A. Linux directory structure
/ root: system administrator
/ bin: to store binary executable files (ls, cat, mkdir , etc. ) , commonly used commands are generally here.
/ boot: storage of various files used during a system boot
/ dev: used to store the device file.
/ etc: storage system management and configuration files
/ home: storage root of all user files, the user's home directory is the starting point
/ var: used to store run-time files need to change the data, but also some of the overflow area large file, say a variety of services such as log file (system startup logs.).
/ lib: storage file system with the program running in the required shared libraries and kernel modules. Dynamically linked shared libraries known as shared libraries, a role similar to windows in the .dll file, store the shared files required to run the root file system.
/ usr: used to store application system , which is the largest directory, use the applications and files to almost all of this directory.
/ usr / bin numerous applications
/ usr / lib common dynamic link library and the package configuration file
II. Directory operations
| operating |
command |
| View the current directory |
Pwd |
| Operating Folder Open the specified directory Open the current user's home directory Return to parent directory Return into the directory Open the root directory |
cd [ directory name ] cd ~ cd .. cd - cd / |
| Browse the list of files in the directory View the current directory in the columns of the list of files Under the current directory to view all files , containing hidden files View all files in the current directory in the form of columns , contain hidden files |
ls ls -l ls -a -the ls |
| Create a file directory command New multi-level directory recursive |
mkdir directory name mkdir -p directory name |
| Delete Files Delete empty folders Delete the file / directory deletion mandatory Asked to delete the |
rmdir filename rm -rf file name / directory name rm -ri |
| Copy the file / directory Recursive copy, directory 1 all the files and folders to directory 2 Ask the user before overwriting the original directory when replication |
cp -r Contents 1 Contents 2 cp -ri Contents 1 Contents 2 |
| Move or modify the file name Move files , modify the file name Directory 1 to move the file to the directory 2 in |
mv 文件1 文件2 mv 目录1 目录2 |
三. 文件操作
| 操作 |
命令 |
| 查找文件或目录 |
find /root -name ‘ins’ |
| 创建文件 |
touch 文件名 |
| 查看,编辑文件 打开文件(输入i,a,o 修改文件) 退出(然后按 ：+命令) 保存并退出 强制退出 显示行号 使用字符串1替换字符串1 查看,编辑文件 (按下Ctrl+C退出) 打开一个较小的文件 打开一个新的文件 查看文件开头内容(n表示行数,默认为10行) 查看文件的结尾(按下Ctrl+C退出) 动态加载某个文件的内容(常用于查看日志) 查看文件最后几行(n表示行数,默认为10行) |
vi 文件名 Esc :wq! :q! :set nu :s/字符1/字符串2
cat 文件名 cat > 文件名 head -n 文件名
tail -f 文件名 tail -n 文件名 |
四 .权限管理
| 操作 |
命令 |
| 切换用户 |
su 用户名 |
| 查看登录用户 |
whoami |
| 查看当前用户所属分组 |
groups |
| 查看当前用户UID和GID |
id |
添加用户
useradd [参数] 新建用户账号
设置用户密码：passwd [用户名]
删除用户：userdel [用户名]
chmod u-r file 给文件file的拥有者减去读的权限
权限模式
u，g，o：拥有者，同组用户，其他组用户
+，-：赋予，收回权限
r，w，x：读，写，执行权限
示例: chmod –r 文件夹名称
数字模式
使用三位二进制数表示权限操作
chmod abc file
其中a,b,c各为一个数字，a表示User，b表示Group，c表示Other的权限。
r=4，w=2，x=1
若要rwx（可读、可写、可执行）属性，则4+2+1=7
若要rw-（可读、可写、不可执行）属性，则4+2=6
若要r-w（可读、不可写、可执行）属性，则4+1=5
范例：
chmod a=rwx file 和 chmod 777 file 效果相同
chmod ug=rwx,o=x file 和 chmod 771 file 效果相同
若用chmod 4755 filename可使此程式具有root的权限
示例:chmod 753 –r F01
查看进程 ps
杀死进程 kill -9 pid -9表示强迫中止
进程文件.sh文件
五 .解压安装
tar安装方式： tar格式为打包后没有压缩的包，
gz结尾是按照gzip打包并压缩的软件包
tar.bz是按照二进制方式打包并压缩的
示例：
解压gzip包 tar -zxvf 包名
解压bz包 tar -jxvf 包名
解压普通包 tar -xvf 包名