In the era of knowledge economy, standards have been called the universal language of the world. It doesn't matter if you don't understand the language, but you can understand a standard graphic symbol, and you can quickly get the information you need. In a world without standards, not only is it difficult to communicate between people, but also the communication between machines, parts and products will become difficult. Nowadays, there is a saying that is widely circulated in the business world: "Third-rate companies sell products, second-rate companies sell patents, and first-rate companies sell standards." It can be seen that standards have become a symbol of high quality, high technology, and voice. Brother Jian is here to sort out common standardization organizations around the world for your reference. Of course, there are benefits at the end of the article, providing you with some addresses for free download of foreign standards.
1. International famous standardization organization
1. International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
The International Organization for Standardization, referred to as ISO, is the largest non-governmental standardization organization in the world. Its purpose is to promote the development of standardization work in the world, to facilitate international material exchange and mutual assistance, and to expand knowledge. , scientific, technical and economic cooperation. Its main tasks are: formulating international standards, coordinating worldwide standardization work, and cooperating with other international organizations to study standardization issues.
ISO International Standards Organization was founded in 1946 and is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. Its members are composed of national standardization bodies from more than 100 countries in the world. China joined ISO in 1978, and the national organization representing China to participate in ISO is the National Standardization Management Committee. On September 20, 2013, at the 36th ISO Conference held in St. Petersburg, Russia, Zhang Xiaogang, a member of the China Standardization Expert Committee nominated by the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of China and the National Standards Committee, vice chairman of the World Iron and Steel Association, and general manager of Ansteel Group Corporation, was successfully elected Chairman of ISO, this is the first time that a Chinese has held the top leadership position of this international organization since the establishment of ISO in 1947, which marks China's major breakthrough in the field of international standardization (awesome, there should be applause here).
The content of ISO standards covers a wide range, from basic fasteners, bearings and various raw materials to semi-finished products and finished products. Its technical fields involve information technology, transportation, agriculture, health care and the environment. Each working organization has its own work plan, which lists the standard items (test methods, terminology, specifications, performance requirements, etc.) that need to be formulated.
At present, ISO has released more than 30,000 international standards, such as ISO metric thread, ISO A4 paper size, ISO container series (95% of the world's shipping containers comply with ISO standards), ISO film speed code, ISO's Open System Interconnection (OS2) series (widely used in the field of information technology) and the famous ISO9000 quality management series standards.
The general form of the ISO standard number is: standard code + standard serial number + year. For example: ISO-9001-2015 (Quality Management System Requirements)
ISO official website address: ISO-Standards
2. International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), the earliest international electrotechnical standardization organization in the world, is responsible for international standardization work in the field of electrical engineering and electronic engineering. The purpose of IEC is to promote international cooperation on standardization and related issues in the field of electrical and electronic engineering, and to enhance international mutual understanding. At present, the working field of IEC has expanded from simply studying electrical equipment, terminology and power of motors to electrical technologies such as electronics, electric power, microelectronics and their applications, communications, audio-visual, robotics, information technology, new medical devices, and nuclear instruments. all aspects of. IEC standards have involved 35% of products in the world market.
Founded in 1906, the IEC has a history of 109 years by 2015. my country joined the IEC in 1957. Currently, the permanent members of the IEC are China, France, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States. In October 1990, China hosted the 54th IEC Annual Conference in Beijing for the first time. Lu Shaozeng, chairman of the IEC China National Committee and former deputy director of the State Bureau of Technical Supervision, was elected as the vice chairman of IEC. The current chairman of the IEC is Shu Yinbiao, the chairman and secretary of the party group of China Huaneng Group Co., Ltd. Shu Yinbiao, who was the general manager of the State Grid, also served as the vice chairman of the IEC for two consecutive terms in 2013 and 2015, and was held in Busan, South Korea in 2018. At the meeting of the International Electrotechnical Commission, the thirty-sixth chairman of the IEC was elected for a two-year term, starting in 2020. This is the first time that a Chinese has held the highest position since the association was founded 112 years ago. From January 1, 2015, Zhao Houlin, the former Deputy Secretary-General of the International Telecommunication Union from China, officially took office as the Secretary-General of the International Telecommunication Union, becoming the first Chinese Secretary-General in the 150-year history of the organization and the third person in charge of a specialized agency of the United Nations. Chinese, and successfully re-elected in 2018. (very good, the presence of Chinese people in international organizations is getting stronger and stronger)
It is necessary to distinguish between IEC and ISO. What IEC and ISO have in common: they use common technical working guidelines and follow common working procedures. In terms of information technology, ISO and IEC have established a joint technical committee (JTC1) responsible for formulating international standards in the field of information technology, and the secretariat is held by the American Standards Institute (ANSI). The biggest difference between IEC and ISO is the difference in working mode. The working mode of ISO is decentralized. The technical work is mainly managed by the technical committee secretariat undertaken by each country, and the ISO central secretariat is responsible for consultation. ISO will only intervene in the draft international standard (DIS) stage. The IEC adopts a centralized management model, that is, all files are managed by the IEC central office from the beginning.
The general form of the IEC standard number is: standard code + standard serial number + year. For example: IEC_61340-2-1-2022 (electrostatic test method - charging rate)
Note: Since 1998, IEC and ISO have reached an agreement. Standard serial numbers up to 5999 are adopted by ISO standards, and standard serial numbers above 60000 are adopted by IEC standards. Therefore, the old IEC standard serial numbers have been changed. For example, the old IEC 35 becomes IEC 60035.
IEC official website address: Homepage | IEC
3. American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
The American National Standards Institute, or ANSI for short, was founded in 1918. Although it is a non-profit non-governmental standardization organization, ANSI has actually become the national standardization center of the United States, and standardization activities in all walks of life in the United States revolve around it. ANSI coordinates and guides standardization activities across the United States, helps standard formulation, research and use units, and provides domestic and foreign standardization information. At the same time, it also plays the role of the US standardization administrative agency. ANSI currently has about 200 industrial and association members, and about 1,400 company (enterprise) members. Its funding comes from membership fees and sales of standard materials, and there is no government fund. The American Standards Institute has various technical committees such as electrical engineering, construction, daily necessities, drawing, and material testing. Like the famous ASTM, ASME, API are its constituent members.
ANSI itself rarely develops standards. The preparation of its ANSI standard mainly adopts the following three methods:
1) The relevant units are responsible for drafting, inviting experts or professional groups to vote, and submitting the results to the standard review meeting established by ANSI for review and approval. This method is called polling.
2) Representatives of ANSI technical committees and committees organized by other organizations draw up draft standards, voted by all committee members, and finally reviewed and approved by the standard review committee. This method is called the committee method.
3) From the standards formulated by various professional societies and associations, those that are relatively mature and of great significance to the whole country are upgraded to national standards (ANSI) after being reviewed by ANSI technical committees and named as ANSI standard codes and classification number, but at the same time retain the original professional standard code.
ANSI official website address: American National Standards Institute - ANSI Home
4. American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, referred to as ASME, was founded in 1880 and headquartered in New York, USA. It has formulated many industrial and manufacturing industry standards. ASME is mainly engaged in the development of science and technology in mechanical engineering and related fields, encouraging basic research, promoting academic exchanges, developing cooperation with other engineering and associations, carrying out standardization activities, and formulating mechanical specifications and standards. Now ASME has more than 1,000 standards and codes for industrial and manufacturing industries, which are adopted in more than 90 countries around the world. Subjects covered include: basic engineering (energy conversion, energy resources, environment and transportation, general engineering, materials and structures); manufacturing (material storage and transportation engineering, equipment engineering and maintenance, process industry, manufacturing engineering, textile engineering ); Systems and Design (Computer Applications in Engineering, Design Engineering, Power Systems and Controls, Electrical and Electronic Packaging, Fluid Power Systems and Technologies, Information Storage and Processing Systems).
There are many classifications of ASME standards. The first category is boiler and pressure vessel standards. The general numbering format is: standard code + chapter number + part number + year number. For example: ASME_BPVC_2021_Section_IX.
ASME official website address: Codes & Standards - ASME
5. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
The American Society for Testing and Materials, abbreviated as ASTM, is one of the largest standard development organizations in the world and an independent non-profit organization. The main responsibility of ASTM is to formulate characteristics and performance standards, test methods and program standards in the fields of materials, products, systems, and services, and to promote the development and promotion of relevant knowledge. Its business scope is not only to research and formulate material specifications and test method standards, but also includes characteristics and performance standards of various materials, products, systems, and service items, as well as standards for test methods and procedures. More than 10,000 standards have been formulated so far.
ASTM standards development has always been based on a system of voluntary consensus. The standard system is under the responsibility of the technical committee and drafted by the standard working group. After voting by the technical subcommittee and the technical committee, after adopting the common opinions of the majority of members and voting in favor of the majority of members, the standard is approved and published as an official standard. In the process of preparing a standard, every member interested in the preparation and any enthusiastic group has the right to fully express their opinions, and the committee will study and deal with the opinions put forward, so as to absorb correct opinions and suggestions from all sides.
The general numbering form of ASTM standards is: standard code + letter class number + standard serial number + year. Example: ASTM_D_4815_22
It should be noted that the expression method of the supplementary standard is to add a, b, c, etc. after the year; the expression method of the trial standard is to add T after the year.
ASTM official website address: ASTM International - Standards Worldwide
6. Other well-known standardization organizations
In addition to the above five major standardization organizations, there are some more important standardization organizations. For example:
| code name | name | code name | name |
|---|---|---|---|
| ISO | international standard | IEC | International Electrotechnical Commission Standard |
| THAT | International Telecommunication Union Standard | ANSI | American National Standard |
| BSI | british standard | FROM | german standard |
| IN | European standard | HE | Japanese standard |
| AFNOR | French standard | GOST | Russian standard |
| IS | Indian Standard | AS | Australian Standards |
| ASME | American Society of Mechanical Engineers Standard | ASTM | American Society for Experimental and Materials Standards |
| SAE | American Society of Power Mechanical Engineers Standard | IEEE | Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Standards |
| API | American Petroleum Institute Standard | AWS | American Welding Society Standard |
| UL | Underwriters Laboratories Standard | ECSS | EASC Standard |
| AIA | American Aviation Industry Association Standard | JEDEC | Solid State Technology Association Standard |
| THERE IS NO | Protection class standard | TIA | American Communications Standard |
| ...... | ...... | ...... | ...... |
Note: The ones marked in red indicate that the number of standards released is more, the ones marked in blue are next, and the ones marked in uncolored are the least.
2. Free download address of foreign standards
I think everyone has discovered the same as me. Now it is too difficult to obtain standards for free prostitution. Most of them have to charge, whether it is domestic or foreign standards, especially foreign standards. A standard, not to mention poor students, even the small bosses of the company are reluctant, so it is necessary to use all kinds of magical powers to set standards. Brother Jian will share with you some foreign standard query and download websites, please collect them quickly (the address will be updated from time to time).
- International standard query website "Standard Global Search" (standard classification, newly released standards, standard validity period, etc. can be searched): http://www.bz52.com/app/home/index
- Some standards of ISO and IEC can be downloaded for free (recommended index ★★★★★, no registration is required, there are a large number, and high-definition editable PDF files can be directly downloaded) : https://standards.iso.org/ittf/PubliclyAvailableStandards/index. html
-
Free download of some standards of ASTM, BS, DIN, IEC, ISO (recommended index ★★★★, domestic website, no need to register, you can also download many domestic standards, scanned PDF files for free): https : //www.biao- zhun.cn/category/guowaibiaozhun/
-
Free download of some ITU standards (recommendation index ★★★, search for the standard you want on the page, click to download if there is a text attachment): https://www.itu.int/zh/Pages/default.aspx
-
ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute free standard download (recommended index ★★★★, it seems that all standards can be downloaded, and no registration is required) https://www.etsi.org/standards
-
ANSI X9 standards for the US financial services industry are free to download (recommended index ★★★, a small number, no registration required) https://x9.org/standards/free-standards/
-
Free download of ECSS European aerospace standards (recommended index ★★★★, all standards can be downloaded, no registration required) https://ecss.nl/standards/active-standards/
-
Some domestic industry forums can also download foreign standards, such as thermal processing industry forums (recommended index ★★, some need to register to download) http://www.rjghome.com/forum.php?mod=forumdisplay&fid=72
-
Free download of some ISO and IEC Guides (recommended index ★★★★, no registration required) https://www.bsigroup.com/en-GB/standards/Information-about-standards/how-are-standards-made/The - BSI-Guide-to-Standardization/free-isoiec-guides/
The above method should be able to solve some of the needs of the students, but there are too many standards, and they have been updated and released. If you don’t have time to find or can’t find the standard specifications, you can contact Jengeha ( find it in the lower right corner of the picture below ) , Just ask Brother Jian to have a drink or milk tea. Brother Jian usually collects a lot of old and new international standards (the picture below is the database of foreign standards, which contains nearly 100,000), and if you don’t have any, you can find resources to download.
