Python object-oriented inheritance

What is a object-oriented inheritance

Compare the official statement is:

Inheritance (English: inheritance) is a concept of object-oriented software technology among. If a category A "inherited from" Another category B, put the A is called "sub-category B", and B is called the "father of category A" can also be called "B of A is a superclass." Inheritance can have various subcategories such properties and methods of the parent class, without the need to write the same code again. While Reiko category inherit the parent class, you can re-define certain attributes, and override some methods, properties and methods of the original parent category that is covered, so to get the parent category different functions. In addition, for the subcategory additional new properties and methods it is also common practice. General static object-oriented programming language, inherited a static, meaning it has been decided to compile in the behavior of sub-categories, can not expand in the implementation period.

Literally means: his father's footsteps, the legal successor of the family property, that is, if you are an only child, and you are very obedient, nothing else, you will inherit your parents all possessions, all their property would (except prodigal child) used by you .

So it inherited with a look at an example:

class Person:
    def __init__(self,name,sex,age):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age
        self.sex = sex

class Cat:
    def __init__(self,name,sex,age):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age
        self.sex = sex

class Dog:
    def __init__(self,name,sex,age):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age
        self.sex = sex

# 继承的用法：
class Aniaml(object):
    def __init__(self,name,sex,age):
            self.name = name
            self.age = age
            self.sex = sex


class Person(Aniaml):
    pass

class Cat(Aniaml):
    pass

class Dog(Aniaml):
    pass

Inherited little is obvious:

1, an increase of the class coupling (coupling not appropriate, should be fine).

2, reducing the repeated code.

3, makes the code more standardized, rationalized.

Two inherited classification

On the above example:

Aminal called the parent class, the base class, superclass. Person Cat Dog: subclass, derived class. Inheritance: can be divided into single inheritance, multiple inheritance .

We should add species (inherited required) classes in python:

There are two classes in python2x version: ⼀ a called Classic before python2.2 ⼀ straight Using the classic root base class class class in classic if nothing to write ⼀ a call.... The new class in. python2.2 appeared after the new class. the new features is the root class is the base class for the object class. python3x version is only one class: python3 Use of manipulation are the new class . If the base class who do not inherit the class object inherits by default

Three single inheritance

3.1 class name, object to perform the parent class method

class Aniaml(object):
    type_name = '动物类'

    def __init__(self,name,sex,age):
            self.name = name
            self.age = age
            self.sex = sex

    def eat(self):
        print(self)
        print('吃东西')


class Person(Aniaml):
    pass


class Cat(Aniaml):
    pass


class Dog(Aniaml):
    pass

# 类名：
print(Person.type_name)  # 可以调用父类的属性，方法。
Person.eat(111)
print(Person.type_name)

# 对象：
# 实例化对象
p1 = Person('春哥','男',18)
print(p1.__dict__)
# 对象执行类的父类的属性，方法。
print(p1.type_name)
p1.type_name = '666'
print(p1)
p1.eat()

3.2 execution order

class Aniaml(object):
    type_name = '动物类'
    def __init__(self,name,sex,age):
            self.name = name
            self.age = age
            self.sex = sex

    def eat(self):
        print(self)
        print('吃东西')

class Person(Aniaml):

    def eat(self):
        print('%s 吃饭'%self.name)

class Cat(Aniaml):
    pass

class Dog(Aniaml):
    pass

p1 = Person('barry','男',18)
# 实例化对象时必须执行__init__方法,类中没有，从父类找，父类没有，从object类中找。
p1.eat()
# 先要执行自己类中的eat方法，自己类没有才能执行父类中的方法。

3.3 classes and parent classes while performing methods

method one:

If you want to perform the func methods of the parent class, subclass this method and night use, then write in the method of the subclass:

.FUNC parent class (object other parameters)

for example:

class Aniaml(object):
    type_name = '动物类'
    def __init__(self,name,sex,age):
            self.name = name
            self.age = age
            self.sex = sex

    def eat(self):
        print('吃东西')

class Person(Aniaml):
    def __init__(self,name,sex,age,mind):
        '''
        self = p1
        name = '春哥'
        sex = 'laddboy'
        age = 18
        mind = '有思想'
        '''
        # Aniaml.__init__(self,name,sex,age)  # 方法一
        self.mind = mind

    def eat(self):
        super().eat()
        print('%s 吃饭'%self.name)
class Cat(Aniaml):
    pass

class Dog(Aniaml):
    pass

# 方法一： Aniaml.__init__(self,name,sex,age)
# p1 = Person('春哥','laddboy',18,'有思想')
# print(p1.__dict__)

# 对于方法一如果不理解：
# def func(self):
#     print(self)
# self = 3
# func(self)

Method Two:

Using super, super (). Func (parameter)

class Aniaml(object):
    type_name = '动物类'
    def __init__(self,name,sex,age):
            self.name = name
            self.age = age
            self.sex = sex

    def eat(self):
        print('吃东西')

class Person(Aniaml):
    def __init__(self,name,sex,age,mind):
        '''
        self = p1
        name = '春哥'
        sex = 'laddboy'
        age = 18
        mind = '有思想'
        '''
        # super(Person,self).__init__(name,sex,age)  # 方法二
        super().__init__(name,sex,age)  # 方法二
        self.mind = mind

    def eat(self):
        super().eat()
        print('%s 吃饭'%self.name)
class Cat(Aniaml):
    pass

class Dog(Aniaml):
    pass
# p1 = Person('春哥','laddboy',18,'有思想')
# print(p1.__dict__)

Single inheritance class exercises

# 1
class Base:
    def __init__(self, num):
        self.num = num
    def func1(self):
        print(self.num)

class Foo(Base):
    pass
obj = Foo(123)
obj.func1() # 123 运⾏的是Base中的func1  

# 2      
class Base:
    def __init__(self, num):
        self.num = num
    def func1(self):
        print(self.num)
class Foo(Base):
    def func1(self):
        print("Foo. func1", self.num)
obj = Foo(123)
obj.func1() # Foo. func1 123 运⾏的是Foo中的func1       

# 3         
class Base:
    def __init__(self, num):
        self.num = num
    def func1(self):
        print(self.num)
class Foo(Base):
    def func1(self):
        print("Foo. func1", self.num)
obj = Foo(123)
obj.func1() # Foo. func1 123 运⾏的是Foo中的func1     
# 4
class Base:
    def __init__(self, num):
        self.num = num
    def func1(self):
        print(self.num)
        self.func2()
    def func2(self):
        print("Base.func2")
class Foo(Base):
    def func2(self):
    print("Foo.func2")
obj = Foo(123)
obj.func1() # 123 Foo.func2 func1是Base中的 func2是⼦类中的 
# 再来
class Base:
    def __init__(self, num):
        self.num = num
    def func1(self):
        print(self.num)
        self.func2()
    def func2(self):
        print(111, self.num)
class Foo(Base):
    def func2(self):
        print(222, self.num)
lst = [Base(1), Base(2), Foo(3)]
for obj in lst:
    obj.func2() # 111 1 | 111 2 | 222 3

# 再来
class Base:
    def __init__(self, num):
        self.num = num
    def func1(self):
        print(self.num)
        self.func2()
    def func2(self):
        print(111, self.num)
class Foo(Base):
    def func2(self):
        print(222, self.num)
lst = [Base(1), Base(2), Foo(3)]
for obj in lst:
 obj.func1() # 那笔来吧. 好好算

More than four inheritance

class ShenXian: # 神仙
    def fei(self):
        print("神仙都会⻜")
class Monkey: # 猴
    def chitao(self):
        print("猴⼦喜欢吃桃⼦")
class SunWukong(ShenXian, Monkey): # 孙悟空是神仙, 同时也是⼀只猴
    pass
sxz = SunWukong() # 孙悟空
sxz.chitao() # 会吃桃⼦
sxz.fei() # 会⻜

　　At this point, the Monkey King is the only monkey ⼀ submenus, but also ⼀ a god. That Monkey inherited these two categories. Monkey natural coloring can Perform these two classes of Remedies. Using multiple inheritance is simple also very good understanding, but multiple inheritance, there are so ⼀ a problem. when two ⽗ class appeared in the same name Remedies time. then how to do it? then it comes to how to find such a ⼀⽗ class methods for the camera question. that MRO (method resolution order) problem. ⼀ in python this is a very complex issue because the Use of different versions of python manipulation are different algorithms to complete the MRO.

Multiple inheritance is 4.1 Classic

Although there is no Classic in python3 in. But the classic class MRO'd better learn ⼀ school. This is ⼀ kind of tree traversal ⼀ most straightforward cases. We can put in a class inheritance hierarchy in python the class inheritance tree structure into ⼀ be dpi, the code:

class A:
    pass
class B(A):
    pass
class C(A):
    pass
class D(B, C):
    pass
class E:
    pass
class F(D, E):
    pass
class G(F, D):
    pass
class H:
    pass
class Foo(H, G):
    pass

Mro can deal with this drawing:

Inheritance diagrams have. How it into ⾏ find it? Remember ⼀ principle. In the classic category are recorded using a depth-first traversal ⽅ case. What is depth-first. ⼀ road is coming to an end. Then come back continue to look for to record the next one.

图中每个圈都是准备要送鸡蛋的住址. 箭头和⿊线表⽰线路. 那送鸡蛋的顺序告诉你入⼝在最下⾯R. 并且必须从左往右送. 那怎么送呢?

如图. 肯定是按照123456这样的顺序来送. 那这样的顺序就叫深度优先遍历. ⽽如果是142356呢? 这种被称为⼴度优先遍历. 好了. 深度优先就说这么多. 那么上⾯那个图怎么找的呢? MRO是什么呢? 很简单. 记住. 从头开始. 从左往右. ⼀条路跑到头, 然后回头. 继续⼀条路跑到头. 就是经典类的MRO算法.

类的MRO: Foo-> H -> G -> F -> E -> D -> B -> A -> C. 你猜对了么?

4.2 新式类的多继承

4.2.1 mro序列

class A:
    pass
class B(A):
    pass
class C(A):
    pass
class D(B, C):
    pass
class E:
    pass
class F(D, E):
    pass
class G(F, D):
    pass
class H:
    pass
class Foo(H, G):
    pass
print(Foo.mro())

4.2.2 C3算法(不讲,自己了解)

MRO是一个有序列表L，在类被创建时就计算出来。通用计算公式为：

mro(Child(Base1，Base2)) = [ Child ] + merge( mro(Base1), mro(Base2), [ Base1, Base2] )
（其中Child继承自Base1, Base2）

如果继承至一个基类：class B(A) 这时B的mro序列为

mro( B ) = mro( B(A) )
= [B] + merge( mro(A) + [A] )
= [B] + merge( [A] + [A] )
= [B,A]

如果继承至多个基类：class B(A1, A2, A3 …) 这时B的mro序列

mro(B) = mro( B(A1, A2, A3 …) )
= [B] + merge( mro(A1), mro(A2), mro(A3) ..., [A1, A2, A3] )
= ...

计算结果为列表，列表中至少有一个元素即类自己，如上述示例[A1,A2,A3]。merge操作是C3算法的核心。

4.2.2. 表头和表尾

表头：　　列表的第一个元素

表尾：　　列表中表头以外的元素集合（可以为空）

示例　　列表：[A, B, C] 　　表头是A，表尾是B和C

4.2.3. 列表之间的+操作

+操作：

[A] + [B] = [A, B] （以下的计算中默认省略） ---------------------

merge操作示例：

如计算merge( [E,O], [C,E,F,O], [C] )
有三个列表 ：  ①        ②      ③

1 merge不为空，取出第一个列表列表①的表头E，进行判断                              
   各个列表的表尾分别是[O], [E,F,O]，E在这些表尾的集合中，因而跳过当前当前列表
2 取出列表②的表头C，进行判断
   C不在各个列表的集合中，因而将C拿出到merge外，并从所有表头删除
   merge( [E,O], [C,E,F,O], [C]) = [C] + merge( [E,O], [E,F,O] )
3 进行下一次新的merge操作 ......
---------------------

计算mro(A)方式：

mro(A) = mro( A(B,C) )

原式= [A] + merge( mro(B),mro(C),[B,C] )

  mro(B) = mro( B(D,E) )
         = [B] + merge( mro(D), mro(E), [D,E] )  # 多继承
         = [B] + merge( [D,O] , [E,O] , [D,E] )  # 单继承mro(D(O))=[D,O]
         = [B,D] + merge( [O] , [E,O]  ,  [E] )  # 拿出并删除D
         = [B,D,E] + merge([O] ,  [O])
         = [B,D,E,O]

  mro(C) = mro( C(E,F) )
         = [C] + merge( mro(E), mro(F), [E,F] )
         = [C] + merge( [E,O] , [F,O] , [E,F] )
         = [C,E] + merge( [O] , [F,O]  ,  [F] )  # 跳过O，拿出并删除
         = [C,E,F] + merge([O] ,  [O])
         = [C,E,F,O]

原式= [A] + merge( [B,D,E,O], [C,E,F,O], [B,C])
    = [A,B] + merge( [D,E,O], [C,E,F,O],   [C])
    = [A,B,D] + merge( [E,O], [C,E,F,O],   [C])  # 跳过E
    = [A,B,D,C] + merge([E,O],  [E,F,O])
    = [A,B,D,C,E] + merge([O],    [F,O])  # 跳过O
    = [A,B,D,C,E,F] + merge([O],    [O])
    = [A,B,D,C,E,F,O]
---------------------

结果OK. 那既然python提供了. 为什么我们还要如此⿇烦的计算MRO呢? 因为笔试.......你在笔试的时候, 是没有电脑的. 所以这个算法要知道. 并且简单的计算要会. 真是项⽬开发的时候很少有⼈这么去写代码.

This finished. It is easier to see C3 in the end how it? Actually very simple. C3 is the common heritage of us associate the resulting multiple classes for last go. So we can also come to see the relevant law from the map. This to write home zoomed Paint Your Own more than you can feel it. but if no such thing as a common inheritance. that would almost get accustomed as it is to traverse depth

Python based learning sixteenth day (b)