Tourism Studies
One, 20*0.5 points=10 points, two, 4*5 points=20 points, three, 5*8 points=40 points, four, 2*15 points=30 points
1. Fill in the blanks
Review by yourself where fill-in-the-blank questions may appear in each chapter.
2. Explanation of terms
Chapter two
International tourism: The collective name of inbound tourism and outbound tourism refers to tourism activities carried out across borders, that is, tourism activities carried out by residents of a certain country across the country and to other countries or regions.
Domestic tourism: tourism activities carried out by residents of a country within their own territory, that is, tourism activities carried out by residents of a country leaving their usual place of residence to other places within the country.
Mass tourism : This term has a double meaning. It first refers to the popularization of popular tourism or tourism activities, that is, the scope of participants in tourism activities has been extended to ordinary working people. Another layer of meaning is large and medium-sized tourism, that is, a mass tourism model represented by organized group package tourism formed with the large-scale development of modern tourism activities.
Incentive travel: used as a means of motivating employees by companies, government agencies and social groups. This is called incentive travel.
Social tourism: For low-income poor families, some countries adopt methods of providing subsidies or subsidies by the state, local governments, employers or trade unions to enable them to realize their desire to travel and vacation. Also known as socially subsidized tourism.
Tourism income: Tourism income usually refers to the direct income realized by a tourist destination or region by receiving domestic and foreign tourists and providing them with various goods and services within a given period (usually one year). Tourism income is usually subdivided into two indicators: domestic tourism income and international tourism income.
third chapter
Disposable income: refers to the remaining part of personal or family income after deducting payable income tax,
Discretionary income: also known as discretionary income, refers to personal or family income deducting payable income tax, social security consumption (that is, pension, unemployment insurance, health insurance and other social security expenses that should be borne by individuals according to regulations) , these expenses are usually deducted when paying wages) and the remaining part of the income after the daily necessities of consumption (clothing, food, housing, transportation, etc.).
Leisure time: also known as free time, or discretionary time, because only this part of the time is at the discretion of the individual. Can be divided into daily leisure, weekend leisure, public holidays, paid holidays.
Motivation to travel: It is the internal driving force that a person decides to travel in order to meet his own needs, or the psychological motivation that prompts a person to travel unexpectedly. It can be divided into four types: physical motivation, cultural motivation, interpersonal (social interaction) motivation, and status and prestige motivation.
Chapter Four
Tourism resources: All kinds of objective things that are attractive to tourists and can attract tourists to visit can constitute tourism resources. Based on intrinsic attributes, it is usually divided into natural tourism resources, humanistic tourism resources, and social tourism resources; based on the regeneration of resources themselves, they can be divided into renewable tourism resources and non-renewable tourism resources; Tourism resources: Based on grade or level, it can be divided into world-class tourism resources, national-level tourism resources, provincial-level tourism resources, and city (county)-level tourism resources.
Accessibility: Refers to the smoothness and convenience of the traffic connection between the location of tourism resources and the outside world (especially with the main tourist source market area) and the internal traffic conditions.
Tourism infrastructure: refers to the various facilities related to tourists, where the main users are local residents, but must also be provided to tourists or must be relied on by tourists.
Feasibility study of a tourism project: refers to the investigation and research on the economic feasibility of the development of the tourism resource development project before making an investment decision, the main purpose of which is to provide a reliable objective basis for the investment decision of the development project .
chapter Five
Tourism industry: a comprehensive industry that serves tourist consumers, creates convenient conditions for their tourism activities and provides them with the goods and services they need.
Travel agency: refers to the profit-making purpose, engaged in activities such as soliciting, organizing, and receiving tourists, providing tourists with relevant travel services, and carrying out domestic travel
Enterprise legal person of tourism business, inbound tourism business or outbound tourism business.
Package tourism: refers to a tourism product that travel agencies offer to the masses of tourism consumers by planning, organizing, and arranging activities throughout the entire tour.
Tourism products: one level is the overall tourism product based on the understanding of tourism consumers, and the other level is the individual tourism product based on the understanding of tourism enterprises. Divided into overall tourism products and individual tourism products.
Tourist Attractions: Broadly speaking, any place that can be visited by tourists or visitors or carry out other leisure/entertainment activities can be regarded as a tourist attraction. In a narrow sense, tourist attractions refer to "long-term leisure activities established and managed specially for visiting public to visit, entertain or increase knowledge.
Chapter Six
International Tourism Organization: There are narrow sense and broad sense. In a narrow sense, it refers to a comprehensive tourism organization whose members come from multiple countries and work for the interests of multiple countries. In a broad sense, it also includes those international organizations whose work partly involves international tourism affairs.
Chapter VII
Tourism market: refers to frequent buyers and potential buyers of tourism products, that is, tourism demand market or consumer market.
Market segmentation: refers to the process of decomposing or dividing an overall market into different consumer groups according to some or some characteristics of consumers.
Border tourism: refers to the international tourism activities in which Chinese citizens depart from designated border ports and go to border areas designated by neighboring countries in the form of tour groups under the organization of authorized travel agencies.
chapter eight
Tourism multiplier: It is a coefficient used to determine the impact of the unit consumption (amount) of visiting tourists on the economy of tourist destinations.
Sustainable development: It means that people should engage in tourism economic development activities with a long-term perspective and question the necessity of continuous economic growth, and require to ensure that the development of tourism activities will not exceed the tourist reception area, and there will be conditions and reception of tourists in the future ability.
Tourism carrying capacity: Strictly speaking, tourism carrying capacity refers to the amount of tourism that a tourist destination can accept without causing an unacceptable decline in the quality of the local environment and the quality of the tourist experience. maximum tourist activity.
3. Short answer
Chapter One
1. What are the basic characteristics of travel development before modern times?
(1) The development of travel activities is directly related to the political and economic conditions of the country.
(2) Trade and business travel dominates.
(3) The feudal society was dominated by agricultural economy, and the rural population occupied a dominant position, which made people subjectively lack the requirements for foreign travel or vacation.
(4) As for travel activities for non-economic purposes, recreational travel activities do not have universal significance.
2. Analyze the impact of the industrial revolution on the development of modern tourism?
(1) Changes in the living environment. The success of the industrial revolution has accelerated the development of urbanization, which has led to the transfer of many people's living places from rural areas to industrial cities.
(2) Changes in the nature of work. The success of the industrial revolution has changed the nature of work for many people.
(3) Changes in class relations. As a result of the industrial revolution, new changes have emerged in class relations in society.
(4) Changes in transportation conditions. With the application of steam engine technology in the field of transportation, the emergence of trains and ships has greatly changed the transportation conditions for people to travel, thus making large-scale movement of people technically possible.
3. Analyze the reasons for the rapid recovery and development of tourism activities after the end of World War II
(1) The increase of world population.
(2) The development of the world economy and the increase of per capita income.
(3) The progress of transportation means.
(4) Improvement of production automation and paid leave system.
(5) Acceleration of urbanization process.
(6) The development of education and the progress of communication technology
4. Briefly describe the development and evolution of my country's tourism industry since the reform and opening up
(1) During the period from 1978 to 1980s, it was a stage of development that mainly received inbound tourism.
(2) From the mid-1980s to 1997, inbound tourism and domestic tourism developed in parallel.
(3) Since 1997, inbound tourism, domestic tourism and outbound tourism have developed in an all-round way.
Chapter two
1. What are the basic characteristics of tourism activities?
(1) Popularity
(2) Growth
(3) Geographic concentration
(4) Seasonality
2. Analyze the difference between international tourism and domestic tourism
(1) In terms of consumption level, the consumption level of domestic tourism is generally low, while the consumption level of international tourism is usually high.
(2) In terms of stay time, the stay time of domestic tourists is short, while the stay time of international tourists is long.
(3) In terms of convenience, domestic travel is relatively convenient, while international travel procedures are cumbersome.
(4) In terms of economic effects, domestic tourism consumption promotes the redistribution of domestic wealth among regions, while international tourism consumption directly causes wealth transfer between countries.
3. What are the basic indicators to measure the development of tourism activities, and how are they counted?
Basic indicators: (1) Number of tourists (2) Tourism income and tourism expenditure (3) Number of days tourists stay
Commonly used methods for counting the number of tourists: (1) In terms of statistics on the number of outbound tourists (times) of domestic residents, the international practice is to conduct statistics by sampling surveys when these outbound tourists return to China. (2) As for the number of domestic tourists, all countries in the world conduct statistical calculations through regular domestic tourism sampling.
Common methods for statistics of tourism revenue: (1) Bank report method (2) Estimation method (3) Mixed method and comprehensive method
Calculation method of the number of days of stay: multiply the number of days of inbound tourists per capita by the number of inbound tourists (times) to calculate the number of days for inbound tourism activities (number of days for inbound tourism activities = number of inbound tourists * average number of days of stay per capita)
third chapter
1. Briefly describe the main points of Maslow's "hierarchy of needs theory"
(1) People have many different needs, that is, the diversity of human needs.
(2) There are high and low levels among these different needs.
(3) For any individual, only when the needs of the lower level are satisfied, the needs of the next level will be developed, that is, the needs of the next level will be generated.
(4) Physiological survival needs
(5) Security needs
2. Briefly describe the basic types of tourism motivation
(1) Physical motivation
(2) Cultural motivations
(3) Interpersonal (social interaction) motivation
(4) Status and prestige motives
3. What are the personal internal factors and external factors that affect the purchasing motivation of tourism consumers?
Intrinsic factors: (1) Learning (2) Attitude (3) Intuition (4) Personality
External factors: (1) educational level and educational level (2) age (3) gender (4) social class (5) micro-social group
4. Briefly describe the psychological types of tourism consumers classified by Palog
(1) Self-centered type.
(2) near egocentric type.
(3) Intermediate type.
(4) near multicentric type
(5) Multi-center type
5. According to the purpose of tourists' visits, what categories can tourists be divided into, and what are their basic characteristics?
(1) Recreational tourists: Features: 1) Large number of people, large proportion 2) Strong seasonality of travel activities 3) Greater freedom of choice 4) Sensitive to prices
(2) Business travelers: Features: 1) High travel frequency 2) No seasonal travel activities 3) Less freedom of travel activities 4) High consumption level 5) Low price sensitivity
(3) Tourists for private affairs, characteristics: 1) Small seasonality of travel activities 2) Sensitive to prices 3) Little freedom of travel activities
Chapter Four
1. What are the main factors that determine the value of a tourism resource?
(1) The inherent quality of tourism resources. The more prominent the characteristics of tourism resources or the greater the degree of uniqueness, the greater their value.
(2) Geographical location of tourism resources. The reason why it is a key factor is because it refers to the distance of the tourism resource from the main tourist source areas and the degree of accessibility to the location of the resource.
2. Briefly describe the main contents of the feasibility study report of the tourism resource development project
(1) Clarify the strength and qualifications of project developers
(2) Analyze and forecast market demand
(3) Analyze the micro conditions of the project development and operation
(4) Analyze the local macro socio-economic conditions.
3. Briefly describe the main content of tourism resource development work
(1) Solve and improve the accessibility of the location of tourism resources
(2) Construct and improve tourism infrastructure
(3) Construct and improve tourism upper-level facilities
(4) Development, construction and management of tourist attractions
(5) Training tourism service personnel capable of professional level
4. Briefly describe the principles that should be followed in the development of tourism resources
(1) The principle of highlighting uniqueness
(2) Strive for the principle of economy
(3) Pay attention to the principle of environmental protection
5. Analysis of the reasons for the damage and destruction of tourism resources
(1) Effects of natural factors: 1) Major natural disasters 2) Weathering 3) Animal effects
(2) The role of human factors: 1) Misbehavior of tourists 2) Misbehavior of local residents 3) Misbehavior of tourism operators
6. How to protect tourism resources
(1) In view of the hazards caused by natural effects, tourism resources management should take necessary technical measures to prevent the possible hazards caused by natural effects
(2) In view of the reasons for tourists, firstly, the tourism planning of the area should be strengthened, and the full estimation of the destructive impact on tourism resources that will be caused by the saturation of reception capacity.
(3) In view of the reasons of local residents and the tourism industry, in addition to strengthening the publicity work on the protection of tourism resources, necessary laws and regulations should also be formulated to restrict them.
chapter Five
1. What are the basic characteristics of tourism
(1) Comprehensive industry
(2) Labor-intensive service industry
(3) Industries with strong policy
(4) Vulnerable industries
2. What are the main aspects of the content involved in the hotel grade evaluation standards, and what are the main principles of the evaluation work?
(1) Content: 1) The grade and soundness of facilities and equipment 2) The soundness of service items and the level and quality of services provided 3) Customer satisfaction rate and degree of satisfaction 4) Social impression
(2) Principles: 1) The hotels participating in the rating evaluation must have a business history of more than one year: 2) The rating can only be determined after multiple investigations: 3) The level of the hotel is usually not limited by the size of the hotel: 4) The grade after assessment is not permanent and can be raised or lowered according to future circumstances.
3. What are the competitive advantages of hotel chain groups?
(1) Brand advantage
(2) Advantages of economies of scale
(3) Human resource advantages
(4) Marketing advantage
4. What are the main factors that influence people's choice of travel methods?
(1) Purpose of travel
(2) Shipping price
(3) Travel distance
(4) Travel preferences and experience
5. Briefly describe the characteristics of tourism products
6. What are the main issues that should be paid attention to in the operation of tourist attractions?
(1) Competition situation
(2) Changes in customer demand levels
(3) Development of new application technologies
Chapter Six
1. What are the basic functions of a national tourism organization?
(1) Organize and promote the implementation of the national tourism strategy
(2) Overseas market promotion, including the establishment of tourism offices in major tourist source regions of countries
(3) Determine the tourism development areas supported by the state, and be responsible for the approval of tourism development projects funded by the state and the supervision and control of the development project work.
(4) Coordinating with other relevant government departments on relevant cooperation issues in promoting tourism development:
(5) Tourism research and statistics, especially analysis and prediction of future market demand:,
(6) To represent the government of the country in foreign affairs related to tourism:
(7) Support and participate in the development of human resources in the tourism industry, that is, support and organize tourism education and training to meet the needs of the tourism industry for professionals at different levels.
2. Briefly describe the establishment of tourism industry organizations in my country
(1) National Tourism Administration
(2) Tourism bureaus of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government
(3) Local tourism administrative agencies below the provincial level
Chapter VII
1. Why segment the tourism market? What's the point?
Necessity: (1) For most tourism destinations and tourism enterprises, it is generally difficult to attract and meet the needs of all types of tourism consumers, so it is necessary for them to select some tourism products from the overall tourism market. The tourist consumption group that is suitable for you and your skills is your target and market:
(2) For some tourist destinations or enterprises, although objectively they may have enough strength to meet the needs of different types of tourist consumers, for the sake of optimizing operation, they do not intend to be oriented to all tourist destinations subjectively. Travel consumer groups provide services.
Significance: (1) It helps to select and determine the ideal target customer source market
(2) Conducive to targeted product development
(3) Conducive to targeted promotion
2. Briefly describe the commonly used criteria for dividing the tourism market
3. What factors should be considered when selecting key international tourist source markets?
4. How to understand the problems existing in the competition of my country's tourism industry in the international tourist source market?
(1) my country is located in East Asia, relatively far away from Europe and the United States, the world’s largest sources of international tourists.
(2) In terms of striving for international tourist sources, the tourism industry of China (Mainland) is facing fierce competition from many surrounding countries and regions;
(3) There are still problems in developing tourism products and improving product quality in various parts of our country:
(4) Destination marketing and overseas promotion still need to be improved.
5. Briefly describe the characteristics of my country's domestic tourism market
(1) Large market size and sufficient development potential
(2) The proportion of short-distance tourism is large
(3) Tourism activities are carried out in the form of individual tourists
(4) Tourism consumption has grown rapidly, but the consumption level is still relatively low.
6. A brief introduction to the characteristics of my country's outbound tourism market
(1) Fast growth
(2) The scope of choice of outbound tourism destinations is broadened
(3) Passenger flow is mainly to the Asia-Pacific region
chapter eight
1. Briefly describe the main types of tourism multiplier theory
(1) Turnover or operating income multiplier
(2) Income Multiplier
(3) Employment Multiplier
2. What are the basic contents of sustainable development?
(1) Improve people's understanding of the environmental impact and economic impact brought by tourism, and enhance people's ecological awareness:
(2) Promote the fair development of tourism;
(3) Improving the quality of life of the society in tourist receiving areas
(4) Provide tourists with high-quality tourism experience
(5) Protect the environmental quality on which future tourism development depends
3. What measures should be taken to prevent and control the negative impact of tourism
(1) correct understanding
(2) Strengthen tourism planning to prevent overloaded development
(3) Improve the legal system and strengthen management
(4) Strengthen publicity and education, and carry out the construction of tourism ethics
4. Discussion
Chapter One
1. Why do people think of Thomas Cook as a pioneer of tourism?
Answer: 1. In 1841, Thomas Cook used chartered trains to organize a group tourism activity with more than 500 people, which was more groundbreaking than any previous similar activities;
2. In 1845, Thomas Cook organized a real group recreational travel for commercial purposes. At the same time, he also wrote and published the world's first travel guide for group tourists for this travel activity - "The Journey of Liverpool" "Operation Handbook", which contains the relevant time arrangements, places of stay and activities during the whole process of activities. The method, relevant requirements and precautions, etc., and also personally accompanied the whole journey in this journey. Ha hired a local tour guide to explain, creating the earliest case of using a local tour guide in the world. In organizing group recreational tourism activities this time, from inspecting routes, organizing products, publicizing and promoting, sales and organizing groups, to providing escort and tour guide services, they all created the industry's first and created the basic model of travel agency group business. Thomas Cook also creatively produced a voucher, creating the world's first traveler's check.
3. In 1872, Thomas Cook organized the world's first round-the-world tour group.
Thomas Cook's success in organizing group tours reflects the formation of a tourism demand market, and the emergence of the travel agency industry represented by Thomas Cook marks the birth of modern tourism. So people generally regard Thomas Cook as the pioneer of tourism.
2. What insights and conclusions can be drawn by understanding the historical development of travel and tourism activities?
Chapter two
1. What are the characteristics of the development of modern tourism activities, and what is the significance of understanding these characteristics?
Features: (1) Popularity of modern tourism activities (2) Sustainability of scale development (3) Geographic concentration in spatial distribution (4) Seasonality in temporal distribution
Significance: (1) Facilitate familiarization and understanding of tourism research;
(2) It is conducive to realizing that the tourism industry is a "sunrise industry" with great development potential, and has a further understanding of the development of tourism; (3) It is conducive to tourism operators or enterprises to overcome the seasonality of visiting tourism demand and develop Tourism planning and marketing jobs.
(4) Knowing these characteristics will help guide the operation and management of the tourism industry
third chapter
1. Discuss what conditions are needed to realize the individual tourism needs?
Answer: Personal: (1) Objective factors: income level, leisure time, physical condition and family constraints.
(2) Subjective factors: travel motivation
For tourism operators, the significance of understanding these conditions: For objective factors such as income, physical condition, time, family burden, etc., tourism operators are physically controlled or it is difficult to help people customer service. Therefore, tourism operators must pay attention to these factors when choosing their target market. However, regarding the purchasing motivation of tourism consumers, tourism operators can take the initiative to take measures to stimulate the purchase motivation of target enterprises based on their interest in tourism products. Only by doing a good job in this area, tourists can maximize their benefits.
chapter Five
1. As a manager of a tourism company, how do you think the service quality of employees should be judged and how to ensure and improve the product quality of the company?
Judgment: (1) Whether it complies with the service specification;
(2) Whether it satisfies consumers;
(3) Whether the service is in place
(4) Are you persistently paying attention to every detail of work?
To ensure and improve the product quality of the enterprise, we should start from the following four aspects: (1) to make employees have the desire to do a good job; (2) to make employees have the ability to do a good job; (3) to have a good service (4) There must be strict safeguards.
Chapter Six
1. Discuss the motivation of the government to support the development of tourism, the necessity and common means of government intervention in tourism development?
motivation:
Necessity: (1) The comprehensiveness of the tourism industry means that there is an interdependent relationship between different supply sectors or industries, and it also implies the importance of the coordinated development of various tourism industries in a tourist destination.
(2) Infrastructure and other social services in the nature of public goods are an important part of the overall tourism product of a tourist destination. The provision of these public goods represented by infrastructure is the responsibility of the destination government, so the government will inevitably intervene in the tourism industry.
(3) The form in which a country or region appears as a tourist destination in the market is beyond the capabilities of a certain tourism industry or enterprise, and therefore requires the participation and decision-making of the government of the country or region.
(4) In terms of protecting the interests of consumers and preventing unfair competition, the government has the responsibility to restrict and manage the behavior of the tourism industry.
(5) In order to prevent and restrain the possible negative impact of tourism development and promote the realization of sustainable tourism, the government must intervene in the development of tourism.
Commonly used methods: (1) Means for managing or influencing tourism demand 1) External publicity and promotion of tourist destinations 2) Providing information services for visiting tourists and exercising demand management 3) Influencing demand by controlling prices 4) Controlling the number of tourists entering
(2) Means of managing or influencing tourism supply 1) Controlling the use of land 2) Exercising control over buildings 3) Market control 4) Implementing special taxation 5) Implementing investment incentive policies
Chapter VII
1. Discuss the basic law and development trend of tourist flow
Answer: (1) Basic rules; first, generally speaking, the geographical range of people's outbound tourism always develops from far to near; second, the tourist flow mainly comes from countries and regions with relatively high economic development levels.
(2) Development trend: 1. Super-large cities often form important tourism centers; 2. The status of the Asia-Pacific region in the global tourism industry continues to increase; 3. The growth rate of global long-distance international tourism will continue to be higher than that of international tourism in the region. travel.
chapter eight
1. Discuss the positive and negative impacts of tourism development on the destination economy
Positive: (1) Increase foreign exchange income and balance the balance of payments
(2) Contribute to the return of currency
(3) Increase destination economic income
(4) Drive the development of related industries
(5) Increase government tax revenue
(6) Balance regional economic development and narrow regional differences
(7) Increase employment opportunities.
Negatives: (1) May cause price increases
(2) It may affect adverse changes in the industrial structure
(3) Excessive reliance on tourism will affect the stability of the national economy
2. Discuss the impact of tourism on the social culture and environment of the destination?
Positive impact: (1) Contribute to the improvement of national quality, mainly manifested in three aspects:
- The development of tourism activities can promote people's physical and mental health;
- The development of tourism activities can help people break through the shackles of the usual environment on thinking, broaden people's horizons and increase their knowledge;
- The development of tourism activities helps to cultivate people's patriotic feelings.
(2) Contribute to the enhancement of international mutual understanding
(3) Contribute to the promotion of the protection of national culture
(4) Help promote the exchange and development of science and technology
(5) Contribute to the improvement of the living environment
Negative effects: (1) Bad "demonstration effect"
(2) Interfering with the lives of residents at the destination
(3) Inappropriate commodification of local culture.