Takeaway: Every programmer is familiar with many programming languages. Many programming languages are high level and their syntax is human readable. However, there are also low-level languages that are difficult for a human to read, but understandable. Have you ever come across a programming language that is neither readable nor understandable?
There are some programming languages called "esoteric programming languages" or "esolang". These languages are designed to test the boundaries of computer programming language design. These types of languages are designed to remove and replace regular language features regardless of usability. This language is popular among hackers and hobbyists.
I chose five languages that are a nightmare for traditional programmers. These languages are difficult to digest and difficult to understand.
01 Malbolge
Malbolge is one of the hardest programming languages. In fact, the first Malbolge program took 2 years to complete after it was born, how difficult is it to think now? The authors of the Malbolge programming language are said to have never written a Malbolge program. It is a public domain esoteric programming language created by Ben Olmsted in 1998.
The following is the hello world program written in Malbolge language:
(=<`#9]~6ZY32Vx/4Rs+0No-&Jk)”Fh}|Bcy?`=*z]Kw%oG4UUS0/@-ejc(:’8dc
02 Cow
The Cow programming language was released in early 2013. It is designed according to the idea of cattle. Cows have limited vocabulary skills, so the developers recorded the words they said. The instruction language contains different "moo" variants, namely "moo", moO, MoO, mOo, mOO, Moo, etc. It is a case-sensitive language, and other words and symbols between language instructions are ignored.
The following is a hello world program written in Cow language:
MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO Moo MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoOMoo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoOMoo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo MOo MOo MOo MOo MOoMo MOO MOO MOO MOO MOO MOO MOO MOO MOO MOO MOO MOO MOO MOO MOO MOO MOO MOO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoOMoo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo Moo MOo MOo MOo MOo MOoMo MOO MOO MOO MOO MOO MOO MOO MOO MOO MOO MOO MOO MOO MOO MOO MOO MOO MOO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoOMoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MooMoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO MoO Moo
03 Brainfuck
Brainfuck is an esoteric programming language introduced in 1993 by Urban Muller. The language is worthy of the complex and unusual language name "Brainfuck". A language consists of 8 commands, and a program is a sequence of these commands. The language has an instruction pointer, which starts with the first command and executes sequentially.
The eight instructions of the Brainfuck language are (each symbol is a command): < > + – . , [ ].
Here is the hello world program written in Brainfuck language:
++++++++++[>+++++++>++++++++++>+++>+<<<<-]>++.>+.+++++++..+++.>++.<<+++++++++++++++.>.+++.——.——–.>+.>.
04 INTERCAL
INTERCAL is a compiled language without acronyms. It is also an esoteric programming language created by Don Woods and James M. Lyon. At the same time, it satirizes various aspects of various other programming languages.
The following is a hello world program written in INTERCAL language:
PLEASE DO ,1 <- #13
DO ,1 SUB #1 <- #238
DO ,1 SUB #2 <- #112
DO ,1 SUB #3 <- #112
DO ,1 SUB #4 <- #0
DO ,1 SUB #5 <- #64
DO ,1 SUB #6 <- #238
DO ,1 SUB #7 <- #26
DO ,1 SUB #8 <- #248
DO ,1 SUB #9 <- #168
DO ,1 SUB #10 <- #24
DO ,1 SUB #11 <- #16
DO ,1 SUB #12 <- #158
DO ,1 SUB #13 <- #52
PLEASE READ OUT ,1
PLEASE GIVE UP
05 Whitespace
Whitespace is another esoteric programming language invented by Edwin Brady and Chris Morris. In this language, whitespace characters such as spaces, tabs, and newlines all have meaning. The interpreter will ignore all non-whitespace characters. The language itself is a stack-based language, and the virtual machine in which the program runs has a heap and a stack. Funny enough, the language was released on April 1, 2003 (April Fools' Day).
The following is a hello world program written in Whitespace language:
original:
https://dzone.com/articles/most-difficult-and-strangest-programming-languages
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