Chapter One
1. How to understand the Marxist view of materiality and its modern significance? (theoretical meaning)
Answer: 1. How to understand the view of matter : The view of matter in Marxism is: matter is a philosophical category that marks objective reality, and its only characteristic is objective reality. It exists independent of human senses, through which it is perceived, reproduced, photographed and reflected
. Second, the material view of Marxism has rich and profound theoretical guiding significance so far. 1) It adheres to the principle of objective reality of matter and materialist monism, and draws a clear line from idealist monism and dualism; 2) It adheres to active reflection theory and knowability, and strongly criticizes agnosticism; 3) Embodies materialism 4) It embodies the unity of the materialist view of nature and the materialist view of history, laying a theoretical foundation for thorough materialism .
2 How to understand that all social life is practical in nature.
Answer: Marx believed that practice is an objective and material activity in which human beings actively transform the world. All social life is essentially practical
The practicality of social life is mainly reflected in three aspects: First, time is the basis for the formation of social relations. Second, time forms the fundamental domain of social life. Third, practice constitutes the driving force of social development. so. . . . .
3 How to understand the role of the two basic attributes of contradiction in the development of things?
4 Discuss the principle of the relationship between the universality and particularity of contradiction and its significance to the construction of socialism with Chinese characteristics.
Answer: Contradictions exist everywhere and at all times, which is a concise expression of the universality of contradictions. Its meaning is: Contradiction exists in all things, and exists throughout the development process of all things. When old contradictions are resolved, new contradictions arise, and things are always moving in contradiction. Contradictions exist everywhere, but the contradictions of different things are specific and special.
The particularity of contradictions has three situations: first, the contradictions of different things have their own characteristics; second, the contradictions of the same thing have different characteristics in different development processes and stages; Each has a different nature, status, and role. The universality of contradiction and the particularity of contradiction are the relationship of dialectical unity.
Significance: The principle of the dialectical relationship between universality and particularity of contradiction is the philosophical basis for combining the universal truth of Marxism with the specific reality of each country, and it is also the philosophical basis for building socialism with Chinese characteristics.
5. Why is materialist dialectics the fundamental method to understand and transform the world?
48 pages of self-summary
6 How to correctly understand and deal with the dialectical unity relationship between subjective initiative and objective regularity and its practical significance?
It must be that one's own thinking conforms to the law of development of objective things. First, objective laws must be respected. Giving full play to people's subjective initiative must be based on the premise of acknowledging the objectivity of laws. Secondly, on the basis of respecting objective laws, we must give full play to our subjective initiative.
According to the above principles, people should pay attention to the following points in order to correctly play the role of subjective initiative: First, proceed from the reality and strive to understand and grasp the development law of things. Secondly, practice is the basic way to bring into play the subjective initiative of people. Finally, the exertion of subjective initiative also depends on certain material conditions and means.
Chapter two
1 Why is practice the basis of understanding ?
First, practice creates the need for knowledge. Second, practice provides the possibility for understanding. Third, practice enables understanding to arise and develop. Fourth, practice is the only criterion for testing the truth of cognition. so,,,,,,,
2. How to view the relationship between perceptual knowledge and rational knowledge?
Perceptual knowledge refers to the knowledge about the phenomenon of things, the external connections of things, and all aspects of things that people directly feel through sensory organs on the basis of practice, including the three forms of sensation, perception and representation. Rational cognition refers to the understanding of the essence, wholeness, internal connection and regularity of things on the basis of summarizing and arranging a large number of perceptual materials by means of abstract thinking. Rational cognition includes three forms: concept, judgment and reasoning.
Perceptual knowledge and rational knowledge have an inseparable dialectical relationship: firstly, rational knowledge depends on perceptual knowledge, and rational knowledge must be based on perceptual knowledge. Adhering to the dependence of rational knowledge on perceptual knowledge is to adhere to the materialism of epistemology. Secondly, perceptual knowledge needs to be deepened and developed into rational knowledge. Only when perceptual knowledge rises to rational knowledge can we grasp the essence of things and meet the needs of practice. Adhering to this point means adhering to the dialectics of epistemology. In the end, perceptual knowledge and rational knowledge interpenetrate and contain each other. The distinction between the two is relative, and people should not and cannot separate them completely.
3. Explain the reason and significance of the dialectical relationship between absolute truth and relative truth?
Answer: The absoluteness of truth refers to the absolute truth, which refers to the unconditional and infinite nature of truth. The relativity of truth refers to the relative truth, which means that the truth is conditional and limited.
Truth is concrete and develops, and the absoluteness and relativity of truth are dialectically unified. First, absolute truth and relative truth are interpenetrating and mutually contained. Any truth is both absolute and relative, and it is the unity of the two. Second, there is a dialectical transformation between absolute truth and relative truth.
4. How to understand the dialectical unity relationship between truth and value, scientific spirit and humanistic spirit? (P83-85)
5. Try to describe the dialectical movement process of cognition as the specific historical significance of subjective and objective cognition and practice.
Answer: The dialectical movement process of cognition is from practice to cognition, and then from cognition to practice, such practice, cognition, re-practice, re-cognition, repeating and endless, deepening and improving step by step.
The reasons for the formation of the dialectical movement of cognition are as follows: First, people's cognition of things is often not completed at one time due to the limitations of subjective and objective conditions. Second, from the perspective of people's specific cognition process, when a certain idea, theory, plan, program, etc., after repeated repetitions, achieves the expected effect in practice, it is considered complete. so…….
6. Describe the basic laws of cognitive movement? P68
Lenin pointed out: "From vivid intuition to abstract thinking, and from abstract thinking to practice, this is the dialectical way to know truth and objective existence." The cognitive movement is a dialectical development process: from practice to knowledge; from knowledge to practice; practice, knowledge, re-practice, and re-recognition. The cognitive movement continues to repeat and develop infinitely.
third chapter
1. Social existence and social consciousness and their dialectical relationship.
Answer: Social existence is also called social material living conditions, which refers to the material aspect of social life, mainly refers to the production of material living materials and production relations, and also includes geographical environment and population factors.
Social consciousness is the spiritual aspect of social life and the reflection of social existence. Social existence and social consciousness are dialectically unified, social existence determines social consciousness, social consciousness is the response of social existence, and reacts to social existence.
2. The dialectical relationship between productivity and production relations.
Answer: Productivity is the material force formed by human beings in the practice of production to transform and influence nature so as to adapt it to the needs of society. The production relationship is an economic relationship formed by people in the process of material production that does not depend on human will.
The relationship between productivity and production relations is: productivity determines production relations, and production relations react to productivity. First, productivity determines production relations. First, the state of productivity determines the nature of production relations. Second, the development of productive forces determines the transformation of production relations. Second, production relations have a dynamic reaction to productivity. It is mainly manifested in two situations: when the production relationship meets the objective requirements of the development of productive forces, it will promote the development of productive forces; otherwise, it will hinder the development of productive forces. The so-called economic system is the concrete manifestation of production relations.
Socialist reform is the self-improvement and self-development of the socialist system, and it is to liberate productive forces, develop productive forces, and promote overall social progress. The direct target of the reform is the old system and ideology that hamper the development of productive forces. Reform is to systematically reform the old system, adapt the production relations to the development of productive forces, and adapt the superstructure to the development of the economic base. Reform is also a revolution in the sense that the new system replaces the old system and liberates productive forces.
3. How to understand the inevitability of social form replacement and people's historical choice. (p110)
4. How to understand the unity and diversity of the replacement of social forms (P109)
5. How to understand the forward and tortuous nature of social formations (p111)
6. The relationship between the economic base and the superstructure .
Answer: The economic base refers to the sum of production relations determined by the productive forces at a certain stage of social development. The superstructure is the ideology and the corresponding systems, organizations and facilities built on a certain economic basis.
The economic base and the superstructure are dialectically unified: the economic base determines the superstructure; the superstructure has a reaction to the economic base, concentrated in: serving the form and consolidation of its own economic base, establishing or maintaining its dominant position in society.
Chapter Four
1. How to understand "capital came to the world, from head to toe, dripping blood and dirty things from every pore"?
Answer: This sentence is Marx's evaluation of the primitive accumulation of capital. The so-called primitive accumulation of capital is the historical process in which producers are separated from the means of production and monetary capital is rapidly concentrated in the hands of a few people.
Primitive accumulation of capital is carried out mainly through two ways: one is to use violent means to deprive farmers of their land, and the other is to use violent means to plunder monetary wealth. So it is said that "capital comes to the world, from head to toe,..."
2. How to understand that the contradiction between the two factors of commodity comes from the contradiction of the duality of labor?
Answer: A commodity is a labor product that is used for exchange and can satisfy a certain need of people. It has two factors of use value and value, and is a contradictory unity of use value and value. Use value refers to the attribute that a commodity can satisfy a certain need of people, that is, the usefulness of the commodity. The relationship between the value of a commodity and its practical value is a relationship of unity of opposites, and its antagonism is manifested in: the use value and value of a commodity are mutually exclusive, and the two cannot be combined. Under the conditions of a private commodity economy, the contradiction between the use value and value of commodities is determined by the contradiction between concrete labor and abstract labor that produce commodities. Whether the concrete labor that produces the use value of commodities in the process of commodity exchange can be reduced to abstract labor depends fundamentally on whether private labor and social labor can be unified. The products produced by private labor cannot be reduced to abstract labor if they are not recognized as social labour. It only means that the value of the commodity cannot be realized, and the contradiction between the use value and value of the commodity has not been resolved. Conversely, if the commodities produced by private labor are accepted by society, this private labor will be recognized and transformed into social labor, and its useful nature as concrete labor will be recognized by society, so it can be reduced to abstract labor. This means that the value of the commodity has been realized, and the contradiction between the use value and value of the commodity has been resolved.
3 Two basic methods by which capitalists increase the degree of exploitation of workers?
There are various ways for capitalists to increase the degree of exploitation of workers, but there are two basic ones, namely the production of absolute surplus value and the production of relative surplus value.
Absolute surplus value refers to the surplus value produced by extending the length of the working day under the condition that the necessary labor time remains unchanged. In addition to using labor time, capitalists also force workers to work harder by increasing their labor intensity. Relative surplus value refers to the surplus value produced by shortening the necessary labor time and relatively prolonging the surplus labor time under the condition that the length of the working day remains unchanged. By shortening the necessary labor time and relatively prolonging the surplus labor time, the production of surplus value is increased. The reduction of necessary labor time is achieved through the improvement of labor productivity in the whole society
4 Why is it said that the labor force becoming a commodity is the prerequisite for money to be transformed into capital?
Answer: Labor power is a special commodity, and its value and practical value have characteristics different from ordinary commodities.
The characteristic of labor commodity in use value is that its use value is the source of value, and it can create new value in the process of consumption, and this new value is greater than the value of labor force itself. After purchasing the labor force, the currency owner can not only recover the value he paid when purchasing the commodity, but also get an added value, that is, the surplus value. Once the labor force purchased by currency brings surplus value, Money becomes a commodity.
Therefore, labor power becoming a commodity is the prerequisite for money to be transformed into capital.
5. Why do you say the unity of the three circulation forms of capital circulation?
Industrial capital will go through three different stages in the process of circulation and perform three different functions in sequence. The first stage is the purchase stage, where industrial capital performs the function of money capital. The second stage, the production stage, performs the function of producing capital. The third stage is the sale stage, which performs the functions of commodity capital.
The movement of industrial capital must meet two basic prerequisites: First, the three functional forms of industrial capital must coexist in space. Second, the three functional forms of industrial capital must be successive in time. Third, the coexistence of the three forms of circulation in space and the succession in time indicate that the continuous circulation of industrial capital is the unity of the three forms of circulation.