Disclaimer: This article is a blogger original article, follow the CC 4.0 BY-SA copyright agreement, reproduced, please attach the original source link and this statement.
Linux is frequently used commands and operations
- linux directory structure (linux file system):
/ root directory, similar to windowing the respective disc symbol (the other are contained in the root directory)
- bin executable binary file
- boot boot boot files
- dev hardware device files
- etc System Configuration
- home directory of the other users except the main root
- proc virtual file system that holds the current memory mapping
- usr for storage system applications, more important
- var for storing runtime data need to change the
- lib / lib64 store some local libraries
- mnt mount mirror data
- temp temporary folder
- superuser root directory
- opt optional additional installation application package is positioned at location
linux common commands are divided into:
- File directory operation command
- System Management Commands
- Shutdown restart command
- linux channel
- Backup compression command
The most common operating system-related commands:
Common commands:
- ls represents the current directory under the file and folder (-a: said it will show all the files in the path, including hidden files; -l: equivalent to ll, detailed queries all the data files)
- pwd (Print Work dir) shows the current directory
- cd (Change dir) path into the directory
- date acquisition system time (date -s 'format' may change time (root privileges) below)
- Process command: ps static display process (ps -aux: static display of all processes;)
- Process Commands: top dynamic display process
- Pipe command: | Is there a general mix of XX ps grep screening process; for example, PS -ef | grep XX , as shown below
- Filter command: grep match |
- pstree tree structure shows the relationship between processes
- - the current home directory
- touch to create a file (such as touch aa: create a file aa)
- mkdir Create a folder (for example, mkdir bb: create folders bb; mkdir -p: recursively create folders, for example, mkdir -p aa / bb / cc: the equivalent of creating a folder for the aa, aa bb file contains clip, bb contain cc, they are all folder and file names can not exist with the same name)
- rm delete files / folders command (-f: force the removal -r: to delete a folder, recursively delete -rf forced recursive delete, delete highest level)
- echo output command (echo 'content'> file: to deliver content to a file, if the file does not create, if this file echo 'Content' >> file is overwritten: If you do not create this file, if this Add the contents of the file to the original file contents)
- cat / tac view the content (cat forward, tac reverse)
- cp replicated copies (cp src dest format; SCP remote copy command)
- Cut mv command can also be used as a command to rename
- find meet the requirements of the query file (usage is typically find -name 'XX': route query named XX) over the corresponding paths
- Links command: ln can not for the soft link (ln -s aa bb) and hard links (ln aa bb)
- more / less paging display data
- Display data header head (head -n 50: Display data header 50)
- tail data display tail (tail -n 50: 50 show the tail data; tail -f file name: monitoring data can be changed dynamically, the two windows can display data changes)
- stat read detailed file information (stat file)
- who / w / whoami display system user / user name
- du displays disk usage size of the file (for example, du /: He will appear in all sizes root directory)
- df view disk usage details
- Repair Disk fdisk command
- which / whereis location query command, for example, FIG.
- View netstat network port and use cases (netstat -ano)
- Check free memory conditions
- kill kill the process (kill pid; kill -9 pid force kill process (caution); general process ID with ps -aux display)
- shutdown shutdown -r shutdown shutdown -h shutdown shutdown -r 10: 10 minutes after the restart shutdown -h now immediately shut down
- halt shutdown
- exit exit
- reboot reboot
- logout logout
- su switch user (default root user; su username; su - to the root; su - Username: Fantasy to a corresponding user, and the path is switched to the corresponding home directory)
- useradd useradd Username: create a new user (root permissions), root privileges can change the password for the user.
- wc wc (word count) wc word files: word count the number of lines in the file, etc.
About init: (0.3.5.6 using poly)
0: Off
1: Single User
2: Multi-User
3: No Interface Mode
4: Reserved Mode (undefined, unused)
5: Interface Mode
6: Restart
ps: by systemctl set-default level switch system, no interface mode multi-user.target; interface mode has graphical.target
Help command:
- command --help # 调用命令的帮助文档
- man command # 显示命令的详细使用文档 q退出
- info command # 类似于man命令 q退出
- table键进行命令提示和补齐
系统信息命令：
- uname 查看系统信息
- uname -a 详细系统信息
- uname -r
- uname -m
- ……
- cat 文件 # 查看文件内容
- cat /etc/redhat-release # 查看内核信息
- cat /etc/issue
- cat /proc/version # 查看系统信息
归档命令：（归档：把多个文件整理在一起；压缩：将文件用一定算法减少空间）
tar命令：tar -cvf log.tar *.log(将所有后缀名为.log压为一个名为log.tar的包)；解归档：tar.xvf log.tar
gzip：用gzip算法将其压缩为一个XX.tar的包，例如gzip log.tar.gz xx xx 解除：gzip -d log.tar.gz解除压缩
归档：tar -zcvf xx.tar.gz xx xx
解归档：tar -zxvf xx.tar.gz
快捷键：Ctrl + r # 命令终端能够查找以前输入的命令
Ctrl + c/z # 终止终端命令
Ctrl + l或者clear 清楚屏幕命令
查看网络ip地址：
1.ifconfig/ip add linux下查看ip地址
2.ipconfig windows下查看ip地址
3.ping 测试网络是否连通
路径问题：
- 相对路径：. …/ 这些相对于当前所在目录而言
- 绝对路径： 一般是根目录（/）作为标准
关于文件的权限
rwx（read读，write写，execute执行）的权限：
- r 4， w 2， x 1
- 三个为一组，例如rw-rw-r–为664（4+2，4+2，4）
- u（user代表个人），g（group代表所在组），o（other代表他人）分别对应代表上一点的三个数字664（权限）
- 修改文件权限：chmod chmod u-w xx.txt：去掉xx.txt写的权限；chmod u+w xx.txt：增加写的权限给xx.txt r和x与之相同
- 修改文件权限：chmod 也可用数字赋权限，例：chmod 777 a.txt (777相当于最高权限给a.txt）
- 修改文件对组或用户的权限：chown 例：chown 用户：用户所属组 /soft ：把文件的使用权限给用户/用户所属组
**
关于一些相似命令的区别
**
- ps和top的区别
ps和top都是用来查看进程的命令，ps是静态查看进程，top是动态的查看进程
- cat和tail -f的区别
cat只有把内容打印到屏幕上，只是文本内容，tail -f是动态监控，可以打开两个终端进行数据监控
- Difference between soft links and hard links
can be connected to the original file, the original file for flexible connection symbiotic link is a shortcut, equivalent to hardwired backup copy of the file, the original file is not symbiotic.
Linux systems soft links and hard links two special "files."
Soft links can be seen as a shortcut in Windows that lets you quick links to the target file or directory.
Hard links through the inode file system to generate a new file name, rather than create a new profile.
Create a very simple method:
1. soft links (symlinks) LN-ssourcetarget
2. Hard link (link entity) lnsourcetarget