Knowledge points of tourism
Chapter 1·Historical evolution of tourism development
1. The impact of the industrial revolution on tourism
1. Accelerated the development of urbanization
2 Changed the nature of work for many people
3 new changes in class relations
4 Technological advances
2. Thomas Cook and the Development of Tourism
(1) Activities in 1841
1. Publicity of participants
2. The rigor of the organization
3. Team size never before seen
4. The event provided the basis and experience for the establishment of Thomas Cook Travel
(2) Activities in 1845
1. Purpose: purely commercial profit-making behavior
2. Travel time: Changed the previous round-trip one-day tour, and carried out a one-week overnight tour
3. A lot of preparatory work has been done before the trip
4. Organized the writing of the "Liverpool Travel Guide", believed to be the world's first travel guide of this genre
5. Thomas Cook not only served as the escort and tour guide for the tour group, but also hired local tour guides. This is the earliest precedent for a travel agency to employ local guides
Chapter Two • Basic Understanding of Tourism Activities
1. Explanation of terms
1. Tourism: It is the sum of various phenomena and relationships caused by people leaving their permanent residence for reasons other than immigration and employment, traveling to foreign countries and staying in other countries.
2. Tourism activities: activities in which a person travels to a place other than his (living and working) habitual environment and stays in the place for a continuous period of no more than one year, and the main purpose of his trip is not to engage in employment activities in the place .
3. Domestic tourism: refers to the tourism activities carried out by residents of a country who leave their usual residence or usual environment to other places within the country
4. Domestic tourism: tourism activities that occur within the territory of the country, including domestic tourism activities of domestic residents and inbound tourism activities of overseas visitors.
5. National tourism: refers to tourism activities in which the participants are residents of the country, and its connotation includes domestic tourism and outbound tourism activities of residents of the country
6. International tourism: Refers to the tourism activities carried out by residents of a country across national borders to other countries and regions.
7. Outbound tourism: residents of the country travel across the border to other countries or regions.
8. Inbound tourism: Residents of other countries come to a certain country or region for tourism.
9. Mass tourism:
(1) Popularization of tourism activities, that is, the scope of participants in tourism activities has expanded to ordinary working people, and tourism and vacation have developed into the rights enjoyed by ordinary people.
The popular model in the form of tourism activities
10. Incentive travel: Free travel and vacation activities specially organized by various organizations, including enterprises, social groups and government agencies, in order to commend and reward those employees and staff who have outstanding work performance
11. Seasonality: In each month of the year, there will be a regular change pattern in which the number of receptions in certain months is relatively large and that in certain months is relatively small. This imbalance in the time distribution of people's travel activities.
12. Social tourism: For those with lower working income, some countries provide subsidies or subsidies through the state, local governments, work units, trade unions or other organizations to which the head of the family belongs to help them participate in tourism or tourism. Come on vacation.
13. Geographic concentration: the unbalanced feature of the spatial distribution of tourism activities.
2. Criteria for the classification of tourism activities
1. Geographic scope (international tourism, domestic tourism, intercontinental tourism, global tourism)
2. Travel distance (distance travel "beyond 1000 kilometers", process travel "within 240 kilometers"
3. Form of organization (group travel, individual travel)
4. Purpose of tourism (recreational [sightseeing tourism, holiday tourism, cultural tourism, religious tourism, adventure tourism, special interest tourism], transactional tourism [official tourism, business tourism, conference tourism, family and personal affairs tourism])
The nature of tourism activities
(1) Tourism activities are a comprehensive manifestation of various phenomena [social phenomena, cultural phenomena, economic phenomena, political phenomena]
(2) The fundamental attribute of tourism activities: social and cultural
Fourth, the characteristics of tourism activities: popularization, comprehensiveness, geographical concentration, seasonality
V. Basic characteristics of tourism activities: 1. travel and stay, 2. non-locality, 3. temporary, 4. non-employment or immigration
6. Elements of tourism activities: subject (tourist), object (tourism resources), intermediary (tourism industry)
Chapter 3. The main body of tourism activities
1. Explanation of terms
1. Habitual environment: It belongs to the surrounding environment where a person often goes to for basic daily things and is within 160 kilometers from his place of residence.
2. Disposable income: Refers to the remainder of personal or family income after deducting payable income tax.
3. Discretionary income: also known as discretionary income, refers to the income remaining after deducting income tax payable, social security consumption, and daily necessities from personal or family income.
4. Leisure time: refers to the remaining part after deducting legal employment and working hours, necessary additional working hours, living time for satisfying physiological needs and necessary social labor time, which is manifested as time at the discretion of individuals.
5. Travel motivation: the internal driving force that stimulates people to travel, that is, the psychological motivation that prompts a person to travel abroad and choose where to go and what kind of travel activities to carry out.
6. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs:
l Physiological needs: food, drinking water, oxygen, etc.
l Security needs: law and order, stability, order and protection
l Love needs (social needs): group belonging, emotional connection
l Needs to be respected: self-esteem, prestige, success, achievement
l The need for self-actualization: to maximize one's potential
2. Basic types of tourism motivation: physical motivation, cultural motivation, interpersonal motivation, status and prestige motivation
3. Personal Factors Affecting Travel Motivation:
l Personal psychological type (egocentric, progressive egocentric, intermediate, near polycentric, polycentric), the closer a person's psychological type is to the central type, the greater the possibility of traveling.
l Other factors: cultural level and educational level, age, gender, ability to pay
4. The objective conditions for realizing personal tourism
l Sufficient ability to pay (determine whether to travel, travel consumption level, consumption structure, ability to pay)
l Sufficient leisure time
l Other influencing factors: physical condition, stage of the family life cycle a person is in, or family drag
5. Types of Tourists
l Classified by purpose of travel: recreational tourists, business travelers, family and personal business travelers
l Divided by geographical scope: domestic, foreign
l Organization: group, individual traveler and free traveler
L and so on
Chapter Four • Objects of Tourism Activities
1. Explanation of terms
1. Tourism resources: All natural, cultural, social or any other objective things that can create an attractive environment for tourists can constitute tourism resources.
2. Renewable tourism resources: Refers to those tourism resources that can be artificially regenerated through appropriate channels if they are excessively lost or damaged during use.
3. Non-renewable tourism resources: Refers to those natural and cultural relics that have been formed in the long historical process, preserved until now and used as tourism resources. Once such tourism resources are damaged, the loss will be irreparable.
4. Accessibility: refers to the unobstructed and convenient degree of communication between the location of tourism resources and the outside world.
5. Tourism infrastructure: Refers to those facilities whose main users are local residents, but which must also be provided to tourists or that tourists who visit must also rely on.
6. Tourist upper-level facilities: refer to those reception service facilities that are mainly used by foreign tourists although they are also used by local residents.
7. The life cycle of a tourist attraction: the process in which a tourist attraction grows from scratch, gradually prospers, and then gradually declines until few people care about it. The root cause of the evolution of the life cycle of tourism resources is the change of the tourist attraction.
2. Classification of tourism resources
1. Natural tourism resources (climate conditions, scenery and landforms or natural landscapes, animal and plant resources, natural recuperation conditions), cultural tourism resources (historical relics, ethnic culture and related places, large-scale sports and cultural events, theme parks), social tourism Resources (economic construction achievements, scientific and technological development achievements, social development achievements)
2. Other classifications (renewable and non-renewable, actual tourism resources and potential tourism resources, etc.)
3. The characteristics of tourism resources: diversity, orientation of attraction, immovability, fragility, and innovation
4. Determinants of the value of tourism resources: inherent quality, location
V. Necessity of Tourism Resource Development
1. Only the development of potential tourism resources can create an attractive environment for tourists
2. Regenerative development is required for the actual tourism resources to enhance and improve the attractiveness of tourism resources
6. Basic content of tourism development work
1. Development and construction of scenic spots
2. Solve and improve the accessibility of tourism resources
3. Construction and improvement of supporting facilities
7. Principles of development work:
1. Uniqueness (maintain original style, excavate unique tourism resources, strive to reflect local cultural and cultural characteristics)
2. Emphasis on economy (obey the overall economic and social planning, planned development, use local labor and technical strength as much as possible)
3. Focus on the principles of protection and rational development
Chapter Five • Tourism
1. Explanation of terms
1. Tourism industry: a comprehensive industry targeting tourists, creating convenient conditions for their tourism activities and providing the goods and services they need.
2. Direct tourism businesses: Businesses whose survival depends on the presence of tourists.
3. Indirect tourism businesses: those that will continue to survive even without tourists, but with reduced turnover
4. Three-pillar travel agency: any profit-making enterprise that handles exit, entry and visa procedures for tourists, attracts and receives tourists, and arranges board and lodging for tourists.
5. Transportation
6. Accommodation
7. Five departments Accommodation, Reception, Browsing, Place Operation, Transportation, Travel Business Organization, Destination Tourism Organization
8. Tourism wholesale operators: travel agencies or travel companies that operate wholesale business.
9. Travel retailers: generally refers to all travel agencies mainly engaged in retail business and other various forms of travel retail agencies.
10. Package tourism: a form of tourism in which travel agencies offer all related services to the tourist public after planning, organizing and arranging activities in advance.
11. Tourism products: The destination tourism industry and the various tourism enterprises in it also have their own products.
12. Tourist Attraction: Any place where tourists or visitors can visit or carry out other leisure activities.
2. The Nature of Tourism: Tourism is Fundamentally an Economic Industry
3. The basic characteristics of the tourism industry: comprehensive industries, labor-intensive service industries, industries with strong foreign-related policies, and vulnerable industries
4. Reasons for the rapid popularity of package tours: safety, high quality and low price
5. Factors affecting people's choice of travel methods: transportation price, travel distance, travel purpose, personal preference and experience
6. The characteristics of tourist attractions: specificity, permanence, controllability,
7. Characteristics of tourism products: intangible, non-transferable, non-storable, synchronous production and consumption, comprehensive
8. Service quality of tourism products:
(1) Two aspects of service quality: technical quality and functional quality
(2) Determinants of service quality: tangibility, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy
(3) Reflection of service quality: etiquette, hospitality, speed and efficiency
Chapter VI • Tourism Organization
1. Explanation of terms
1. National Tourism Organization: A national tourism organization established to facilitate state intervention in the tourism industry and effectively organize the implementation of national tourism policies.
2. International tourism organization: In a narrow sense, it refers to a comprehensive international tourism organization whose members come from multiple countries and work and serve the interests of multiple countries.
2. my country's tourism management system: China National Tourism Administration and other non-governmental tourism organizations
3. Major international tourism organizations: World Tourism Organization WTO, Pacific Asia Travel Association PTAA, World Federation of Travel Agency Associations UFTAA, World Travel Association WATA, International Hotel Association IHA, International Air Transport Association IATA, International Civil Aviation Organization ICAO
Chapter Seven • Tourism Market
1. Explanation of terms
1. Tourism market: tourism demand market or tourist source market, which refers to frequent buyers and potential buyers of a specific tourism product.
2. Market segmentation: refers to the process of decomposing or dividing an overall market into different consumer groups according to one or some characteristics of consumers. Each consumer group divided is also a market segment, usually called a market segment.
3. Market Segmentation Criteria
l Geographic factors
l Some characteristics of tourism consumption
Chapter 8. Tourism Impact
l Economic impact
l Positive aspects
1) Increase foreign exchange income and balance the balance of payments
2) Contribute to the return of currency
3) Increase the economic income of the destination
4) Drive the development of related industries
5) Increase government tax revenue
6) Balance regional economic development and narrow regional differences
7) Increase employment opportunities
l Negative aspects
1) There is a possibility that prices will rise
2) It may affect unreasonable changes in the industrial structure
3) Excessive reliance on tourism will affect the stability of the national economy (seasonality, tourism demand depends on the source of residents, the uncertainty of visiting tourists)
2. Social culture
l Positive aspects
1) Improve national quality
2) Enhance international mutual understanding
3) Promote the protection and development of national culture
4) Promote the exchange and development of science and technology
5) Promote the improvement of the living environment of the destination
l Negative aspects
1) Bad demonstration effect
2) Interfering with the normal life of the residents at the destination
3) Inappropriate commodification of local culture
3. Environmental impact
l Positive impact
1) The historical buildings and cultural monuments of the destination are protected
2) Increased number of outdoor recreation and entertainment venues and related facilities
3) Improve the number of local roads and other transportation facilities
4) Emphasize and maintain environmental protection and greening and other environmental appearance improvement work in tourist reception areas
l Negative aspects
1) Environmental pollution
2) Increased population density
3) Destruction of historical sites
4) Ecological environment damage
5) Lack of planning in the construction of tourist facilities and damage to the natural landscape
Sustainable development: Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
The core of sustainable tourism development: tourism carrying capacity