Many grammar books do not regard determiners as a part of speech, and rarely mention them. In fact, determiners do not belong to a certain traditional part of speech . Any word that is a noun of , can be called a determiner:

Types of qualifiers

1. Determiners are divided by part of speech

According to the original part of speech, determiners can be divided into the following categories:

Limit the specific scope :

Limited Ownership :

Limited quantity :

2. Determiners are divided by position

According to the order of use of qualifiers , they can be divided into the following categories:

When using, strictly follow the above order, otherwise it is a syntax error:

It should also be noted that the same qualifier cannot be overlapped : (here are two median qualifiers overlapped, which is not allowed in English grammar)

2. Adjectives

adjective as attributive

1. Prepositional attributive

Adjectives appearing before the object to be described are called preattributives:

When multiple adjectives are used as prepositional attributives, if no conjunctions are added in the middle , a certain order should generally be followed (subjective $\rightarrow$ and $\rightarrow$ objective characteristics of the qualifier), and the arrangement from left to right is as follows:

When translated into Chinese, the order is often different from that in English :

2. Post-attributive

In some occasions, adjectives can only be post-positioned as attributives, that is, as post-positioned attributives , such as when modifying compound indefinite pronouns :

3. Adjective phrase as attributive

Structures (adjective phrases) such as "adjective + gerund", "adjective + verb infinitive" can be used as post-attributive modifiers to modify nouns:

This adjective phrase can be replaced by an attributive clause , which acts as the predicate of the clause :

adjective as predicative

The predicative is the subject complement, and some adjectives are usually only predicative :

1. Adjectives beginning with "a-"

For example, the following three adjectives cannot be used as (pre) attributives:

If you want to be an attributive, you need to change the word :

In rare cases , the above adjectives used as predicatives can be post-attributive :

2. Certain adjectives denoting physical conditions

For example, "ill" and "well" cannot be used as attributives, and you need to change words if you want to use them as attributives:

adjective as complement

Adjectives are used as object complements to supplement the state of the object:

adjective as adverbial

In English, those used to modify nouns or pronouns are called attributives, and those used to modify verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. The center of the entire sentence is called an adverb. Pay attention to the distinction:

compound adjective form

Words with an adjective part of speech can be called adjectives. In addition to our common simple adjectives , there are some other part of speech words that also have an adjective part of speech . We call them compound adjectives. Compound adjectives are not difficult to identify. They are connected internally by "-" . Several common structures are as follows:

1. Adjective + adjective/past participle/present participle

2. Adverb + adjective/past participle/present participle:

3. Adjective/numeral + noun :

"adjective + noun-ed " (the ed here has nothing to do with the past tense of the verb), which is equivalent to the attributive clause guided by whose , and often modifies the "owner attribute" of a person or thing :

If the modifier is not a person or thing, that is, the adjective does not have the ability to express the "property of the owner", it cannot be replaced by an attributive clause, and "-ed" does not :

Because numerals are also determinants like adjectives , they can play the role of modifying and delimiting , so they also have similar structures:

4. Noun + adjective/past participle/present participle

A relatively special composition, similar to the situation in 2.3, is equivalent to an attributive clause :

Comparatives and superlatives of adjectives

1. Formation of comparative and superlative degrees

In general, add "-er" to the comparative degree of an adjective, and "-est" to the superlative degree :

For words ending in e , add "-r" to the comparative degree , and add "-st" to the superlative degree (to prevent "-eer, -eest" from appearing, resulting in mispronunciation):

For those ending with "consonant + y" , change "y" to "i" and add " -er , -est " (to prevent "-yer, -yest" from appearing, resulting in incorrect pronunciation):

Ending with " stressed closed syllable " , double write the consonant and add " -er , -est " (to prevent "consonant + er, est" from being pronounced as a separate part):

For two-syllable words and multi-syllable words , add "more / less" in front of the comparative degree , and add "most/least" in front of the superlative degree (to prevent pronunciation difficulties caused by too many syllables)

The above special deformations are nothing more than serving the pronunciation , and the following irregular deformations are just to make things difficult for you :

2. The use of comparative and superlative degrees

2.1 The comparative usage of the original level :

Usually, it means "the same as compared with..." , you need to use " as + adjective original form + as + object of comparison" . When expressing "is several times of..." , you can add "multiple" before the first as :

2.2 Comparative usage of comparative level :

The most common usage is " adjective comparative + ( than + object of comparison)" means "(compared with...)... more..." :

You can add "multiple" before the comparative degree to indicate the difference:

To express "more and more..." , you need to use " comparative degree + and + repeated comparative degree " . If it is a comparative degree of "more+protoform" , the original form of the adjective before and can be omitted, that is, use " more and more + adj. Prototype " :

Means "the more... (cause) the more... (result)" :

Sometimes the supplementary content can be omitted , depending on the context:

2.3 Superlative Comparison Usage

The superlative usually adopts " the + adjective superlative (+ prepositional phrase )" , which means "(in the range of ...) the most ..." , usually using the prepositions "in" and "of" :

An ordinal number can be added after "the" (before the superlative) to indicate "what is the most..." :

As mentioned before in the article, the object of the superlative modification of an adjective must be specific , so the definite article "the" must be added in front . It should be noted that in some contexts, most can also be interpreted as "very; very", which is equivalent to "very much" . In this case, the indefinite article "a" can be added in front :

3. Adverbs

part of speech modified by adverbs

Unlike adjectives, which can only modify nouns (and pronouns) , adverbs can modify many parts of speech, and can even modify entire sentences.

1. Adverbs modify verbs

The original meaning of the adverb is "to strengthen the (ad) verb (verb)" :

2. Adverbs modify adjectives/adverbs

3. Adverbs modify nouns

4. Adverbs modify sentences

adverbs act as constituents

1. Adverbs as adverbial/attribute

In the following sentences, except "here" is an adverb as an attributive , the others are adverbs as an adverbial :

2. Adverbs as predicatives

Adverbs as predicatives (subject complements) can only be used after the conjugated linking verb "be" :

3. Adverbs as complements

Here "in" and "out" are not used as prepositions, but as adverbs modifying the object (the imperative mood usually omits the second-person subject):

adverb form

1. same spelling

Synonyms/close synonyms: such as "fast" (fast);
Synonyms: such as "pretty" (beautiful; quite);

2. Adjective + ly

Synonyms/close synonyms: such as "quick" $\rightarrow$ "quick ly " (fast);
Different meanings: such as "large" (big) $\rightarrow$ "large ly " (basically);

Types of adverbs

1. Adverbs of manner

Such as: carefully, properly (appropriately), anxiously (anxiously), suddenly, normally (normally)

Usually, adverbs of manner can be placed at the beginning of a sentence/in the middle of a sentence/at the end of a sentence :

But there are exceptions, such as "fast" can only be placed after the verb it modifies :

2. Adverbs of degree

Such as: much, little, very, rather (quite), so, too, still, quite, perfectly (perfectly).

The adverb of degree is generally placed before the adjective or adverb it modifies , that is, " adverb of degree + adjective/adverb " :

3. Adverbs of place

如：here， there， everywhere， anywhere，somewhere， in， out， inside， outside。

Adverbs of place generally indicate where the action habitually takes place , so they are usually placed at the end of a sentence , but sometimes they can also be placed at the beginning of a sentence for emphasis :

4. Adverbs of time

like:

Determine the time: today (today), tomorrow (tomorrow), yesterday (yesterday), tonight (tonight);
Non-deterministic time: ago (before), before (before), ever (once), just (just), now (now), recently (recently), lately (recently), later (later), soon (soon), last (Finally), finally (finally).

Adverbs of time generally indicate when an action takes place , and are usually placed at the end of a sentence , but sometimes they are also placed at the beginning/in the middle of a sentence :

5. Adverbs of Frequency

如：never、rarely、seldom、sometimes、often、usually、always。

Adverbs of frequency indicate the number of times an action occurs (within a certain period of time) , most of which are placed " before the action verb and after the be/auxiliary/modal verb " :

Of course, this position is not absolute (Note: every is an adjective, forming every day is an adverb of frequency):

6. Interrogative adverbs

如：how， when， where， why……。

Interrogative adverbs are adverbs used to form special interrogative sentences , which are used to ask questions about an action :

7. Connecting Adverbs

Such as: therefore (so), moreover (in addition), however, otherwise (in addition), then, when, where, how, why... .

Connecting adverbs are adverbs used to guide noun (subject, object, etc.) clauses , and some of them can also serve as interrogative adverbs , which need to be distinguished:

8. Relative adverbs

如：when， where， why……。

Relative adverbs are adverbs used to guide adjective clauses (definitions, adverbials, predicatives, etc.) , which are different from clauses guided by connecting adverbs , which need to be distinguished:

9. Sentence Adverbs

如： actually，apparently，certainly，clearly，definitely，evidently，fortunately，frankly，honestly，luckily，obviously，perhaps，possibly，probably，surely，undoubtedly，unexpectedly等。

Sentence adverbs are used to modify the whole sentence and are usually placed at the beginning of the sentence and separated from the main clause by a comma :

Comparatives and superlatives of adverbs

The comparative and superlative degrees of adverbs are exactly the same as those of adjectives in terms of formation , usage and pronunciation .

1. Rules composition

Examples are as follows (refer to the description in the adjective for the origin):

2. Irregular composition