋巴管和静脉丛等；有脊神经根穿过此隙。

 10．大脑动脉环（Willis环）  11．白交通支  12．灰交通支  13．神经

10．大脑动脉环位于脑底的下方，蝶鞍上方，由两侧大脑前动脉起始端、两侧颈内动脉末端与两侧大脑后动脉借前、后交通动脉彼此吻合形成，又称Willis环，该环围绕在视交叉、灰结节和乳头体周围，此环使两侧颈内动脉系与椎-基底动脉系相交通。

11．白交通支主要由具有髓鞘的节前纤维组成，因髓鞘反光发亮，呈白色。

12．灰交通支由椎旁节细胞发出的节后纤维组成，多无髓鞘，故颜色灰暗。

13．在周围神经系统中神经纤维聚集成粗细不等的神经纤维束称神经。

◇ 简答题

1．试述脑脊液的产生及循环途径。

1．脑脊液的产生部位：各脑室脉络丛产生脑脊液。循环途径：      左         室间孔

中脑水管             正中孔        侧脑室            第三脑室

第四脑室      右

外侧孔    蛛网膜下隙        蛛网膜粒        上矢状窦        颈内静脉

2．试述内囊的位置、分部，通过内囊的主要神经纤维束及其临床意义。

2．内囊是位于背侧丘脑、尾状核与豆状核之间的上、下行纤维。在水平切面上，内囊呈“＞＜”形，分内囊前肢、内囊膝和内囊后肢3部分。内囊前肢位于豆状核与尾状核之间；主要有额桥束和丘脑前辐射（丘脑皮质束）。内囊后肢位于豆状核与背侧丘脑之间，主要有皮质脊髓束、丘脑中央辐射和丘脑后辐射（丘脑皮质束）以及视辐射（传导视觉冲动）和听辐射（传导听觉冲动）等通过；前、后肢相交处称内囊膝，有皮质核束通过。

内囊是大脑皮质与下级中枢联系的“交通要道”，当内囊损伤广泛时，患者会出现对侧半身的感觉障碍（丘脑中央辐射受损），对侧偏瘫（皮质脊髓束、皮质核束损伤）和偏盲（视辐射损伤）的“三偏”综合征。

 3. Briefly describe the innervation of the tongue. 4. Briefly describe the site of lumbar puncture, and the anatomical structure levels that the puncture needle must pass through from the outside to the inside. 5. Briefly describe the source, branches and distribution range of arteries that nourish the brain.

3. The sensory nerves of the tongue are V, VII, IX, and X. Anterior 2/3 of the tongue: The general sensation is transmitted by the trigeminal nerve-mandibular nerve-lingual nerve, and the sense of taste is transmitted by the chorda tympani of the facial nerve. Posterior 1/3 of the tongue: General sensation and taste are transmitted by the lingual branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve. Movement of the tongue muscle is innervated by the hypoglossal nerve.

4. Lumbar puncture is often performed clinically between the lumbar 3-4 or lumbar 4-5 vertebrae. During lumbar puncture, the puncture needle needs to pass through the skin, subcutaneous tissue, supraspinous ligament, interspinous ligament, ligamentum flavum, epidural space, dura mater, and arachnoid from the surface to the inside, and then reach the subarachnoid space to extract cerebrospinal fluid.

5. The main arteries that nourish the brain are the internal carotid artery and the vertebral artery. ①The internal carotid artery originates from the common carotid artery, and its main branches are the anterior cerebral artery and the middle cerebral artery, which mainly supply the anterior 2/3 of the cerebral hemisphere and part of the diencephalon. ② The vertebral artery originates from the subclavian artery, and the left and right vertebral arteries synthesize a basilar artery at the medullary pontine sulcus, mainly including multiple branches such as the posterior cerebral artery, supplying the posterior 1/3 of the cerebral hemisphere, part of the diencephalon, brainstem and cerebellum.

6. Briefly describe the segmental distribution of the anterior branch of the thoracic nerve in the trunk. 7. Describe the innervation of eye movement and sensation.

6. The sternal angle plane is distributed by the anterior rami of the 2nd thoracic nerve, the nipple plane is distributed by the anterior rami of the 4th thoracic nerve, and the plane of the xiphoid process, costal arch, and umbilical plane are distributed by the anterior rami of the 6th, 8th, and 10th thoracic nerves, respectively. The inguinal area is distributed by the anterior branch of the 12th thoracic nerve.

7. The general sensation of the eyeball is transmitted by the trigeminal nerve-ophthalmic nerve-nasociliary nerve, and vision is transmitted by the optic nerve. Eye movement: The trochlear nerve innervates the superior oblique muscle, the abductor nerve innervates the lateral rectus muscle, and the rest is innervated by the oculomotor nerve. The ciliary muscle and pupillary sphincter are innervated by the parasympathetic fibers of the oculomotor nerve via the ciliary ganglion and postganglionic fibers; the pupillary dilator is innervated by the postganglionic fibers of the cervical sympathetic ganglion.

 8. Briefly describe the course and branches of the sciatic nerve. 9. Briefly describe the cranial nerves connected to the brainstem.

8. The sciatic nerve is the largest nerve in the whole body. It exits the pelvic cavity through the subpiriformis foramen, goes deep to the gluteus maximus, passes through the midpoint of the line connecting the sciatic tubercle and the greater trochanter, and descends to the upper part of the popliteal fossa through the posterior group of the thigh muscles, and then divides into the tibial nerve. nerve and common peroneal nerve. The main branch of the sciatic nerve is distributed in the hip joint and the posterior thigh muscle.

9. The cranial nerves connected to the midbrain are the oculomotor and trochlear nerves. The cranial nerves connected to the pons are the trigeminal, abducens, facial, and vestibulocochlear nerves. The cranial nerves connected to the medulla oblongata are the glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, and hypoglossal nerves.

10. Describe the arterial supply to the brain and spinal cord. Describe the location, composition and functional significance of the cerebral artery ring.

10. The main arteries of the brain come from the internal carotid and vertebral arteries. Bounded by the parieto-occipital groove, the internal carotid artery supplies the anterior 2/3 of the cerebral hemisphere and part of the diencephalon, and the vertebral artery supplies the posterior 1/3 of the cerebral hemisphere, the posterior part of the diencephalon, the cerebellum, and the brainstem. The arteries of the spinal cord originate from the vertebral and segmental arteries. The vertebral artery gives off one anterior spinal artery and two posterior spinal arteries, which descend along the anterior median fissure; the posterior spinal artery descends along the posterolateral sulcus, and merges into one descending in the middle of the neck. Segmental arteries are spinal branches from the ascending carotid artery, posterior intercostal artery, and lumbar artery. After entering the spinal canal, they anastomose with the anterior and posterior spinal arteries to nourish the spinal cord.

The cerebral artery ring is located below the base of the brain and above the sella. It is formed by the anastomosis of the two anterior cerebral arteries, the two internal carotid arteries, and the two posterior cerebral arteries through the anterior and posterior communicating arteries. The ring surrounds the optic chiasm , Cinderella and around the mammary body, this ring connects the internal carotid artery system with the vertebral-basilar artery system on both sides. Through the regulation of the cerebral artery ring, the blood flow can be redistributed and compensated to maintain the blood supply to the brain.

11. Discuss the difference between sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves.

11. Difference Between Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Compare the Difference Between Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

Low-level central parts of the spinal cord thoracic 1-3 lumbar gray matter lateral horn brainstem visceral motor nucleus, spinal cord sacral parasympathetic nucleus

Peripheral ganglia Paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia Paraorgan and inner ganglia

Pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic fibers Short pre-ganglionic fibers, long post-ganglionic fibers Long pre-ganglionic fibers, short post-ganglionic fibers

Distribution range Wide range of distribution, systemic blood vessels and visceral smooth muscles, myocardium, glands, arrector pili muscles, pupillary dilator muscles, etc.

The distribution range is not as wide as that of the sympathetic nerves, and most of the blood vessels, sweat glands, arrector pili muscles, and adrenal medulla are not innervated by parasympathetic nerves

12. Briefly describe the innervation of the hand.

12. The nerves involved in the movement and sensation of the hand are the median, ulnar, and radial nerves. In the hand area, the median nerve distributes to the 1st and 2nd lumbrical muscles and the thenar

(except the adductor hallucis muscle), the center of the palm, the palms of the three and a half fingers on the radial side, and the skin of the middle and distal fingers. The radial nerve divides into 4-5 dorsal digital nerves and distributes in the skin on the back of the radial half of the dorsum of the hand and the proximal joints of the three and a half fingers on the radial side. The dorsal branch of the ulnar nerve is distributed in the dorsal skin of the ulnar half of the dorsum of the hand and the two half fingers of the ulnar side. The palmar branch is distributed on the back skin of the little finger, ring finger and ulnar half of the middle finger. The superficial branches are distributed in the skin of the hypothenar, little finger and ulnar half palm of the ring finger. The deep branches are distributed in the hypothenar, adductor hallucis, palmar interosseous, dorsal interosseous, and 3rd and 4th lumbrical muscles.