【ICCV2021】Pyramid Vision Transformer: A Versatile Backbone for Dense Prediction without Convolutions

Pyramid Vision Transformer: A Versatile Backbone for Dense Prediction without Convolutions

论文：https://arxiv.org/abs/2102.12122

代码：https://github.com/whai362/PVT

解读：大白话Pyramid Vision Transformer - 知乎 (zhihu.com)

PVT：可用于密集任务backbone的金字塔视觉transformer - 知乎 (zhihu.com)

介绍

总结 ：PVT 把金字塔结构引入到Transformer中，使其可以无缝接入各种下游任务。简单调整Multi-Head Attention，提出spatial reduction attention。

本文仿照CNNs中常见的金字塔结构，改进原始的Transformer，划分多个stage，每个stage的长宽减半，通道维度增加，再把多个stage进行叠加。以应用于分类、检测、分割等任务。

方法 

PVT 网络

网络分4个stage。 每个stage的输入都是3D特征图。每个stage开始，首先像ViT一样对输入图像或特征进行token化，即进行patch embedding，patch大小均采用2x2大小（第一个stage为4*4），意味着该stage最终得到的特征图尺寸减半，tokens数量对应减少4倍。PVT共4个stage，4个stage得到的特征图相比原图大小分别是1/4，1/8，1/16和1/32。不同的stage的tokens数量不一样，每个stage采用不同的position embeddings，在patch embed之后加上各自的position embedding，当输入图像大小变化时，position embeddings也可以通过插值来自适应。

网络结构 

细节如下表所示。共有4种变体。

SRA

为进一步减少计算量，将常规的multi-head attention (MHA)用spatial-reduction attention (SRA)来替换。SRA的核心是减少attention层的key和value对的数量，常规MHA在attention层计算时key和value对的数量为sequence的长度，但是SRA将其降低为原来的。

 

 

关键代码

Attention

# https://github.com/whai362/PVT/blob/v2/segmentation/pvt.py

class Attention(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, dim, num_heads=8, qkv_bias=False, qk_scale=None, attn_drop=0., proj_drop=0., sr_ratio=1):
        super().__init__()
        assert dim % num_heads == 0, f"dim {dim} should be divided by num_heads {num_heads}."

        self.dim = dim
        self.num_heads = num_heads
        head_dim = dim // num_heads
        self.scale = qk_scale or head_dim ** -0.5

        self.q = nn.Linear(dim, dim, bias=qkv_bias)
        self.kv = nn.Linear(dim, dim * 2, bias=qkv_bias)
        self.attn_drop = nn.Dropout(attn_drop)
        self.proj = nn.Linear(dim, dim)
        self.proj_drop = nn.Dropout(proj_drop)

        self.sr_ratio = sr_ratio
        # 实现上这里等价于一个卷积层
        if sr_ratio > 1:
            self.sr = nn.Conv2d(dim, dim, kernel_size=sr_ratio, stride=sr_ratio)
            self.norm = nn.LayerNorm(dim)

    def forward(self, x, H, W):
        B, N, C = x.shape
        q = self.q(x).reshape(B, N, self.num_heads, C // self.num_heads).permute(0, 2, 1, 3)

        if self.sr_ratio > 1:
            x_ = x.permute(0, 2, 1).reshape(B, C, H, W)
            x_ = self.sr(x_).reshape(B, C, -1).permute(0, 2, 1) # 这里x_.shape = (B, N/R^2, C)
            x_ = self.norm(x_)
            kv = self.kv(x_).reshape(B, -1, 2, self.num_heads, C // self.num_heads).permute(2, 0, 3, 1, 4)
        else:
            kv = self.kv(x).reshape(B, -1, 2, self.num_heads, C // self.num_heads).permute(2, 0, 3, 1, 4)
        k, v = kv[0], kv[1]

        attn = (q @ k.transpose(-2, -1)) * self.scale
        attn = attn.softmax(dim=-1)
        attn = self.attn_drop(attn)

        x = (attn @ v).transpose(1, 2).reshape(B, N, C)
        x = self.proj(x)
        x = self.proj_drop(x)

        return x

PVT

# https://github.com/whai362/PVT/blob/v2/segmentation/pvt.py


import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.nn.functional as F
from functools import partial

from timm.models.layers import DropPath, to_2tuple, trunc_normal_
from timm.models.registry import register_model
from timm.models.vision_transformer import _cfg
from mmseg.models.builder import BACKBONES
from mmseg.utils import get_root_logger
from mmcv.runner import load_checkpoint


class Mlp(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, in_features, hidden_features=None, out_features=None, act_layer=nn.GELU, drop=0.):
        super().__init__()
        out_features = out_features or in_features
        hidden_features = hidden_features or in_features
        self.fc1 = nn.Linear(in_features, hidden_features)
        self.act = act_layer()
        self.fc2 = nn.Linear(hidden_features, out_features)
        self.drop = nn.Dropout(drop)

    def forward(self, x):
        x = self.fc1(x)
        x = self.act(x)
        x = self.drop(x)
        x = self.fc2(x)
        x = self.drop(x)
        return x


class Attention(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, dim, num_heads=8, qkv_bias=False, qk_scale=None, attn_drop=0., proj_drop=0., sr_ratio=1):
        super().__init__()
        assert dim % num_heads == 0, f"dim {dim} should be divided by num_heads {num_heads}."

        self.dim = dim
        self.num_heads = num_heads
        head_dim = dim // num_heads
        self.scale = qk_scale or head_dim ** -0.5

        self.q = nn.Linear(dim, dim, bias=qkv_bias)
        self.kv = nn.Linear(dim, dim * 2, bias=qkv_bias)
        self.attn_drop = nn.Dropout(attn_drop)
        self.proj = nn.Linear(dim, dim)
        self.proj_drop = nn.Dropout(proj_drop)

        self.sr_ratio = sr_ratio
        if sr_ratio > 1:
            self.sr = nn.Conv2d(dim, dim, kernel_size=sr_ratio, stride=sr_ratio)
            self.norm = nn.LayerNorm(dim)

    def forward(self, x, H, W):
        B, N, C = x.shape
        q = self.q(x).reshape(B, N, self.num_heads, C // self.num_heads).permute(0, 2, 1, 3)

        if self.sr_ratio > 1:
            x_ = x.permute(0, 2, 1).reshape(B, C, H, W)
            x_ = self.sr(x_).reshape(B, C, -1).permute(0, 2, 1)
            x_ = self.norm(x_)
            kv = self.kv(x_).reshape(B, -1, 2, self.num_heads, C // self.num_heads).permute(2, 0, 3, 1, 4)
        else:
            kv = self.kv(x).reshape(B, -1, 2, self.num_heads, C // self.num_heads).permute(2, 0, 3, 1, 4)
        k, v = kv[0], kv[1]

        attn = (q @ k.transpose(-2, -1)) * self.scale
        attn = attn.softmax(dim=-1)
        attn = self.attn_drop(attn)

        x = (attn @ v).transpose(1, 2).reshape(B, N, C)
        x = self.proj(x)
        x = self.proj_drop(x)

        return x


class Block(nn.Module):

    def __init__(self, dim, num_heads, mlp_ratio=4., qkv_bias=False, qk_scale=None, drop=0., attn_drop=0.,
                 drop_path=0., act_layer=nn.GELU, norm_layer=nn.LayerNorm, sr_ratio=1):
        super().__init__()
        self.norm1 = norm_layer(dim)
        self.attn = Attention(
            dim,
            num_heads=num_heads, qkv_bias=qkv_bias, qk_scale=qk_scale,
            attn_drop=attn_drop, proj_drop=drop, sr_ratio=sr_ratio)
        # NOTE: drop path for stochastic depth, we shall see if this is better than dropout here
        self.drop_path = DropPath(drop_path) if drop_path > 0. else nn.Identity()
        self.norm2 = norm_layer(dim)
        mlp_hidden_dim = int(dim * mlp_ratio)
        self.mlp = Mlp(in_features=dim, hidden_features=mlp_hidden_dim, act_layer=act_layer, drop=drop)

    def forward(self, x, H, W):
        x = x + self.drop_path(self.attn(self.norm1(x), H, W))
        x = x + self.drop_path(self.mlp(self.norm2(x)))

        return x


class PatchEmbed(nn.Module):
    """ Image to Patch Embedding
    """

    def __init__(self, img_size=224, patch_size=16, in_chans=3, embed_dim=768):
        super().__init__()
        img_size = to_2tuple(img_size)
        patch_size = to_2tuple(patch_size)

        self.img_size = img_size
        self.patch_size = patch_size
        assert img_size[0] % patch_size[0] == 0 and img_size[1] % patch_size[1] == 0, \
            f"img_size {img_size} should be divided by patch_size {patch_size}."
        self.H, self.W = img_size[0] // patch_size[0], img_size[1] // patch_size[1]
        self.num_patches = self.H * self.W
        self.proj = nn.Conv2d(in_chans, embed_dim, kernel_size=patch_size, stride=patch_size)
        self.norm = nn.LayerNorm(embed_dim)

    def forward(self, x):
        B, C, H, W = x.shape

        x = self.proj(x).flatten(2).transpose(1, 2)
        x = self.norm(x)
        H, W = H // self.patch_size[0], W // self.patch_size[1]

        return x, (H, W)


class PyramidVisionTransformer(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, img_size=224, patch_size=16, in_chans=3, num_classes=1000, embed_dims=[64, 128, 256, 512],
                 num_heads=[1, 2, 4, 8], mlp_ratios=[4, 4, 4, 4], qkv_bias=False, qk_scale=None, drop_rate=0.,
                 attn_drop_rate=0., drop_path_rate=0., norm_layer=nn.LayerNorm, depths=[3, 4, 6, 3],
                 sr_ratios=[8, 4, 2, 1], num_stages=4, F4=False):
        super().__init__()
        self.num_classes = num_classes
        self.depths = depths
        self.F4 = F4
        self.num_stages = num_stages

        dpr = [x.item() for x in torch.linspace(0, drop_path_rate, sum(depths))]  # stochastic depth decay rule
        cur = 0

        for i in range(num_stages):
            patch_embed = PatchEmbed(img_size=img_size if i == 0 else img_size // (2 ** (i + 1)),
                                     patch_size=patch_size if i == 0 else 2,
                                     in_chans=in_chans if i == 0 else embed_dims[i - 1],
                                     embed_dim=embed_dims[i])
            num_patches = patch_embed.num_patches if i != num_stages - 1 else patch_embed.num_patches + 1
            pos_embed = nn.Parameter(torch.zeros(1, num_patches, embed_dims[i]))
            pos_drop = nn.Dropout(p=drop_rate)

            block = nn.ModuleList([Block(
                dim=embed_dims[i], num_heads=num_heads[i], mlp_ratio=mlp_ratios[i], qkv_bias=qkv_bias,
                qk_scale=qk_scale, drop=drop_rate, attn_drop=attn_drop_rate, drop_path=dpr[cur + j],
                norm_layer=norm_layer, sr_ratio=sr_ratios[i])
                for j in range(depths[i])])
            cur += depths[i]

            setattr(self, f"patch_embed{i + 1}", patch_embed)
            setattr(self, f"pos_embed{i + 1}", pos_embed)
            setattr(self, f"pos_drop{i + 1}", pos_drop)
            setattr(self, f"block{i + 1}", block)

            trunc_normal_(pos_embed, std=.02)

        # init weights
        self.apply(self._init_weights)

    def init_weights(self, pretrained=None):
        if isinstance(pretrained, str):
            logger = get_root_logger()
            load_checkpoint(self, pretrained, map_location='cpu', strict=False, logger=logger)

    def _init_weights(self, m):
        if isinstance(m, nn.Linear):
            trunc_normal_(m.weight, std=.02)
            if isinstance(m, nn.Linear) and m.bias is not None:
                nn.init.constant_(m.bias, 0)
        elif isinstance(m, nn.LayerNorm):
            nn.init.constant_(m.bias, 0)
            nn.init.constant_(m.weight, 1.0)

    def _get_pos_embed(self, pos_embed, patch_embed, H, W):
        if H * W == self.patch_embed1.num_patches:
            return pos_embed
        else:
            return F.interpolate(
                pos_embed.reshape(1, patch_embed.H, patch_embed.W, -1).permute(0, 3, 1, 2),
                size=(H, W), mode="bilinear").reshape(1, -1, H * W).permute(0, 2, 1)

    def forward_features(self, x):
        outs = []

        B = x.shape[0]

        for i in range(self.num_stages):
            patch_embed = getattr(self, f"patch_embed{i + 1}")
            pos_embed = getattr(self, f"pos_embed{i + 1}")
            pos_drop = getattr(self, f"pos_drop{i + 1}")
            block = getattr(self, f"block{i + 1}")
            x, (H, W) = patch_embed(x)
            if i == self.num_stages - 1:
                pos_embed = self._get_pos_embed(pos_embed[:, 1:], patch_embed, H, W)
            else:
                pos_embed = self._get_pos_embed(pos_embed, patch_embed, H, W)

            x = pos_drop(x + pos_embed)
            for blk in block:
                x = blk(x, H, W)
            x = x.reshape(B, H, W, -1).permute(0, 3, 1, 2).contiguous()
            outs.append(x)

        return outs

    def forward(self, x):
        x = self.forward_features(x)

        if self.F4:
            x = x[3:4]

        return x


def _conv_filter(state_dict, patch_size=16):
    """ convert patch embedding weight from manual patchify + linear proj to conv"""
    out_dict = {}
    for k, v in state_dict.items():
        if 'patch_embed.proj.weight' in k:
            v = v.reshape((v.shape[0], 3, patch_size, patch_size))
        out_dict[k] = v

    return out_dict

4种变体

# https://github.com/whai362/PVT/blob/v2/segmentation/pvt.py


@BACKBONES.register_module()
class pvt_tiny(PyramidVisionTransformer):
    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
        super(pvt_tiny, self).__init__(
            patch_size=4, embed_dims=[64, 128, 320, 512], num_heads=[1, 2, 5, 8], mlp_ratios=[8, 8, 4, 4],
            qkv_bias=True, norm_layer=partial(nn.LayerNorm, eps=1e-6), depths=[2, 2, 2, 2],
            sr_ratios=[8, 4, 2, 1], drop_rate=0.0, drop_path_rate=0.1)


@BACKBONES.register_module()
class pvt_small(PyramidVisionTransformer):
    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
        super(pvt_small, self).__init__(
            patch_size=4, embed_dims=[64, 128, 320, 512], num_heads=[1, 2, 5, 8], mlp_ratios=[8, 8, 4, 4],
            qkv_bias=True, norm_layer=partial(nn.LayerNorm, eps=1e-6), depths=[3, 4, 6, 3],
            sr_ratios=[8, 4, 2, 1], drop_rate=0.0, drop_path_rate=0.1)


@BACKBONES.register_module()
class pvt_medium(PyramidVisionTransformer):
    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
        super(pvt_medium, self).__init__(
            patch_size=4, embed_dims=[64, 128, 320, 512], num_heads=[1, 2, 5, 8], mlp_ratios=[8, 8, 4, 4],
            qkv_bias=True, norm_layer=partial(nn.LayerNorm, eps=1e-6), depths=[3, 4, 18, 3],
            sr_ratios=[8, 4, 2, 1], drop_rate=0.0, drop_path_rate=0.1)


@BACKBONES.register_module()
class pvt_large(PyramidVisionTransformer):
    def __init__(self, **kwargs):
        super(pvt_large, self).__init__(
            patch_size=4, embed_dims=[64, 128, 320, 512], num_heads=[1, 2, 5, 8], mlp_ratios=[8, 8, 4, 4],
            qkv_bias=True, norm_layer=partial(nn.LayerNorm, eps=1e-6), depths=[3, 8, 27, 3],
            sr_ratios=[8, 4, 2, 1], drop_rate=0.0, drop_path_rate=0.1)

实验结果