Three characteristics of object-oriented Python
A. Package
The encapsulating a lot of data to ⼀ object in. The code fixing function package to ⼀ code blocks, functions, objects, packaged into modules which belong thought encapsulated Specifically concrete study. For example you write ⼀ a B is a function of ⽜ that this may also be referred to as encapsulation. ⾯ to a subject in mind. ⽆ is seemingly the more crucial ⼀ combination of content from the system to ⼀ ⼀ storing anything and Use. this is the package.
Package, by definition is the contents of the package somewhere, go after the call content is encapsulated in somewhere.
Therefore, when using the object-oriented characteristics of the package, it is necessary:
- Encapsulation of the content to somewhere
- Call content is encapsulated from somewhere
The first step: The contents of the package to somewhere
is a form of self parameter when executed obj1 = Foo ( 'wupeiqi', 18), self equal obj1
When performing obj2 = Foo ( 'alex', 78), self equal obj2
So, in fact, it is encapsulated into the content object obj1 and obj2, each object has a name and age properties, similar to the figure in the memory to store.
Step two: Call package content from somewhere
When you call content is packaged, there are two cases:
- Direct calls through the object
- Indirect call through self
1, the content is encapsulated by the object calling directly
The figure shows an object obj1 obj2 and stored in memory mode, according to the stored content format may be so packaged call: Object attribute name
class Foo:
def __init__(self, name, age):
self.name = name
self.age = age
obj1 = Foo('wupeiqi', 18)
print obj1.name # 直接调用obj1对象的name属性
print obj1.age # 直接调用obj1对象的age属性
obj2 = Foo('alex', 73)
print obj2.name # 直接调用obj2对象的name属性
print obj2.age # 直接调用obj2对象的age属性2, an indirect call by self packaged content
Performing the methods of the class required an indirect call through the self packaged content
class Foo:
def __init__(self, name, age):
self.name = name
self.age = age
def detail(self):
print self.name
print self.age
obj1 = Foo('wupeiqi', 18)
obj1.detail() # Python默认会将obj1传给self参数，即：obj1.detail(obj1)，所以，此时方法内部的 self ＝ obj1，即：self.name 是 wupeiqi ；self.age 是 18
obj2 = Foo('alex', 73)
obj2.detail() # Python默认会将obj2传给self参数，即：obj1.detail(obj2)，所以，此时方法内部的 self ＝ obj2，即：self.name 是 alex ； self.age 是 78In summary, for the object-oriented packages, in fact, it is to use a constructor encapsulation of the content object, and then acquires the content indirectly or directly self packaged objects by
II. Inheritance
⼦类可以⾃动拥有⽗类中除了私有属性外的其他所有内容. 说⽩了, ⼉⼦可以随便⽤爹的东⻄. 但是朋友们, ⼀定要认清楚⼀个事情. 必须先有爹, 后有⼉⼦. 顺序不能乱, 在python中实现继承非常简单. 在声明类的时候, 在类名后⾯添加⼀个⼩括号,就可以完成继承关系. 那么什么情况可以使⽤继承呢? 单纯的从代码层⾯上来看. 两个类具有相同的功能或者特征的时候. 可以采⽤继承的形式. 提取⼀个⽗类, 这个⽗类中编写着两个类相同的部分. 然后两个类分别取继承这个类就可以了. 这样写的好处是我们可以避免写很多重复的功能和代码. 如果从语义中去分析的话. 会简单很多. 如果语境中出现了x是⼀种y. 这时, y是⼀种泛化的概念. x比y更加具体. 那这时x就是y的⼦类. 比如. 猫是⼀种动物. 猫继承动物. 动物能动. 猫也能动. 这时猫在创建的时候就有了动物的"动"这个属性. 再比如, ⽩骨精是⼀个妖怪. 妖怪天⽣就有⼀个比较不好的功能叫"吃⼈", ⽩骨精⼀出⽣就知道如何"吃⼈". 此时 ⽩骨精继承妖精.
三.多态
同⼀个对象, 多种形态. 这个在python中其实是很不容易说明⽩的. 因为我们⼀直在⽤. 只是没有具体的说. 比如. 我们创建⼀个变量a = 10 , 我们知道此时a是整数类型. 但是我们可以通过程序让a = "alex", 这时, a⼜变成了字符串类型. 这是我们都知道的. 但是, 我要告诉你的是. 这个就是多态性. 同⼀个变量a可以是多种形态。
多态，同一个对象，多种形态。python默认支持多态。
# 在java或者c#定义变量或者给函数传值必须定义数据类型，否则就报错。
def func(int a):
print('a必须是数字')
# 而类似于python这种弱定义类语言,a可以是任意形态（str,int,object等等）。
def func(a):
print('a是什么都可以')
# 再比如：
class F1:
pass
class S1(F1):
def show(self):
print 'S1.show'
class S2(F1):
def show(self):
print 'S2.show'
# 由于在Java或C#中定义函数参数时，必须指定参数的类型
# 为了让Func函数既可以执行S1对象的show方法，又可以执行S2对象的show方法，所以，定义了一个S1和S2类的父类
# 而实际传入的参数是：S1对象和S2对象
def Func(F1 obj):
"""Func函数需要接收一个F1类型或者F1子类的类型"""
print obj.show()
s1_obj = S1()
Func(s1_obj) # 在Func函数中传入S1类的对象 s1_obj，执行 S1 的show方法，结果：S1.show
s2_obj = S2()
Func(s2_obj) # 在Func函数中传入Ss类的对象 ss_obj，执行 Ss 的show方法，结果：S2.show
Python伪代码实现Java或C # 的多态鸭子类型
python中有一句谚语说的好，你看起来像鸭子，那么你就是鸭子。
对于代码上的解释其实很简答：
class A:
def f1(self):
print('in A f1')
def f2(self):
print('in A f2')
class B:
def f1(self):
print('in A f1')
def f2(self):
print('in A f2')
obj = A()
obj.f1()
obj.f2()
obj2 = B()
obj2.f1()
obj2.f2()
# A 和 B两个类完全没有耦合性，但是在某种意义上他们却统一了一个标准。
# 对相同的功能设定了相同的名字，这样方便开发，这两个方法就可以互成为鸭子类型。
# 这样的例子比比皆是：str tuple list 都有 index方法，这就是统一了规范。
# str bytes 等等 这就是互称为鸭子类型。四.类的约束
⾸先, 你要清楚. 约束是对类的约束.
用一个例子说话：
公司让小明给他们的网站完善一个支付功能，小明写了两个类，如下：
class QQpay:
def pay(self,money):
print('使用qq支付%s元' % money)
class Alipay:
def pay(self,money):
print('使用阿里支付%s元' % money)
a = Alipay()
a.pay(100)
b = QQpay()
b.pay(200)但是上面这样写不太放方便，也不合理，老大说让他整改，统一一下付款的方式，小明开始加班整理：
class QQpay:
def pay(self,money):
print('使用qq支付%s元' % money)
class Alipay:
def pay(self,money):
print('使用阿里支付%s元' % money)
def pay(obj,money): # 这个函数就是统一支付规则，这个叫做： 归一化设计。
obj.pay(money)
a = Alipay()
b = QQpay()
pay(a,100)
pay(b,200)Wrote half of the interface, Xiao Ming has finally received a big project, the results of the company tasteless, recruited a wild programmer Chun took over Bob's work, the boss gave Chun scheduled task, so he wrote a micro-channel payment functions:
class QQpay:
def pay(self,money):
print('使用qq支付%s元' % money)
class Alipay:
def pay(self,money):
print('使用阿里支付%s元' % money)
class Wechatpay: # 野生程序员一般不会看别人怎么写，自己才是最好，结果......
def fuqian(self,money):
print('使用微信支付%s元' % money)
def pay(obj,money):
obj.pay(money)
a = Alipay()
b = QQpay()
pay(a,100)
pay(b,200)
c = Wechatpay()
c.fuqian(300)Chun result, punishment, and rectification, then the spring of Columbia, worked hard, python relevant information, re-sort code:
class Payment:
""" 此类什么都不做，就是制定一个标准，谁继承我，必须定义我里面的方法。
"""
def pay(self,money):pass
class QQpay(Payment):
def pay(self,money):
print('使用qq支付%s元' % money)
class Alipay(Payment):
def pay(self,money):
print('使用阿里支付%s元' % money)
class Wechatpay(Payment):
def fuqian(self,money):
print('使用微信支付%s元' % money)
def pay(obj,money):
obj.pay(money)
a = Alipay()
b = QQpay()
pay(a,100)
pay(b,200)
c = Wechatpay()
c.fuqian(300)However, this will be a problem, if the programmer wild again, he does not see other methods of payment, do not know why you want to define a class that inherits a method does not make sense, so he would go its own way:
class Payment:
""" 此类什么都不做，就是制定一个标准，谁继承我，必须定义我里面的方法。
"""
def pay(self,money):pass
class QQpay(Payment):
def pay(self,money):
print('使用qq支付%s元' % money)
class Alipay(Payment):
def pay(self,money):
print('使用阿里支付%s元' % money)
class Wechatpay(Payment):
def fuqian(self,money):
print('使用微信支付%s元' % money)
def pay(obj,money):
obj.pay(money)
a = Alipay()
b = QQpay()
pay(a,100)
pay(b,200)
c = Wechatpay()
c.fuqian(300)
So this time we have to use the class constraints, constraints on class in two ways:
1. Extract ⽗ class and then defined the Remedies in ⽗ class. In this Remedies in nothing with a dry. ⼀ to throw exceptions on it. All submenus that such classes must override the Remedies. Otherwise time. the visit will give an error.
2. Use metaclass described ⽗ class are given in ⼀ abstract Remedies metaclass. Such classes would have submenus give specific implementation of the abstract methods for the camera. Constraints may also play effect.
First with the first way to solve:
class Payment:
"""
此类什么都不做，就是制定一个标准，谁继承我，必须定义我里面的方法。
"""
def pay(self,money):
raise Exception("你没有实现pay方法")
class QQpay(Payment):
def pay(self,money):
print('使用qq支付%s元' % money)
class Alipay(Payment):
def pay(self,money):
print('使用阿里支付%s元' % money)
class Wechatpay(Payment):
def fuqian(self,money):
print('使用微信支付%s元' % money)
def pay(obj,money):
obj.pay(money)
a = Alipay()
b = QQpay()
c = Wechatpay()
pay(a,100)
pay(b,200)
pay(c,300)
The second way: to introduce the concept of abstract class treatment
from abc import ABCMeta,abstractmethod
class Payment(metaclass=ABCMeta): # 抽象类 接口类 规范和约束 metaclass指定的是一个元类
@abstractmethod
def pay(self):pass # 抽象方法
class Alipay(Payment):
def pay(self,money):
print('使用支付宝支付了%s元'%money)
class QQpay(Payment):
def pay(self,money):
print('使用qq支付了%s元'%money)
class Wechatpay(Payment):
# def pay(self,money):
# print('使用微信支付了%s元'%money)
def recharge(self):pass
def pay(a,money):
a.pay(money)
a = Alipay()
a.pay(100)
pay(a,100) # 归一化设计：不管是哪一个类的对象，都调用同一个函数去完成相似的功能
q = QQpay()
q.pay(100)
pay(q,100)
w = Wechatpay()
pay(w,100) # 到用的时候才会报错
# 抽象类和接口类做的事情 ：建立规范
# 制定一个类的metaclass是ABCMeta，
# 那么这个类就变成了一个抽象类(接口类)
# 这个类的主要功能就是建立一个规范
Summary: Constraints in fact ⽗ class for submenus class into ⾏ constraints submenus class must write xxx Remedies There are two constraints in python shutter mode and Remedies...:
1. Use abstract classes and abstract Remedies, since the source text is ⽅ java and c #. Using the frequency is so little
2. Using the Face to throw ⽅ unusual case. And try to throw a NotImplementError. This is more professional, more clear on it and wrong. (Recommended)
Five .super
super strict accordance with the order of succession is the class! ! !
class A:
def f1(self):
print('in A f1')
def f2(self):
print('in A f2')
class Foo(A):
def f1(self):
super().f2()
print('in A Foo')
obj = Foo()
obj.f1()
super可以下一个类的其他方法
super () strictly in accordance with the order of class mro
class A:
def f1(self):
print('in A')
class Foo(A):
def f1(self):
super().f1()
print('in Foo')
class Bar(A):
def f1(self):
print('in Bar')
class Info(Foo,Bar):
def f1(self):
super().f1()
print('in Info f1')
obj = Info()
obj.f1()
'''
in Bar
in Foo
in Info f1
'''
print(Info.mro()) # [<class '__main__.Info'>, <class '__main__.Foo'>, <class '__main__.Bar'>, <class '__main__.A'>, <class 'object'>]