Vision MLP之RaftMLP: Do MLP-based Models Dream of Winning Over Computer Vision?

RaftMLP: Do MLP-based Models Dream of Winning Over Computer Vision?

原始文档:www.yuque.com/lart/papers…

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从摘要理解论文

For the past ten years, CNN has reigned supreme in the world of computer vision, but recently, Transformer is on the rise. However, the quadratic computational cost of self-attention has become a severe problem of practice.

这里指出了 self-attention 结构较高的计算成本。

There has been much research on architectures without CNN and self-attention in this context. In particular, MLP-Mixer is a simple idea designed using MLPs and hit an accuracy comparable to the Vision Transformer.

引出本文的核心,MLP 架构。

However, the only inductive bias in this architecture is the embedding of tokens.

在 MLP 架构中,唯一引入归纳偏置的位置也就是 token 嵌入的过程。 这里提到归纳偏置在我看来主要是为了向原始的纯 MLP 架构中引入更多的归纳偏置来在视觉任务上实现更好的训练效果。估计本文又要从卷积架构中借鉴思路了

Thus, there is still a possibility to build a non-convolutional inductive bias into the architecture itself, and we built in an inductive bias using two simple ideas.

这里主要在强调虽然引入了归纳偏置,但并不是通过卷积结构引入的。那就只能通过对运算过程进行约束来实现了。

  1. A way is to divide the token-mixing block vertically and horizontally.
  2. Another way is to make spatial correlations denser among some channels of token-mixing.

    这里又一次出现了使用垂直与水平方向对计算进行划分的思路。类似的思想已经出现在很多方法中,例如:

这里的第二点暂时不是太直观,看起来时对通道 MLP 进行了改进?

With this approach, we were able to improve the accuracy of the MLP-Mixer while reducing its parameters and computational complexity.

毕竟因为分治的策略,将原本凑在一起计算的全连接改成了沿特定轴向的级联处理。 粗略来看,这使得运算量近似从 O ( 2 ( H W ) 2 ) O(2(HW)^2) 变成了 O ( H 2 ) + O ( W 2 ) O(H^2) + O(W^2)

Compared to other MLP-based models, the proposed model, named RaftMLP has a good balance of computational complexity, the number of parameters, and actual memory usage. In addition, our work indicates that MLP-based models have the potential to replace CNNs by adopting inductive bias. The source code in PyTorch version is available at github.com/okojoalg/ra….

主要内容

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可以看到,实际上还是可以看作是对空间 MLP 的调整。

这里将原始的空间与通道 MLP 交叉堆叠的结构修改为了垂直、水平、通道三个级联的结构。通过这样的方式,作者们期望可以引入垂直和水平方向上的属于 2D 图像的有意义的归纳偏置,隐式地假设水平或者垂直对齐的 patch 序列有着和**其他的水平或垂直对齐的 patch 序列有着相似的相关性。此外,在输入到垂直混合块和水平混合块之前,一些通道被连接起来,它们被这两个模块共享。这样做是因为作者们假设某些通道之间存在几何关系(后文将整合得到的这些通道称作Channel Raft**,并且假定的是特定间隔 r r 的通道具有这样的关系)。

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Vertical-Mixing Block 的索引形式变化过程:((rh*rw*sr,h,w) -> (sr, rh*h, rw*w) <=> (rw*sr*w, rh*h) (因为这里是通道和水平方向共享,所以可以等价,而图中绘制的是等价符号左侧的形式),Horizontal-Mixing Block 类似。

针对水平和垂直模块构成的 Raft-Token-Mixing Block,作者给出的代码示例和我上面等式中等价符号右侧内容一致。从代码中可以看到,其中的归一化操作不受通道分组的影响,而直接对原始形式的特征的通道处理。

class RaftTokenMixingBlock(nn.Module):
    # b: size of mini -batch, h: height, w: width,
    # c: channel, r: size of raft (number of groups), o: c//r,
    # e: expansion factor,
    # x: input tensor of shape (h, w, c)
    def __init__(self):
        self.lnv = nn.LayerNorm(c)
        self.lnh = nn.LayerNorm(c)
        self.fnv1 = nn.Linear(r * h, r * h * e)
        self.fnv2 = nn.Linear(r * h * e, r * h)
        self.fnh1 = nn.Linear(r * w, r * w * e)
        self.fnh2 = nn.Linear(r * w * e, r * w)

    def forward(self, x):
        """
        x: b, hw, c
        """
        # Vertical-Mixing Block
        y = self.lnv(x)
        y = rearrange(y, 'b (h w) (r o) -> b (o w) (r h)')
        y = self.fcv1(y)
        y = F.gelu(y)
        y = self.fcv2(y)
        y = rearrange(y, 'b (o w) (r h) -> b (h w) (r o)')
        y = x + y

        # Horizontal-Mixing Block
        y = self.lnh(y)
        y = rearrange(y, 'b (h w) (r o) -> b (o h) (r w)')
        y = self.fch1(y)
        y = F.gelu(y)
        y = self.fch2(y)
        y = rearrange(y, 'b (o h) (r w) -> b (h w) (r o)')
		return x + y
复制代码

对于提出的结构,通过选择合适的 r r 可以让最终的 raft-token-mixing 相较于原始的 token-mixing block 具有更少的参数( r < h / 2 r<h'/\sqrt{2} ),更少的 MACs(multiply-accumulate)( r < h / 2 1 4 r<h'/2^{\frac{1}{4}} )。这里假定 h = w h'=w' ,并且 token-mixing block 中同样使用膨胀参数 e e

实验结果

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这里的中,由于模型设定的原因,RaftMLP-12 主要和 Mixer-B/16 和 ViT-B/16 对比。而 RaftMLP-36 则主要和 ResMLP-36 对比。

Although RaftMLP-36 has almost the same parameters and number of FLOPs as ResMLP-36, it is not more accurate than ResMLP-36. However, since RaftMLP and ResMLP have different detailed architectures other than the raft-token-mixing block, the effect of the raft-token-mixing block cannot be directly compared, unlike the comparison with MLP-Mixer. Nevertheless, we can see that raft-token-mixing is working even though the layers are deeper than RaftMLP-12. (关于最后这个模型 36 的比较,我也没看明白想说个啥,层数更多难道 raft-token-mixing 可能就不起作用了?)

一些扩展与畅想

  • token-mixing block 可以扩展到 3D 情形来替换 3D 卷积。这样可以用来处理视频。
  • 本文进引入了水平和垂直的空间归纳偏置,以及一些通道的相关性的约束。但是作者也提到,还可以尝试利用其他的归纳偏置:例如平行不变性(parallel invariance,这个不是太明白),层次性(hierarchy)等。

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转载自juejin.im/post/7017458043310833678