This part is mainly the introduction of two special sentence patterns and a summary of common omissions in English. At the same time, this blog is also the last (probably) of the Grammar Notes series. There will be miscellaneous knowledge points that may be directly supplemented in the already written ones. Among the blogs, you can pay attention to the changes in the blog title.

1. Inversion

The so-called inverted sentence is a sentence pattern in which the original word order is reversed in order to emphasize certain information . Let me use two Chinese sentences as examples:

The upper sentence emphasizes "carrot" , while the lower sentence emphasizes "you" . In Chinese, inverted sentences are often used in oral expressions like the above, while in English it is common in written language. The usage of inverted sentences can be roughly divided into the following three categories :

1. Complete inversion sentence

Full Inversion means that the predicate part is completely placed before the subject , and not all sentences can be "spoken backwards" . Full Inversion is mainly applicable to the following two situations:

1.1 Inversion of adverbs at the beginning of sentences

adverb	original sentence	Flip chip
“here”；“there”… (adverb of place)	The last bus goes . The last bus leaves.	There goes the last bus. The last bus leaves.
“now”；“then”… (adverb of time)	The wolf's turn comes! Now it's the turn of the big bad wolf!	Now comes the wolf's turn! Now it's the turn of the big bad wolf!
“in”；“out”； “up”；“down”； “away”…… (adverb indicating direction of movement)	The carrots went into the air. The carrots went into the air.	Up went the carrots into the air. Carrots flew into the air.

Before the inversion, the above sentences emphasize the subject of the sentence itself, but after the inversion, it becomes an emphasis on the action expressed by the predicate verb .

1.2 Inversion of prepositional phrases at the beginning of sentences

preposition

original sentence

Flip chip

“at”；“on”…

(see Prepositions for details)

A rabbit sat at the table.
A rabbit sat on the table.

At the table sat a rabbit
.

Before the inversion, the above sentence emphasizes the subject of the sentence itself, but after inversion, it becomes the part emphasizing the modification of the preposition .

1.3 Inversion of predicatives at the beginning of sentences

predicative

original sentence

Flip chip

adjective, participle,

Prepositional phrases, "such", etc.

(when making a predicative)

A group of rabbits is seated on the ground.

Sitting on the ground is a group of rabbits.

Seated on the ground is a group of rabbits.

Sitting on the ground is a group of rabbits.

The wolf's tricks were such.

This is the trick of the big bad wolf.

Such were the wolf's tricks.

This is the trick of the big bad wolf.

Before the inversion, the above sentences emphasize the subject of the sentence itself, but after inversion, it becomes the part that emphasizes the predicate . Here the prepositional phrase is different from the above sentence components, it is used as a predicative to modify the subject.

When the components modifying the definite subject and the predicate verb appear at the beginning of the sentence, the sentence can be completely reversed. In general, there are: adverbs, adjectives, non-predicate verb phrases, prepositional phrases, etc. In addition, there is a very common inverted sentence pattern - There be sentence pattern .

1.4 There be sentence pattern inversion

The there be sentence pattern is actually the inversion of the adverb of place mentioned above when there is at the beginning of the sentence . The reason why it is introduced separately is that it is more common than other inversion sentences.

There are two main structures of threre be sentence patterns :

Basic structure: "there be + noun" , which means "has..." (objective existence)

[Example] There is a girl .

【例句】 There is a girl over there.

Extended structure: "there be + noun + prepositional phrase" , which means "there is...where" (the prepositional phrase indicates the location)

【例】There was significant flu activity in almost every state.

【例句】 Influenza outbreaks are significant in almost every state.

[Supplement] be can combine different tenses and modality :

【例】.… but there have been controversial views about its economic political, social and cultural implications.

【例句】 But the economic, political, social and cultural impact of (this revolution) is still debated.

【例】There may be more matches in the database..

【Translation】 There may be more matches in the database...

[Note] The singular and plural of the predicate verb be in there be depends on the following nouns , that is to say, when considering the subject-verb agreement, it is based on the inverted subject and adopts the principle of proximity (see the subject-verb agreement part for details) .

2. Partial inversions

Partial inversion refers to separating the auxiliary verb from the predicate verb , and then advancing the auxiliary verb . These inversions are mainly of the following types:

type	original sentence	Flip chip
Inversion when there is a word/phrase with negative meaning at the beginning of a sentence	l have never eaten such a delicious carrot before . I have never eaten such a delicious carrot before.	Never before have I eaten such a delicious car. I have never eaten such a delicious carrot before.
Inversion when there is "only" at the beginning of the sentence (only can be followed by words, phrases, and sentences)	We can grow delicious carrots only in this way. Only in this way can we grow delicious carrots.	Only in this way can we grow deliciouscarrots
	The rabbit meet the wolf only then. Only then did the rabbit meet the wolf.	Only then did the rabbit meet the wolf. Until then, the rabbit met the wolf.
Inversion when subjunctive conditional sentence omits if	If I should win the lottery, l would buy a huge pile of carrots. If I could win the lottery, l would buy a huge pile of carrots.	Should I win the lottery,I would buy a huge pile of carrots. 如果我能赢得大奖,我就会买一大堆胡萝卜.
	… At Boston College, for example, you would have to complete an extra year if you were to switch to the nursing school from another department.	… At Boston College, for example, you would have to completean extra year were you to switch to the nursing school from another department.
【补充】不难发现，上面句子的部分倒装就像是陈述句变一般疑问句时一样，有助动词/情态动词就提前，没有就加“do/dose/did”；
【特例】在虚拟语气中，如果条件状语从句的谓语动词仅包含be（例如表示对将来的假设时，从句部分可能会使用“were to do”结构）时，部分倒装时直接将它提到主语前面。（知道有即可，一般自己不会写）
固定句型中的倒装	Rabits love eating carrots; so do wolves. 兔子喜欢吃胡萝卜，狼也是. -l was afraid. - So was I.(=I was afraid, too.) -我害怕. -我也是. The rabbit can't ride a bicycle; neither/nor can the wolf. 兔子不会骑自行车，狼也不会.

3. 形式倒装句

形式倒装仅将强调的内容提至句首，谓语动词不提前。这样的倒装主要出现在以下情况：

类型	举例
感叹句中的倒装	What a delicious carrot it is! 多么美味的一根胡萝卜!
比较级句型中的倒装 (如"the more..., the more...")	lf you eat more carrots, you will become healthier. 如果你多吃些胡萝卜，你就会更健康.	The more carrots you eat, the healthier you become. 吃胡萝卜越多，你就越健康.
"however"; "whatever"... 引导让步状语从句时的倒装	However long this video is, you should watch it till the end. 不论这个视频多长，你都应该看完.
"as"; "though"... 引导让步状语从句时的倒装	Much as he likes the carrot, he doesn't want to eat it. 尽管他非常喜欢胡萝卜，但他不想吃它.

以上内容就是倒装句的简单介绍，笔者以后有新的收获会进行补充。

二、强调

强调是一个笼统的概念，简单来说就是通过某种方法，突出一句话中包含的多个信息中的某一个信息，例如上面的倒装就是强调表达的一种方法——句式强调。

下面要介绍的强调是能够进行强调表达的各种方式，而非仅仅是强调句式。这些强调表达方式可分为四大类：

1. “口气”

这种强调方式指的是在英语口语中通过重读某个单词，或语气词——叹词等来突出某一对象，如：

左边的句子就是通过重读三个不同的单词，来达到强调不同信息的效果。

2. 书面格式

书面格式的强调和口气强调都是广义的强调，即不增添句子信息、不改变句子结构来做强调：

3. 词汇强调

通过在句子中添加表示强调的修饰词，就是词汇强调。

3.1 添加强调词

通过添加副词作为强调词进行修饰，来达到强调某一部分的作用：

除了副词可以作为强调词，有些介词短语、名词词组也可以作为强调词，注意作为强调词时它们都具有特殊含义，不能按字面翻译：

其中“the hell”表达的程度更强，如果再进一步，上面的强调词都可以换成某“f”开头的单词，它可能是最常听到的强调词。

上述强调语属于修饰部分，去掉以后不影响句子完整性，只是不再具有强调性。

3.2 重复某个词

这个比较好理解，强调某个动作就重复某个动作词：

3.3 使用助动词do

通常使用助动词do就是为了强调谓语动词，或是没有使用助动词的实义动词，表示否定需要先在前面添加do。不论是口语中还是书面形式都可以通过这种方法来强调，以前面的句子为例进行改写：（之前在“口气”部分说的是需要重读“like”）

该方法仅限于不想重读谓语动词，不想用强调词修饰谓语动词的情况下，还想要强调谓语动词！如下面这个句子强调的是“给”这个动作，而不是“给我点赞”这件事：

3.4 强调代词

之前在代词部分提到的反身代词“myself”，它还有一个身份是强调代词。区别就在于作为强调代词时起修饰作用，所以可以从句中去除不影响句子完整性；而作为反身代词就不可以：

4. 句式强调

把句子中需要强调的部分提前，就是句式强调。

4.1 倒装句/感叹句

倒装句在上一部分已经提到过，这一句式的作用就是为了强调某一部分，所以句式强调的半壁江山就是它：

感叹句本身自带强调功能，但同时它也可以通过倒装来进一步加强强调效果。之前在倒装部分也提到了感叹句的倒装，所以这里把它和倒装句放在一起介绍：

4.2 it+be动词+强调部分+that…结构

这一句式就是强调句式的另外半壁江山，很多人甚至把它理解为“狭义的”强调句式，足以见得该句式的重要程度。这一句式可以强调句中的多种（而非所有）成分，that引导的定语从句修饰强调部分：

【补充】

不论强调的是什么成分，都可以用that；如果被强调的是人，可以替换为who；

第三、四句的强调部分都是介词短语（this morning省略了介词），其余部分放在that后方构成定语从句，修饰限定介词宾语；

第四句中从句等价的句子有误，应当是：（=when I met a lovely rabbit in the field）；

可用该句式强调的部分不包含~~谓语动词~~和~~形容词~~：如果想要强调动词“met”，或是其中的修饰词（形容词）“lovely”，可以用我们前面提到的词汇强调，或者是感叹句强调：

【注意】

这个句式似乎是主语从句部分提到的“~~it做形式主语~~”，但要注意这里的从句是定语从句，是不能充当主语的！此时改写后句子的宾语/表语部分正是我们想要强调的对象。

改写成该句式的方法就是：

先写好“It+is/was”；

然后把原句的强调部分置于“was”后；

最后把其余部分组成that/who引导的定语从句来修饰这一强调部分。

换句话说，就是把句子拆成两部分：

把想要强调的部分放到“It is … that”中间；

剩余的部分放到that后构成定语从句，对强调部分的进行修饰；

【例】强调一个句子的主语：

区分“it作形式主语的主语从句后置”和强调句型，有两种方法：

看be动词和that之间的部分是不是动词或形容词，如果是必为主语从句后置（详见主语从句的两种句型模板）；

为了构成强调部分，所添加的信息都是句子的修饰成分，删去后句子可以变回原样（构成一个完整的句子），这是分辨强调句式的小窍门。上面的那些句子去掉“it was+引导词”、“do”之后直接就变回了原句！

【例】将强调主语所添加的部分删去，句子余下部分组成原句：

当然像倒装句这种改变了句子顺序的方式还需要变回原顺序。

这个强调句式不仅可以强调词和词组，还可以强调从句：

【例】It was only after "toddler" became a common shoppers’ term that it evolved into a broadly accepted developmental stage.

【译】只是在“toddler”成为购物者的常用术语后,它才逐渐成为一个儿童成长阶段，并被广泛接受。

【分析】此处时间状语从句“only after "toddler" became a common shoppers’ term”是强调的部分，我们在翻译强调部分时，可以添加“是/只是……”、“主要是……”来表现强调。