Turtle graphics library
The Turtle library is a built-in graphics module in Python. It belongs to one of the standard libraries and is located in the lib folder of the Python installation directory. The commonly used functions are as follows:
1. Basic knowledge of Turtle drawing
The canvas is the turtle's drawing area, and we can set its size and initial position.
1. Set the canvas size
turtle.screensize(canvwidth=None, canvheight=None, bg=None), the parameters correspond to the width (unit pixel ), height and background color of the canvas respectively.
turtle.screensize(1000,800, "blue")
turtle.screensize() #返回默认大小(500, 400)
turtle.setup(width=0.5, height=0.75, startx=None, starty=None)
Width, height: When the input width and height are integers, it means pixels; when it is a decimal, it means the ratio of occupying the computer screen, (startx, starty): This coordinate indicates the position of the top left corner of the rectangular window, if it is empty, the window in the center of the screen.
2. State of the brush
On the canvas, by default, there is a coordinate axis whose coordinate origin is the center of the canvas, and there is a small turtle facing the positive direction of the x-axis on the coordinate origin. Here we use two words when describing the little turtle: the coordinate origin (position), facing the positive direction of the x-axis (direction). In turtle drawing, the position and direction are used to describe the state of the little turtle (paintbrush).
turtle.pensize() # 设置画笔的宽度；
turtle.pencolor()# 没有参数传入，返回当前画笔颜色，传入参数设置画笔颜色，可以是字符串如"green", "red",也可以是RGB 3元组。
turtle.speed(speed)#设置画笔移动速度，画笔绘制的速度范围[0,10]整数，数字越大越快。
3. Using turtle to draw is mainly divided into 3 kinds of command codes, which are motion commands, brush control commands and global control commands.
Brush motion command codes
turtle.forward(distance)—moves distance pixels in the direction of the current brush
turtle.backward(distance)—moves distance pixels in the opposite direction of the current brush
turtle.right(degree)—moves degree° clockwise turtle.left(degree)— Move degree° counterclockwise
turtle.pendown()—draws graphics when moving, and also draws by default turtle.goto(x,y)—moves the pen to the position where the coordinates are x,y
turtle.penup()—raises the pen Move, do not draw graphics, used to draw another place to draw
turtle.circle()—draw a circle, the radius is positive (negative), indicating that the center of the circle is on the left (right) of the brush Draw a circle setx( )—move the current x-axis to Specify the position
sety( )—move the current y-axis to the specified position setheading(angle)—set the current orientation as an angle
home()—set the current brush position as the origin, facing east dot®—draw a dot with a specified diameter and color
Brush control command code
turtle.fillcolor(colorstring)—the fill color for drawing graphics turtle.color(color1,color2)—set pencolor=color1, fillcolor=color2 at the same time
turtle.filling()—returns whether it is currently in the filling state turtle.begin_fill()—ready to start Fill graphics
turtle.end_fill()—Fill completed turtle.hideturtle()—Hide the turtle shape of the brush
turtle.showturtle()—Show the turtle shape of the brush
Global Control Command Code
turtle.clear()—Clear the turtle window, but the position and state of the turtle will not change
turtle.reset()—Clear the window, reset the turtle state to the initial state turtle.undo()—Undo the last turtle action
turtle.isvisible ()—return whether the current turtle is visible stamp()—copy the current graphic
turtle.write(s[,font=(“fontname”,font_size,“font_type”)])—text, s is the text content, font is the font parameter , which are the font name, size and type; font is optional, and the font parameter is also optional
2. Specific examples
0. Sakura tree
from turtle import *
from random import *
from math import *
def tree(n, l):
pd () # 下笔
# 阴影效果
t = cos ( radians ( heading () + 45 ) ) / 8 + 0.25
pencolor ( t, t, t )
pensize ( n / 3 )
forward ( l ) # 画树枝
if n > 0:
b = random () * 15 + 10 # 右分支偏转角度
c = random () * 15 + 10 # 左分支偏转角度
d = l * (random () * 0.25 + 0.7) # 下一个分支的长度
# 右转一定角度,画右分支
right ( b )
tree ( n - 1, d )
# 左转一定角度，画左分支
left ( b + c )
tree ( n - 1, d )
# 转回来
right ( c )
else:
# 画叶子
right ( 90 )
n = cos ( radians ( heading () - 45 ) ) / 4 + 0.5
ran = random ()
# 这里相比于原来随机添加了填充的圆圈，让樱花叶子看起来更多一点
if (ran > 0.7):
begin_fill ()
circle ( 3 )
fillcolor ( 'pink' )
# 把原来随机生成的叶子换成了统一的粉色
pencolor ( "pink" )
circle ( 3 )
if (ran > 0.7):
end_fill ()
left ( 90 )
# 添加0.3倍的飘落叶子
if (random () > 0.7):
pu ()
# 飘落
t = heading ()
an = -40 + random () * 40
setheading ( an )
dis = int ( 800 * random () * 0.5 + 400 * random () * 0.3 + 200 * random () * 0.2 )
forward ( dis )
setheading ( t )
# 画叶子
pd ()
right ( 90 )
n = cos ( radians ( heading () - 45 ) ) / 4 + 0.5
pencolor ( n * 0.5 + 0.5, 0.4 + n * 0.4, 0.4 + n * 0.4 )
circle ( 2 )
left ( 90 )
pu ()
# 返回
t = heading ()
setheading ( an )
backward ( dis )
setheading ( t )
pu ()
backward ( l ) # 退回
bgcolor ( 0.956, 0.9255, 0.9882 ) # 设置背景色（把灰色换成淡紫色）
ht () # 隐藏turtle
speed ( 0 ) # 速度 1-10渐进，0 最快
tracer ( 0, 0 )
pu () # 抬笔
backward ( 50 )
left ( 90 ) # 左转90度
pu () # 抬笔
backward ( 300 ) # 后退300
tree ( 12, 100 ) # 递归7层
done ()
Reference: http://t.csdn.cn/WHTgS
1. Color spiral
from turtle import *
import turtle
t = Turtle()
t.pensize(2)
turtle.bgcolor("black")
colors = ["red", "yellow", 'purple', 'blue']
t._tracer(False)
for x in range(400):
for y in range(200):
t.forward(x * y)
t.color(colors[x % 4])
t.left(91)
t._tracer(True)
done()
2. Small boa constrictor
import turtle
turtle.penup()
turtle.pencolor("blue")
turtle.forward(-200)
turtle.pendown()
turtle.pensize(10)
turtle.right(45)
for i in range(4):
turtle.circle(40, 100)
turtle.circle(-40, 60)
turtle.circle(40, 80 / 2)
turtle.fd(30)
turtle.circle(16, 150)
turtle.fd(100)
turtle.done()
3. Draw Peppa
import time
import turtle as t
t.pensize(4) # 设置画笔的大小
t.colormode(255) # 设置GBK颜色范围为0-255
t.color((255,155,192),"pink") # 设置画笔颜色和填充颜色(pink)
t.setup(840,500) # 设置主窗口的大小为840*500
t.speed(10) # 设置画笔速度为10
#鼻子
t.pu() # 提笔
t.goto(-100,100) # 画笔前往F坐标(-100,100)
t.pd() # 下笔
t.seth(-30) # 笔的角度为-30°
t.begin_fill() # 外形填充的开始标志
a=0.4
for i in range(120):
if 0 <= i < 30 or 60 <= i < 90:
a=a+0.08
t.lt(3) #向左转3度
t.fd(a) #向前走a的步长
else:
a=a-0.08
t.lt(3)
t.fd(a)
t.end_fill() # 依据轮廓填充
t.pu() # 提笔
t.seth(90) # 笔的角度为90度
t.fd(25) # 向前移动25
t.seth(0) # 转换画笔的角度为0
t.fd(10)
t.pd()
t.pencolor(255,155,192) # 设置画笔颜色
t.seth(10)
t.begin_fill()
t.circle(5) # 画一个半径为5的圆
t.color(160,82,45) # 设置画笔和填充颜色
t.end_fill()
t.pu()
t.seth(0)
t.fd(20)
t.pd()
t.pencolor(255,155,192)
t.seth(10)
t.begin_fill()
t.circle(5)
t.color(160,82,45)
t.end_fill()
#头
t.color((255,155,192),"pink")
t.pu()
t.seth(90)
t.fd(41)
t.seth(0)
t.fd(0)
t.pd()
t.begin_fill()
t.seth(180)
t.circle(300,-30) # 顺时针画一个半径为300,圆心角为30°的园
t.circle(100,-60)
t.circle(80,-100)
t.circle(150,-20)
t.circle(60,-95)
t.seth(161)
t.circle(-300,15)
t.pu()
t.goto(-100,100)
t.pd()
t.seth(-30)
a=0.4
for i in range(60):
if 0<=i<30 or 60<=i<90:
a=a+0.08
t.lt(3) #向左转3度
t.fd(a) #向前走a的步长
else:
a=a-0.08
t.lt(3)
t.fd(a)
t.end_fill()
#耳朵
t.color((255,155,192),"pink")
t.pu()
t.seth(90)
t.fd(-7)
t.seth(0)
t.fd(70)
t.pd()
t.begin_fill()
t.seth(100)
t.circle(-50,50)
t.circle(-10,120)
t.circle(-50,54)
t.end_fill()
t.pu()
t.seth(90)
t.fd(-12)
t.seth(0)
t.fd(30)
t.pd()
t.begin_fill()
t.seth(100)
t.circle(-50,50)
t.circle(-10,120)
t.circle(-50,56)
t.end_fill()
#眼睛
t.color((255,155,192),"white")
t.pu()
t.seth(90)
t.fd(-20)
t.seth(0)
t.fd(-95)
t.pd()
t.begin_fill()
t.circle(15)
t.end_fill()
t.color("black")
t.pu()
t.seth(90)
t.fd(12)
t.seth(0)
t.fd(-3)
t.pd()
t.begin_fill()
t.circle(3)
t.end_fill()
t.color((255,155,192),"white")
t.pu()
t.seth(90)
t.fd(-25)
t.seth(0)
t.fd(40)
t.pd()
t.begin_fill()
t.circle(15)
t.end_fill()
t.color("black")
t.pu()
t.seth(90)
t.fd(12)
t.seth(0)
t.fd(-3)
t.pd()
t.begin_fill()
t.circle(3)
t.end_fill()
#腮
t.color((255,155,192))
t.pu()
t.seth(90)
t.fd(-95)
t.seth(0)
t.fd(65)
t.pd()
t.begin_fill()
t.circle(30)
t.end_fill()
#嘴
t.color(239,69,19)
t.pu()
t.seth(90)
t.fd(15)
t.seth(0)
t.fd(-100)
t.pd()
t.seth(-80)
t.circle(30,40)
t.circle(40,80)
#身体
t.color("red",(255,99,71))
t.pu()
t.seth(90)
t.fd(-20)
t.seth(0)
t.fd(-78)
t.pd()
t.begin_fill()
t.seth(-130)
t.circle(100,10)
t.circle(300,30)
t.seth(0)
t.fd(230)
t.seth(90)
t.circle(300,30)
t.circle(100,3)
t.color((255,155,192),(255,100,100))
t.seth(-135)
t.circle(-80,63)
t.circle(-150,24)
t.end_fill()
#手
t.color((255,155,192))
t.pu()
t.seth(90)
t.fd(-40)
t.seth(0)
t.fd(-27)
t.pd()
t.seth(-160)
t.circle(300,15)
t.pu()
t.seth(90)
t.fd(15)
t.seth(0)
t.fd(0)
t.pd()
t.seth(-10)
t.circle(-20,90)
t.pu()
t.seth(90)
t.fd(30)
t.seth(0)
t.fd(237)
t.pd()
t.seth(-20)
t.circle(-300,15)
t.pu()
t.seth(90)
t.fd(20)
t.seth(0)
t.fd(0)
t.pd()
t.seth(-170)
t.circle(20,90)
#脚
t.pensize(10)
t.color((240,128,128))
t.pu()
t.seth(90)
t.fd(-75)
t.seth(0)
t.fd(-180)
t.pd()
t.seth(-90)
t.fd(40)
t.seth(-180)
t.color("black")
t.pensize(15)
t.fd(20)
t.pensize(10)
t.color((240,128,128))
t.pu()
t.seth(90)
t.fd(40)
t.seth(0)
t.fd(90)
t.pd()
t.seth(-90)
t.fd(40)
t.seth(-180)
t.color("black")
t.pensize(15)
t.fd(20)
# 尾巴
t.pensize(4)
t.color((255,155,192))
t.pu()
t.seth(90)
t.fd(70)
t.seth(0)
t.fd(95)
t.pd()
t.seth(0)
t.circle(70,20)
t.circle(10,330)
t.circle(70,30)
Reference: http://t.csdn.cn/fimSO
4. Wind and Sunny Picture
# coding=utf-8
# code by me
# 引用海龟库以及随机库
import turtle as t
import random
import time
light = t.Turtle(visible=False)
wind = t.Turtle(visible=False)
def canvas(size_x=1200, size_y=900): # 设置画布,有默认值
t.setup(size_x, size_y)
# 设置线的颜色以及size
def pencil(size=5, color="black"):
t.pensize(size)
t.pencolor(color)
def sun(): # 绘制太阳
light.pensize(5)
light.pencolor("black")
sec = int(time.time())
t.penup() # 画红色点
t.goto(-530, 310)
t.pendown()
t.dot(100, "red")
for i in range(1, 19): # 阳光效果
light.penup()
light.goto(-530, 310)
light.seth(i * 20)
light.forward(55)
light.pendown()
if (i + sec) % 2 == 1:
light.forward(15)
else:
light.forward(7)
def plant(): # 绘制天空以及大地
t.penup() # 每个绘制函数开头都写了这个，防止龟龟绘制另外的图像移动时留下痕迹
length = 900 * 0.318 # 将画布的纵向黄金分割
t.home()
t.goto(600, -450)
t.fillcolor("#DAA520") # 分割填充大地
t.begin_fill()
t.left(90)
t.forward(length)
t.left(90)
t.forward(1200)
t.left(90)
t.forward(length)
t.left(90)
t.forward(1200)
t.end_fill()
t.home() # 填充天空
t.goto(600, length - 450)
t.fillcolor("#B0C4DE")
t.begin_fill()
t.left(90)
t.forward(900 - length)
t.left(90)
t.forward(1200)
t.left(90)
t.forward(900 - length)
t.left(90)
t.forward(1200)
t.end_fill()
def butterfly(pos_x=0, pos_y=0): # 绘制蝴蝶，这里会随机生成位置以及蝴蝶大小、颜色
light.penup()
light.goto(pos_x, pos_y)
light.pendown()
light.pensize(2)
light.seth(45)
color = ["#FF00FF", "#87CEFA", "#0000EE", "#FF4500", "#00FF00", "#00E5EE", "#FFFAFA"] # 一个颜色表,以及size表
size = [6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12]
tep_size = random.choice(size)
light.fillcolor(random.choice(color))
light.begin_fill()
light.circle(tep_size, 270) # 绘制翅膀
light.right(135)
light.pensize(3)
light.forward(tep_size / 2)
light.right(45)
light.forward(tep_size / 2)
light.back(tep_size / 2)
light.left(70)
light.forward(tep_size / 2)
light.back(tep_size / 2)
light.right(25)
light.pensize(4)
light.back(2.05 * tep_size)
light.seth(-90)
light.pensize(2)
light.circle(tep_size, -180)
light.pensize(4)
light.left(90)
light.forward(tep_size * 2)
light.back(tep_size * 2.5)
light.end_fill()
def botany(pos_x=0, pos_y=0, direction=0, flower=1, bend=10): # 植物函数，绘制向日葵，向日葵会迎风倒，效果很到位
light.pensize(3)
light.pencolor("black")
light.penup()
light.goto(pos_x, pos_y)
light.pendown()
light.left(90)
light.fillcolor("#00CD00")
light.begin_fill()
light.circle(50, 90) # 绘制叶片
light.left(90)
light.circle(50, 90)
light.penup()
light.goto(pos_x, pos_y)
light.pendown()
light.seth(-90)
light.pensize(6)
light.forward(50)
light.back(50)
light.pensize(3)
light.circle(50, -90)
light.right(90)
light.circle(50, -90)
light.end_fill()
if flower: # 判断是否有花，这里默认有花
light.penup()
light.goto(pos_x, pos_y)
light.pendown()
light.pensize(4)
if direction:
light.seth(80) # 绘制秆
light.circle(130 - 5 * bend, 70 + 5 * bend, None)
else:
light.seth(-80)
light.circle(130 - 5 * bend, -70 - 5 * bend, None)
light.right(180)
tep_x, tep_y = light.xcor(), light.ycor()
light.forward(13)
light.right(30)
for i in range(6): # 绘制花瓣
light.fillcolor("#FFD700")
light.begin_fill()
light.circle(15, 300)
light.left(120)
light.end_fill()
light.goto(tep_x, tep_y)
light.dot(36, "#FFB90F")
def cloud(pos_x=0, pos_y=0, size=20): # 绘制云
pos = int(time.time())
pos %= 50
light.penup() # 云没有要边框，所以没有pendown
light.goto(pos*8+pos_x, pos_y)
light.fillcolor("#E6E6FA")
light.begin_fill()
light.seth(-80)
light.circle(size, 110)
for i in range(1, 6): # 绘制下半部分
light.right(100)
light.circle(size, 110)
light.left(120)
for i in range(1, 7): # 绘制上半部分，上边进行了六次循环，但是之前就进行了一次绘制，这里有七次循环
light.right(100)
light.circle(size, 110)
light.end_fill()
# def draw(x, y): # 这里是之前调试用的拖拽函数响应函数，不需使用
# t.goto(x, y)
# print(t.xcor(), t.ycor())
# def person(pos_x=0, pos_y=0): # 绘制人的函数，效果很拉跨，舍弃
# t.penup()
# t.goto(pos_x, pos_y)
# t.pendown()
#
# t.dot(44, "#FFDEAD")
# t.right(90)
# t.penup()
# t.forward(25)
# t.right(15)
# t.pendown()
# pencil(10)
# t.forward(50)
#
# t.right(35)
# t.forward(50)
# t.back(50)
# t.left(90)
# t.forward(27)
# t.right(110)
# t.forward(23)
#
# t.penup()
# t.goto(pos_x, pos_y)
# t.seth(-90)
# t.forward(25)
# t.right(15)
# t.forward(20)
# t.right(60)
# t.pendown()
# t.forward(50)
# tep_x1, tep_y1 = t.xcor(), t.ycor()
# t.back(50)
# t.right(160)
# t.forward(30)
# t.seth(90)
# t.forward(20)
#
# t.penup()
# t.goto(tep_x1, tep_y1)
# t.seth(-145)
# pencil(6)
# t.pendown()
# t.forward(50)
# t.right(90)
# t.forward(20)
# t.right(90)
# t.forward(15)
# t.right(90)
# t.forward(20)
# t.left(90)
# t.forward(150)
def star(pos_x=0, pos_y=0, size=10): # 绘制星星函数
color = ["#FFFFE0", "#FFFF00"]
light.penup()
light.goto(pos_x, pos_y)
angle = random.randint(0, 180)
light.seth(angle)
light.fillcolor(random.choice(color))
light.begin_fill()
for i in range(5): # 这个144度是查的资料
light.right(144)
light.forward(size)
light.end_fill()
def wind(): # 风函数，让图像看起来更有感觉，就是一条直线，加两个圆
pos = int(time.time())
pos %= 5
color = ["#D3D3D3", "#CDCDB4"]
tep_color = random.choice(color)
light.penup()
light.goto(pos*80-1000, 50)
light.seth(0)
light.pendown()
light.pensize(5)
light.pencolor(tep_color)
light.forward(500)
light.pensize(4)
light.pencolor(tep_color)
light.left(45)
light.circle(50, 180)
light.pensize(3)
light.pencolor(tep_color)
light.circle(30, 90)
tep_color = random.choice(color)
light.penup() # 画圈圈
light.goto(pos*140-1040, 80)
light.seth(0)
light.pendown()
light.pensize(5)
light.pencolor(tep_color)
light.forward(400)
light.pensize(4)
light.pencolor(tep_color)
light.left(45)
light.circle(40, 180)
light.pensize(3)
light.pencolor(tep_color)
light.circle(25, 90)
def lie(): # 这个函数是表达我对python的喜爱
t.penup()
t.goto(0, -360)
pencil(0, "#FFA54F")
t.write("节日快乐", align='center', font=('arial', 75, 'normal'))
t.hideturtle()
def dynamic():
light.clear()
sun()
star(200, 200) # 右上角有星星注意观察 0.0
star(260, 230, 15)
star(180, 300)
star(300, 100, 15)
star(500, 290)
star(420, 310, 15)
star(300, 200)
star(260, 230, 15)
star(350, 352)
star(500, 180, 15)
star(560, 352)
cloud(-530, 280, 20)
cloud(300, 250, 30)
wind()
bend = int(time.time())
bend %= 5
bend += 14
light.seth(-100-bend) # 初始向日葵叶片角度
for i in range(14): # 生成向日葵
if i % 2 == 0:
botany(-520 + i * 50, -132, 0, 1, bend - i)
botany(-340 + i * 50, -132, 0, 1, bend - i)
else:
botany(-430 + i * 50, -142, 0, 1, bend - i)
botany(-230 + i * 50, -142, 0, 1, bend - i)
pos_x = [45, -96, -100, 410, 300, 580, 230, -50, -400, -320, -212]
pos_y = [45, -96, -100, 0, 20, 30, 29, -50, -20, -43, 10]
for i in range(6): # 生成蝴蝶，这里便于观察到结果，蝴蝶有点大
butterfly(random.choice(pos_x), random.choice(pos_y))
t.ontimer(dynamic, 1000)
def piant(): # 这里是将绘制全放在这个函数里，让main看起来简洁
t.tracer(False)
t.delay(0)
canvas()
pencil()
plant()
lie()
dynamic()
if __name__ == "__main__":
piant()
# t.ondrag(draw, btn=1, add=None)
t.mainloop()
Reference: http://t.csdn.cn/A9nfn