Machine Learning (Probability-Based Classification Methods: Naive Bayes)

Probability theory is the basis of many machine learning algorithms, so this article will use some knowledge of probability theory. We first count the number of times a certain value is taken in the data set, and then divide by the total number of instances in the data set to get the value of the value. probability of value.

Pros: Still effective with less data, can handle multi-class problems

Disadvantage: Sensitive to how input data is prepared

For nominal data

If P1(X,Y)>P2(X,Y), then it belongs to category 1

If P2(X,Y)>P1(X,Y), then it belongs to category 2

That is to say, we will choose the category corresponding to the high probability. This is the core idea of ​​Bayesian decision theory, which is to choose the decision with the highest probability

Naive Bayesian naive is that features are independent of each other

Next, insert the specific code of the algorithm

from numpy import *

def loadDataSet():
    return [[1, 3, 4], [2, 3, 5], [1, 2, 3, 5], [2, 5]]

def createC1(dataSet):
    C1 = []
    for transaction in dataSet:
        for item in transaction:
            if not [item] in C1:
                C1.append([item])
                
    C1.sort()
    return map(frozenset, C1)#use frozen set so we
                            #can use it as a key in a dict    

def scanD(D, Ck, minSupport):
    ssCnt = {}
    for tid in D:
        for can in Ck:
            if can.issubset(tid):
                if not ssCnt.has_key(can): ssCnt[can]=1
                else: ssCnt[can] += 1
    numItems = float(len(D))
    retList = []
    supportData = {}
    for key in ssCnt:
        support = ssCnt[key]/numItems
        if support >= minSupport:
            retList.insert(0,key)
        supportData[key] = support
    return retList, supportData

def aprioriGen(Lk, k): #creates Ck
    retList = []
    lenLk = len(Lk)
    for i in range(lenLk):
        for j in range(i+1, lenLk): 
            L1 = list(Lk[i])[:k-2]; L2 = list(Lk[j])[:k-2]
            L1.sort(); L2.sort()
            if L1==L2: #if first k-2 elements are equal
                retList.append(Lk[i] | Lk[j]) #set union
    return retList

def apriori(dataSet, minSupport = 0.5):
    C1 = createC1(dataSet)
    D = map(set, dataSet)
    L1, supportData = scanD(D, C1, minSupport)
    L = [L1]
    k = 2
    while (len(L[k-2]) > 0):
        Ck = aprioriGen(L[k-2], k)
        Lk, supK = scanD(D, Ck, minSupport)#scan DB to get Lk
        supportData.update(supK)
        L.append(Lk)
        k += 1
    return L, supportData

def generateRules(L, supportData, minConf=0.7):  #supportData is a dict coming from scanD
    bigRuleList = []
    for i in range(1, len(L)):#only get the sets with two or more items
        for freqSet in L[i]:
            H1 = [frozenset([item]) for item in freqSet]
            if (i > 1):
                rulesFromConseq(freqSet, H1, supportData, bigRuleList, minConf)
            else:
                calcConf(freqSet, H1, supportData, bigRuleList, minConf)
    return bigRuleList         

def calcConf(freqSet, H, supportData, brl, minConf=0.7):
    prunedH = [] #create new list to return
    for conseq in H:
        conf = supportData[freqSet]/supportData[freqSet-conseq] #calc confidence
        if conf >= minConf: 
            print freqSet-conseq,'-->',conseq,'conf:',conf
            brl.append((freqSet - conseq, conseq, conf))
            prunedH.append(conseq)
    return prunedH

def rulesFromConseq(freqSet, H, supportData, brl, minConf=0.7):
    m = len(H[0])
    if (len(freqSet) > (m + 1)): #try further merging
        Hmp1 = aprioriGen(H, m+1)#create Hm+1 new candidates
        Hmp1 = calcConf(freqSet, Hmp1, supportData, brl, minConf)
        if (len(Hmp1) > 1):    #need at least two sets to merge
            rulesFromConseq(freqSet, Hmp1, supportData, brl, minConf)
            
def pntRules(ruleList, itemMeaning):
    for ruleTup in ruleList:
        for item in ruleTup[0]:
            print itemMeaning[item]
        print "           -------->"
        for item in ruleTup[1]:
            print itemMeaning[item]
        print "confidence: %f" % ruleTup[2]
        print       #print a blank line
        
            
from time import sleep
from votesmart import votesmart
votesmart.apikey = 'a7fa40adec6f4a77178799fae4441030'
#votesmart.apikey = 'get your api key first'
def getActionIds():
    actionIdList = []; billTitleList = []
    fr = open('recent20bills.txt') 
    for line in fr.readlines():
        billNum = int(line.split('\t')[0])
        try:
            billDetail = votesmart.votes.getBill(billNum) #api call
            for action in billDetail.actions:
                if action.level == 'House' and \
                (action.stage == 'Passage' or action.stage == 'Amendment Vote'):
                    actionId = int(action.actionId)
                    print 'bill: %d has actionId: %d' % (billNum, actionId)
                    actionIdList.append(actionId)
                    billTitleList.append(line.strip().split('\t')[1])
        except:
            print "problem getting bill %d" % billNum
        sleep(1)                                      #delay to be polite
    return actionIdList, billTitleList
        
def getTransList(actionIdList, billTitleList): #this will return a list of lists containing ints
    itemMeaning = ['Republican', 'Democratic']#list of what each item stands for
    for billTitle in billTitleList:#fill up itemMeaning list
        itemMeaning.append('%s -- Nay' % billTitle)
        itemMeaning.append('%s -- Yea' % billTitle)
    transDict = {}#list of items in each transaction (politician) 
    voteCount = 2
    for actionId in actionIdList:
        sleep(3)
        print 'getting votes for actionId: %d' % actionId
        try:
            voteList = votesmart.votes.getBillActionVotes(actionId)
            for vote in voteList:
                if not transDict.has_key(vote.candidateName): 
                    transDict[vote.candidateName] = []
                    if vote.officeParties == 'Democratic':
                        transDict[vote.candidateName].append(1)
                    elif vote.officeParties == 'Republican':
                        transDict[vote.candidateName].append(0)
                if vote.action == 'Nay':
                    transDict[vote.candidateName].append(voteCount)
                elif vote.action == 'Yea':
                    transDict[vote.candidateName].append(voteCount + 1)
        except: 
            print "problem getting actionId: %d" % actionId
        voteCount += 2
    return transDict, itemMeaning