Preliminary understanding and summary of 5G

Summary of preliminary perceptions of 5G

1. The development history of mobile communication

The development of mobile communication technology is regular

G represents one generation. From the perspective of 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G and 5G, every 10 years is the development cycle of one generation.

The emergence of 1G was about the 1980s, when the technology development at that time was dominated by voice calls; 2G was developed in the 1990s, and compared to the first generation of communications, SMS was added as a communication method; the arrival of 3G at the beginning of the 21st century was based on voice messaging. On the basis of communication, social applications have been added, so that mobile communication is not only limited to communication; in 2010, 4G came into being. Compared with 3G, 4G's faster network increased online, interactivity and gameplay, and human-computer interaction was more important. For maturity;
5G's faster network development and the iconic zero-latency perception make the virtual reality technologies such as AR and VR that only appear in movies come into real life.

2. 5G technical indicators and three major application scenarios

Technical indicators (compared to 4G)

Flow density

4G reference value	5G value
0.1Tbps / km²	10Tbps/km²

Connection number density

4G reference value	5G value
100,000 km²	1 million km²

Time delay

4G reference value	5G value
10ms	1ms

Mobility

4G reference value	5G value
350Km/h	500Km/h

efficiency

4G reference value	5G value
1 times	100 times

User experience rate

4G reference value	5G value
10Mbps	0.1-1Gbps

Spectral efficiency

4G reference value	5G value
1 times	3 times (5 times in some scenes)

Peak rate

4G reference value	5G value
1Gbps	20Gbps

Three scenarios defined by ITU

Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB)
Mass Machine Communication (mMTC)
Ultra High Reliability and Low Latency Communication (uRLLC)

5G application scenarios-VR/AR

VR: Virtual Reality
AR: Augmented Reality
MR: Mixed Reality

5G application scenarios-Internet of Vehicles

Autonomous driving
Remote control driving
Formation driving

5G application scenarios-telemedicine

Remote surgery
Remote B ultrasound

5G application scenarios-smart cities

The concept of smart city: perception, integration, innovation and collaboration. The
content is summarized as: smart buildings, smart public utilities, smart education and technology,
smart citizens, services, smart public safety, smart medical services, and smart transportation
.

Third, the key technologies needed for 5G

The key technology of 5G-ultra-dense networking

5G needs to meet high-spots and high-capacity scenarios,
such as concerts, football stadiums, and event plazas.
These application scenarios have high traffic density and high speed requirements for the
network. Ultra-dense networking requires a large number of small base stations to exchange space for performance.

Base station type: macro base station and small base station

Macro base station: generally refers to the tower station, the signal coverage is wide, generally thousands of meters.
Small base stations are divided into
home base stations, micro base stations, pico base stations (pico base stations), indoor base stations, and personal base stations. The
coverage ranges from 10 meters to 200 meters.

Advantages of small cell

Small size, low cost, easy to install, suitable for deep coverage, low
power, small interference, and smaller range to achieve frequency reuse to increase capacity.
Close to users to improve signal quality and high speed.
Required technology:
multi-connection technology,
unlimited return technology

The key technology of 5G-large-scale antenna array

Massive MIMO antenna array
Advantages:
Improve signal reliability,
increase base station throughput, and
greatly reduce interference to surrounding base stations

The key technology of 5G-dynamic self-organizing network (SON)

Used to meet low-latency and high-reliability scenarios.
Advantages:
Flexible deployment,
support multi-hop,
high reliability,
support ultra-high bandwidth

The key technology of 5G-Software Defined Network (SDN)

Physically separate the control plane and the forwarding plane. The
controller centrally manages multi-platform forwarding equipment.
Services and programs are deployed on the controller.

The key technology of 5G-Network Function Virtualization (NFV)

Software and hardware decoupling, virtualization, general-purpose hardware realizes network functions

The difference between SDN and NFV

SDN is an innovation for network architecture
NFV is an innovation for equipment form

Challenges facing 5G

Challenges facing 5G-spectrum resources

Spectrum resource challenge: The frequency band below 5GHz is already very crowded.
Solution: High frequency band and ultra-high frequency band

Challenges facing 5G-new business

new business

eMBB: Refers to high-traffic mobile broadband services such as 3D/Ultra HD video
mMTC: Refers to large-scale Internet of Things services
uRLLC: Refers to services that require low-latency and high-reliability connections such as unmanned driving and industrial automation. The
three application scenarios respectively point to different Application areas

New business challenge

eMBB has very high requirements for delay and reliability
mMTC has high requirements for the number of connections, power consumption/standby,
uRLLC VR/AR and other transmission rates are high

Challenges facing 5G-new scenarios

Challenges in new usage scenarios
Mobile hotspots: the challenges of ultra-dense networking brought about by a large number of hotspots.
Internet of Things: New Internet of Things salespersons far exceed the range of activities of humans.
Low/high altitude coverage: UAV, aircraft route coverage, etc.

Challenges facing 5G-terminal equipment

Explosive growth of Internet of Things terminals
Challenges such as terminal multi-mode R&D, technology, and battery life

Challenges facing 5G-security challenges

Three security challenges

eMBB security processing performance secondary authentication known vulnerabilities
mMTC lightweight security
uRLLC low-latency security algorithm

New architecture security challenges

SDN, NFV and other security challenges