MapServer Tutorial——MapServer7.2.1教程学习——第一节用例实践：Example1.5 Adding a raster layer
一、前言
MapServer不仅支持矢量数据（point, lines, polygons, and annotations），同时也支持栅格数据。通过GDAL库，MapServer可以输入输出多种类型的栅格数据。
在4.x版本前，MapServer输出栅格数据仅限于单个图层、灰度图像或伪彩色图像。
当前版本支持RGB图像和多光谱图像（多层级multi-layer）。此示例演示如何选择使用多光谱数据时要显示的图层。官网地址：https://www.mapserver.org/tutorial/example1-5.html
注意 在使用RGB和多光谱图像时，可能会出现明显的性能问题。
因为MapServer5.x后使用AGG或GD2.x来生成输出的图像，它还支持RGB（24位或真彩色）输出。因此，除了8位（灰度图像或伪彩色图像）png8之外，现在还可以使用png（真颜色）进行输出。此示例使用PNG作为ImageType。
注意 与RGB输入一样，与PNG8相比，使用PNG时可能会出现明显的性能问题。
MapServer实际上也可以使用gdal生成输出图像，但这是另一个主题。如果您想了解更多信息，请查看mapfile引用中的outputformat对象。
二、创建站点Example1.5 Adding a raster layer
1.文件准备
在cmd中输入：cd /d E:\SvnWorkspace\LY_WEB_GIS\branches\Documents\ms4w-mapserver-for-wimdows\release-1911-x64-gdal-2-3-3-mapserver-7-2-1\apps
在cmd中输入：md Example1.5
在cmd中输入：cd Example1.5
在cmd中输入：md data
在cmd中输入：md logs
在cmd中输入：md fonts
在cmd中输入：md symbols
在cmd中输入：cd.>web.config
在cmd中输入：cd.>example1_5.map
在cmd中输入：cd data
在cmd中输入：md raster
修改web.config的内容如下
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <configuration> <system.webServer> <handlers> <add name="MapServerFastCgi" path="*" verb="*" type="" modules="FastCgiModule"
scriptProcessor="E:\SvnWorkspace\LY_WEB_GIS\branches\Documents\ms4w-mapserver-for-wimdows\release-1911-x64-gdal-2-3-3-mapserver-7-2-1\bin\mapserv.exe"
resourceType="Unspecified" requireAccess="Script" allowPathInfo="false" preCondition="" /> </handlers> <caching enabled="true" enableKernelCache="true" /> </system.webServer> </configuration>
将 app\tutorial\fonts 中的所有内容拷贝到 app\Example1.5\fonts 文件夹中（字体文件）
将 app\tutorial\data 中的 states_ugl.dbf、states_ugl.shp、states_ugl.shx 拷贝到 app\Example1.5\data 文件夹中（数据文件）
将 app\tutorial\symbols 中的 symbols35.sym 拷贝到 app\Example1.5\symbols 文件夹中（符号文件）
将 app\tutorial\data\raster 中的 mod09a12003161_ugl_ll_8bit.tif、mod09a12003161_ugl_ll_idxa.tif 拷贝到 app\Example1.5\data\raster 文件夹中（图层数据文件）
2.在IIS中创建站点Example1.5
应用程序池名称：Example1.5；站点端口：8015
3.给应用程序池读写log文件夹权限
在cmd中输入：icacls "E:\SvnWorkspace\LY_WEB_GIS\branches\Documents\ms4w-mapserver-for-wimdows\release-1911-x64-gdal-2-3-3-mapserver-7-2-1\apps\Example1.5\logs" /grant "IIS AppPool\Example1.5":(OI)(CI)RW
4.修改example1_5.map文件
# The annotated map file (sort of)
# Created by Pericles S. Nacionales for the MapServer tutorial
# 20050408
#
# MapServer map file uses the pound sign (#) to denote the start of a line
# comment--each line that needs to be commented has to be prepended with a "#".
#
# Map files begin with MAP keyword to signify the start of the map object.
# Well, the entire map file is THE map object. Enclosed between MAP and END
# at the very bottom of this map file, are keyword/value pairs and other
# objects.
MAP
IMAGETYPE PNG
EXTENT -97.238976 41.619778 -82.122902 49.385620
SIZE 400 300
SHAPEPATH "./data"
IMAGECOLOR 255 255 255
FONTSET "./fonts/fonts.list"
SYMBOLSET "./symbols/symbols35.sym"
# Layer objects are defined beneath the map object. You need at least one
# layer defined in your map file before you can display a map... You can
# define as many layers as you'd like although a limit is typically hard-coded
# in map.h in the MapServer source. The default limit is set at 100. You'd
# have to have a very specialized application to need more than 100 layers in
# your application.
#
# Start of LAYER DEFINITIONS ---------------------------------------------
LAYER # States polygon layer begins here
NAME states
DATA states_ugl
STATUS OFF
TYPE POLYGON
# CLASSITEM defines the non-spatial attribute that you will be using to
# separate a layer into classes. This attribute will be in the DBF file
# of your shapefile (it will be different for each data format). In this
# example the shapefile states_ugl has an associated database
# (states_ugl.dbf) that contains an attribute called "CLASS". You will be
# using two values in the CLASS attribute to separate the classes (also
# called themes) used in this layer--land and water. CLASSITEM is used in
# association with the EXPRESSION parameter in the CLASS object. See below.
CLASSITEM "CLASS"
# The class object is defined within the layer object. You can define as
# many classes as you need (well, there are limits as with layers, but it's
# senseless to define more than ten on a "normal" layer. There are
# situations, however, where you might have to do it.)
CLASS
NAME 'States'
EXPRESSION 'land'
# There are styles in a class, just like there are classes in a layer,
# just like there are layers in a map. You can define multiple styles in
# a class just as you can define multiple classes in a layer and multiple
# layers in a map.
STYLE
COLOR 232 232 232
END
END
END # States polygon layer ends here
# In addition to vector data (shapefiles are vector data), MapServer supports
# a host of raster formats. In GIS world, one of the most common raster
# formats is GeoTIFF, a TIFF image with geospatial headers. MapServer also
# supports JPEG, PNG, GIF, and other common formats. Other raster formats
# supported by MapServer include ESRI Arc/Info grid, HDF and HDF-EOS, NetCDF,
# Generic raster binaries, OGC Web Map Service (WMS) layers, etc. Pretty much
# any raster format you can think of is probably supported, thanks to the
# impressive Geospatial Data Abstraction Library (GDAL, pronounced "GOODALL"
# or GOODLE?). More information on GDAL is available at http://www.gdal.org.
#
# MapServer 4.x can read and display bitmapped (like GIFs), RGB/A (true
# color), and multispectral (images with more than 3 bands, like raw LandSat
# images) rasters.
LAYER # MODIS raster layer begins here
NAME modis
DATA "raster/mod09a12003161_ugl_ll_8bit.tif"
STATUS OFF
TYPE RASTER
PROCESSING "BANDS=1,2,3"
OFFSITE 71 74 65
END # MODIS raster layer ends here
LAYER # States line layer begins here
NAME states_line
DATA states_ugl
STATUS OFF
TYPE LINE
CLASSITEM "CLASS"
CLASS
NAME 'State Boundary'
EXPRESSION 'land'
STYLE
SYMBOL 'line5'
COLOR 64 64 64
SIZE 1
END
END
END # States line layer ends here
# Labels can be defined in its own layer. This is useful if, say, you want
# to label a polygon layer that's covered by another layer. By keeping the
# label separate from the polygon and placing it near the bottom of the map
# file (so its drawn on, or near the, top), you can still see the label even
# though you might not be able to see the polygon. It is also a good
# alternate to point symbols.
#
# A label layer is actually defined with ANNOTATION type (This is derived from
# points, Node IDs for lines, or polygon IDs).
LAYER # States label layer begins here
NAME states_label
DATA states_ugl
STATUS OFF
TYPE POLYGON #ANNOTATION 此类型的LAYER已经被移除。此处需要表达的是标签，请查看上一章《MapServer Tutorial——MapServer7.2.1教程学习——第一节用例实践：Example 1.4 Labeling the Map》
#LAYER 官网：https://www.mapserver.org/mapfile/layer.html ，定位到 TYPE 对象处查看。
CLASSITEM "CLASS"
# Just like CLASSITEM, LABELITEM defines the database attribute that you
# will be using to draw labels. In this case, the values of the attribute
# "STATE" will be used to label the states polygons.
LABELITEM "STATE"
CLASS
EXPRESSION 'land'
STYLE
COLOR -1 -1 -1
END
# There can be labels in a class, just like there are classes in a layer,
# just like there are layers in a map. You can define multiple labels in
# a class just as you can define multiple classes in a layer and multiple
# layers in a map.
# MapServer has a very flexible labeling system. With that flexibility
# comes complexity, specially when using truetype fonts. Please read
# through the LABEL section of the MapServer map file documentation at
# http://www.mapserver.org/mapfile for more information.
LABEL
COLOR 132 31 31
#SHADOWCOLOR 218 218 218 # deprecated, use STYLE and GEOMTRANSFORM
#SHADOWSIZE 2 2 # deprecated, use STYLE and GEOMTRANSFORM
TYPE TRUETYPE
FONT arial-bold
SIZE 12
ANTIALIAS TRUE
POSITION CL
PARTIALS FALSE
MINDISTANCE 300
BUFFER 4
END # end of label
END # end of class
END # States label layer ends here
# End of LAYER DEFINITIONS -------------------------------
DEBUG 5
CONFIG "MS_ERRORFILE" "logs\ms.log"
END # All map files must come to an end just as all other things must come to...
5.浏览查看
在浏览器中输入：http://localhost:8015/mapserv?map=../apps/Example1.5/example1_5.map&layer=states&layer=modis&layer=states_line&layer=states_label&mode=map
三、MapFile文件解析
1.文件结构
MAP
LAYER #1-------------LAYER #2----|----LAYER #3--------LAYER #4
(states) (modis) (states_line) (states_label)
| | |
(land) CLASS-|-CLASS (water) |-CLASS |-CLASS
| | | |
STYLE-| |-STYLE |-STYLE STYLE-|-LABEL
当前案例分为四个图层：
-
-
- tsates用来展示几何区域
- modis展示tiff图像文件，栅格数据
- states_line展示的是CLASSITEM=CLASS，EXPRESSION=land 的线条数据，其中线条符号为 line5
-
# 12 Symbol NAME 'line5' Type VECTOR TRANSPARENT 0 Points 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 END END
#line的数据类型为 VECTOR 矢量数据，详情请看：https://www.mapserver.org/mapfile/symbology/construction.html中 Symbols of TYPE vector and ellipse
#同时，请查看：https://www.mapserver.org/mapfile/symbol.html
#此处可以理解为构建了一个矢量区域，有个坐标系，点（1,0）、（0,1）、（0,1）、（1,0）画了一个矩形，然而此矩形看起来没有宽度，长为 2 的开方（三角形勾股定理）
#同时，将这个矢量矩形（看起来就是短的线）中心基于 dbf 数据中 CLASS = land 的 POLYGON 中的点数据来展示，这样看起来就给 land 外面画了一个线。
2.对象参数解释
IMAGETYPE
MapServer生成输出数据的格式。在cmd中输入：mapserv -v 查看。值PNG是值输出24位PNG或真色PNG。
SYMBOLSET
SYMBOL集合的文件位置。可以使绝对路径，也可以是和mapfile（example1_5.map）的相对路径。字符集位置。可以先了解一下SYMBOL，资料如下：
SYMBOL的讲解：https://www.mapserver.org/mapfile/symbol.html
创建字符集文件：https://www.mapserver.org/mapfile/symbology/construction.html
DATA raster/mod09a12003161_ugl_ll_8bit.tif
在NAME为modis的图层中，添加的是一个GeoTIFF图层数据。MapServer支持矢量数据和栅格数据。这个图层为栅格类型。这个图层是通过GDAL的库来完成支持的。MapSeerver上不同的栅格支持和生成请查看：https://www.mapserver.org/input/raster.html#raster
modis数据了解请进：https://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/
TYPE RASTER
在NAME为modis的图层中，当前LAYER的数据类型。此处使用的是RASTER。同时在LAYER中，MapServer还支持POLYGON，LINE，POINT，LABEL中支持ANNOTATION等。
PROCESSING "BANDS=1,2,3"
这个位置我觉得很难理解。查了相关资料。大概意思是，MapServer调用GDAL库来处理tiff图像，并输出显示。
PROCESSING表示进程。根据进程值来决定调用那个库。请查看：https://www.mapserver.org/mapfile/layer.html 中PROCESSING 段落。
BANDS表示波段，GDAL源码中通过RasterIO来读取波段数据。
TIFF文件时位图，在windows中的存储格式为BGR，然后MapServer根据参数调用时，对参数做了调整顺序的相关处理。1,2,3表示Red，Green和blue三种波段选择。
具体的我也不大清楚，总之尝试后，发现1,2,3在浏览器中显示的是和直接看到tiff相差不远，只是灰色的底色变成白色的。
同时也请查看：https://www.mapserver.org/input/raster.html 中 BANDS=red_or_grey[,green,blue[,alpha]] 处的解释。
OFFSITE
设置当前LAYER层的背景颜值组成。（Sets the color index to treat as transparent for raster layers.）
告诉MapServer按照像素值渲染背景（或忽略）。
想了半天没弄懂，最后乱改这个值也没发现什么。知道读到or ignore之后。忽略，这个tif文件正好背景颜色值RGB是：71 74 65 ，是否设置OFFSITE值和背景颜色值一样时，做忽略处理。
但是在设置为其他颜色值时，却还是显示当前tif文件的背景颜色。这就十分尴尬了，是否是因为当前tif文件有背景颜色，然后将OFFSITE设置的颜色给覆盖了。
颜色组成分多种形式，当前案例是：Indexed Color Image（伪彩色图像）。还有：RGB、RGBA等。
四、RGB vs Indexed Color Image 真彩色和伪彩色的对比
1.关于伪彩色，可以查看：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indexed_color
2.修改mapfile的相关配置，将
DATA "raster/mod09a12003161_ugl_ll_8bit.tif"
STATUS DEFAULT
TYPE RASTER
PROCESSING "BANDS=1,2,3"
OFFSITE 71 74 65
修改为
DATA "raster/mod09a12003161_ugl_ll_idxa.tif"
STATUS DEFAULT
TYPE RASTER
OFFSITE 70 74 66
看看效果
显示的效果已经改变。去掉GDAL的程序处理后，也不显示背景色了。
五、后记
感觉模拟样例做一个很简单，但是弄清楚相关的mapfile对象却很头痛，涉及的知识点太多，不理解的位置太多。比如：OFFSITE就不动。继续深入学习，相信随着了解的越来越多，就会知道其作用。