"Amazon jungle butterfly flapping its wings a few may cause a hurricane in Texas two weeks later ......"
Well known phrase words used to describe the initial change in system varies greatly nonlinear system parameters caused by minute.
And over a longer time scale, we live in this world is such a very complex nonlinear systems ......
Cement, dome , perspective - Butterfly Effect on time and skills
3000 BC, ancient Egyptians mixed mineral salts in the Nile mud and dug in Salt Lake Nat dragon, then mixed with lime made from calcined limestone, which was the first human to cement.
600 AD, learned the technique of the Romans built the Pantheon dome span of 43.3 meters, surpassing his teacher Greeks, also proved strong and prosperous Roman Empire.
Accidentally discovered that the ancient Egyptians cement production methods would never have thought that his invention would be in the years after 3000, more than 2,000 kilometers from the Nile River where the pinnacle of achievement in the history of a human construction.
It was a time of both great and geographic span of the butterfly effect.
Time flies, the Renaissance of the 1400s, was still guild craftsmen Brunelleschi discovered linear perspective discussion of Roman painting techniques when finishing ancient manuscripts. He then will this technique to flourish, and led the entire painting of the Renaissance era.
It also directly contributed to the perspective painting techniques 200 years after Giovanni composed his high above the huge dome of the Church of Jesus Roman master production - "Praise the Holy Name of Jesus."
Similarly, the Romans regarded as the state religion of Christianity would not think, 800 years after the artist can be a huge dome as a canvas, the holy faith such a wonderful show in the world.
This is a breakthrough in the butterfly effect imagination framework.
And another 200 years, a metal oxide on the accidental discovery will lead to a change the face of the world's butterfly effect again ......
Digital Age prelude
In 1874, just his doctorate Karl Ferdinand Braun stumbled in research oscillator circuit when sharpened galena unilateral ability to pass current. After the well known crystal radio set in the "ore," the word is derived from this effect, and this is one of the most important characteristics of the semiconductor.
The physicist quantum mechanics has not been found, but do not know the characteristics of the semiconductor derived from electron tunneling effect; but the unexpected discovery has become the first note of music in the digital age.
Then for nearly 100 years, under constant research, including Edison, Fleming, Schottky, Bell Labs and a series of power, people use fashioned after another semiconductor diodes, transistors and eventually invented the FET .
So far, humans finally put together all the physical cornerstone of the digital age need.
Just as ACGT four bases capable of interpretation by the human civilization brilliant 3 billion different combinations of the same, through the logic gate circuit consisting of the MOSFETs can be formed extremely complex multiplexing function by billions. Multiply the entire digital era has quietly begun.
Deconstructing the digital age
As the basic configuration of a logic circuit, one can use two FETs to create a non-gate FET with 4 to make a NAND gate or NOR gate ...... Thus, people can pass through the continuous stacking these logic gates constructed adders, multipliers, and cache memory. But more importantly, through continuous multiplexed with simple elements of the stack, we can calculate the force of logic and confers on the machine, Accelerated Computing million times on millions, so that human beings can have the energy to put more the impossible at your fingertips.
Of course, we are here to give these figures, we can not expect thus completing the self-study on "Digital Circuit Theory". The circuit diagram shows just want to show you, by the circuit composed of FET is how to achieve a little bit addition, multiplication and storage.
By these devices is shown on FIG stacking numerous combinations, we will be able to have a strong ability to produce a CPU, a memory, and a flash memory (a lot of structural elements in the practical application more complicated to meet specific needs). Then, we will naturally become a computer assemble them.
After have such a computer, problems ensued. What do we do with it?
首先，我们需要建立一张编码表，这张表定义了每一种可以输入的字符以及他们所代表的数学含义。举个例子，如果我们定义A为牛肉面、B为香菜、` 为不要，那么“来碗牛肉面、不要香菜”的数学表达式就是A`B（当然，我们也可以把它变为B`A，表示“来碗香菜，不要面”。至于店老板会不会打人，那就不是计算机能处理的问题了）。图中符号编码的意思是：任取一个数X，如果X是自然数，那么X的后继也是自然数。如果将这些符号进行编号，那么我们便能用数字来表达逻辑并实现某种程度的计算。
于是，我们便可以使用这套编码逻辑来构建函数进行数学计算并输出结果。
以这套强大的计算逻辑作为工具，我们便可以开始通过键盘输入来构建代码，用代码来实现功能，用功能来组成模块，用模块来架构系统。再之后，Windows、Office和所有应用软件便大体只是时间与成本的问题了。
到这里，我们已经梳理了从半导体到电脑再到软件之间的关系。但这样的结构仅仅是当今数字时代中的一个基础原子。要想获得数字时代中我们所拥有的一切，还需要一张能够连通所有电脑的网络以及在网络中负责大规模处理和分发数据的数据中心。
以春节之后宅在家点外卖的流程为例，买家需要打开手机中的外卖APP，开始接收服务器上的外卖菜单信息并在点餐完成之后将相关的订单和付款信息提交给服务器；而餐馆则需要向服务器上传自家的菜单并接收服务器下发的用户订单及餐费。
在这样一套流程中，无论是买家还是卖家都不需要购买昂贵的服务器设备及承担他们所带来的电费和维护成本，相反，他们只需要一台相对很便宜的电脑或手机并支付网费就能完成所有信息交换和最终的交易。当然，买家所付出的餐费当中还要包含一部分给服务器运营方的抽成。而在更复杂的商业实践中，负责运营外卖系统的平台企业甚至也不需要购置自己的服务器，只需将开发好的软件系统放在专业的云服务数据中心当中运行，并从自己的抽成中拿一部分给云数据中心即可。
如此这般，我们还可以将这套商业逻辑扩展到打车、网络游戏、远程办公、直播等一系列领域。而当每个人的工作与生活中都充满这样的系统时，一个全新的数字时代便轰轰烈烈的到来了。
从微观尺度的半导体到宏观层面的数字经济大厦，结构已成。
从沙子到半导体，一场远未结束的蝴蝶效应
在解构从微观半导体元件到整个数字时代的过程中，我们刻意跳过了一个环节。那就是如何将电子元件做成CPU、内存和存储。
从最开始那些晦涩难懂的电路图中我们就发现，即便是最简单的加法器和乘法器都需要大量简单元件的海量堆叠，而如果要实现更复杂的功能和更强大的计算能力，这样的结构势必会大到无法想象。
实际上，第一台投入实用的电子计算机就是一台重达30吨、占地150平方米的庞然大物，而它的计算能力却仅有每秒5000次。但即便如此，这台计算机仍旧在当时的炮弹弹道研究中发挥了极其重要的作用。
在看到计算机的广阔应用前景之后，人们开始研究如何将这30吨的大家伙给小型化。显然，在这条半导体小型化的道路上，光靠心灵手巧和一副好视力是不行的。
1950年代，8位才华横溢的科学家在硅谷租下了一间小屋，并成立了仙童半导体。在这里，他们开始利用光刻技术制造小型化的半导体元件。这种光刻工艺可以理解为“逆向工作的投影机”。
首先，仙童们将一个高纯度的硅片进行表面的氧化，再覆上一层极薄的金属层，然后是一层可以和特定波长的光波发生反应并腐蚀金属的光刻胶。之后，仙童们会将一张大尺寸的掩模（相当于投影机中的胶片）投影到小尺寸的硅片上，一段时间之后，没有被掩模图案遮挡的光波便会引起硅片上的光刻胶腐蚀金属，而没有被照射的部分则会保留。而后，洗去光刻胶的硅片上便留下了腐蚀带来的细小凹痕。通过离子注入，仙童们可以将其他物质渗透进凹槽之内，形成构建场效应管所必须的P结（硼元素）和N结（磷元素）。
仙童半导体的第一代IC产品，场效应管的结构清晰可见
通过这一方法，仙童们的第一代产品在1961年诞生：在数个毫米的硅晶圆上集成了4个场效应管和5个电阻。随后，经过不断改进工艺，仙童半导体已经能够在越来越小的硅晶圆上集成更多的半导体元件。1965年，仙童半导体创始人之一的戈登·摩尔终于在《电子学》杂志上发表了那个半导体领域中最著名的预言——摩尔定律。
1968年，8仙童中的罗伯特·诺伊斯和戈登·摩尔共同成立了英特尔公司。而通过在制造工艺、设计上的不断探索创新，今天，英特尔已经能够制造出10nm大小的场效应管。对比仙童的初代产品，如今的英特尔已能够在指甲盖大小的硅晶片上集成数十亿个场效应管，并用这样的处理器、内存、存储等产品驱动整个数字时代所需的计算。
点沙成金：英特尔芯片制造全过程揭密
目前，作为全球最大的半导体企业，英特尔不仅在研究更先进的架构和制造更强大的处理器，更造出了容量更高且断电不会丢失数据的内容以及容量更大的闪存芯片。而借助在半导体领域内无人出其右的深厚积累，英特尔更将自身对于半导体及整个数字未来的理解推进到传统半导体之上的领域，进而构建了以制程&封装、架构、内存及存储、互联、安全、软件为核心的六大技术支柱。
在这一战略的支持下，我们不仅能够在PC及服务器上看到英特尔的处理器，更能看到采用领先半导体技术的数据中心持久内存、SSD硬盘、网卡、FPGA、ASIC、eASIC和AI加速芯片以及专为这些硬件优化的英特尔驱动、开发工具和API程序。
这一切，不仅为了算的更快、存的更多，更为了这个伟大的数字时代。
回望145年前那块呈现出单向导电能力的方铅矿，我们仍旧处在这场蝴蝶效应的中心，并且，还远未到达顶点。
