A study photography: Basics

Learning photography, we must first learn some basic knowledge.

Metering Mode

  Four basic modes: Evaluative metering, Partial metering, spot metering, center-weighted metering

Evaluative meteringavatar

  Evaluative metering, also called average metering is intelligent analysis of the whole picture screen luminance value, exposure average value as a reference picture shooting. Evaluative metering simple and intelligent way, a lot of people like metering mode, can accurately measure the shooting screen of normal exposure, shooting big scene in the picture, especially those with a very good performance when dispersed throughout the main screen.
  Applies : light uniformity, little dark contrast scenes. eg. family photos, the general landscape photos.

Partial meteringavatar

  Partial metering, the size of the picture region is 10% to 15% by photometry measuring light gray circular portion. Metering relatively narrow range. When the shooting subject is small, and the main body and the ambient brightness gap significantly, will select the local metering body can guarantee to give the correct exposure. This will than evaluative metering, center-weighted average metering is more accurate, less prone to mistakes.
  It can be used to shoot close-up portraits.

Center-weighted averageavatar

  Center-weighted average, as the name suggests is the third area in the center of the screen averaged metering, focus to suit the subject in the center of the picture screen, while also taking into account the edge of the area measured brightness metering. If the subject is not dispersed, and select the center of the composition, choose center-weighted average metering is a good choice. Similar partial metering mode, ambient light but also to make some response. Focus on the central portion of the screen luminance, while balancing the overall brightness of the screen.

Spotavatar

  Spot, is about 3% to about 5% of the picture area within the circular gray precise photometry, when shooting a very small body which can ensure accurate exposure, but also in the backlight shooting pictures, spot metering shooting ensures accurate exposure of backlit subjects.
  It can be used for backlighting portraits, characters facial scene brightness photometry or the like.

Exposure (exposure)

  曝光是用于表示进入相机并照射到传感器上的光量,通常表现为照片整体亮度。在相机中可以用光圈大小和快门快慢来调节。
  还有个参数ISO表示相机传感器感光度,但是数码相机的感光度实质为传感器将光信号转化为电信号的功放(信号放大器)。设置过高的感光度不仅会放大我们的图像信号,还会放大噪声信号。相应的,过小的感光度不仅会减小噪声信号,我们所需要的图像信号也会损失。所以,一般设置为正常的原生的ISO即可,一般为100到200.

欠曝、正常、过曝

  通常所说的恰当曝光是指采用合适的光量进行拍摄,获得视觉效果良好的亮度。亮度大幅超出该范围时被称为“曝光过度(过曝、过亮)”,相反的情况被称为“曝光不足(欠曝、过暗)”。即使处于恰当曝光范围内,有时候部分图像会因非常明亮而失去层次,这种现象被称为“高光溢出”,如果部分图像变为全黑则被称为“暗部缺失”。

Underexposed Proper exposure Overexposed

  直方图(Histogram):用以表示数字图像中亮度分布的直方图,横坐标为亮度值,纵坐标为像素数,标绘了图像中每个亮度值的像素数。

Histogram

  可以借助直方图了解图像中的亮度分布及需要如何对它进行调整。这种直方图中,这种直方图中,左侧为纯黑、较暗的区域,而右侧为较亮、纯白的区域。因此,一张较暗图片的图像直方图中的数据多集中于左侧和中间部分;而整体明亮、只有少量阴影的图像则相反。

Underexposed Proper exposure Overexposed

光圈(aperture)

  是照相机上用来控制镜头孔径大小的部件,以控制景深、镜头成像素质、以及和快门协同控制进光量。

aperture Aperture 2

  光圈越大,景深越浅,虚化越厉害;反之,光圈越小,景深越深,图像整体越清晰。

快门(shutter speed)

  是表达曝光时间的专业术语,即相机的快门开启的有效时间长度。表现出拍摄所凝结的瞬间。

aperture

  快门对一张照片最直接的影响就是曝光,快门速度慢,进光量提高,相同光圈ISO条件下,画面会更光亮,反之亦然。除此以外,就是透过改变快门速度,来表现“冻结”或是制造“动态模糊”。

  慢快门最常见的用法,例如拍摄瀑布或是夜景,制造独特的效果。正常状况下,我们都会尽量避免使用慢快门,来防止因手震而出现的动态模糊。

High-speed shutter Example
高速快门拍摄的示例:以高速快门定格了船只拍打水面溅起的浪花。
Slow shutter Example
低速快门拍摄的示例:采用2秒的低速快门拍摄的示例。汽车的大灯和尾灯延长为流动的光束。
Shutter Speed ​​1/400 sec Shutter speed 0.5 seconds
快门速度 1/400秒      快门速度 0.5秒

  所以我们在拍运动的场景或速度较快的物体时,为了营造一种凝结感,需要使用高速快门:而在拍摄物体流动的过程或要营造一种时间流动的氛围时要使用慢速快门。采用不同的快门速度拍摄同一被摄体,将会产生不同的效果。采用高速快门拍摄的照片富有活力,而采用低速快门拍摄的照片则充分表现出水的流动感,营造出了宁静的气氛。由此可见快门速度不同会导致照片的最终效果有很大区别。

曝光补偿(Exposure Compensation)

  是指在摄影过程中通过对曝光值的调整以达到最佳效果的一种技术手段。虽然有些照相机能够自动运算得出曝光值,但是得到的未必绝对正确,而且也可能不是拍摄者所想要的。这时拍摄者可以根据需要调整曝光补偿。曝光补偿增加1EV,相当于曝光值(EV)减少1,即进光量增加一倍,可以使图像更亮;反之则图像会更暗。

  一般遵循“白加黑减”的原则,即拍摄明亮的白色的物体、场景时,应该适度增大曝光补偿,以还原人眼所看到的白色或亮色;当拍摄黑的、暗的的物体或场景时,为了还原所看到的黑色,

参考文献

. [1] Canon (China) digital SLR camera Raiders - Intermediate articles [EB / OL]. Http: //www.canon.com.cn/special/ds_abcbook/intermediate.html,2019-12-30.
[2] BARRY O CARROLL.A Comprehensive Beginner's Guide to Aperture, Shutter Speed, and ISO [EB / OL] .https: //petapixel.com/2016/06/25/comprehensive-beginners-guide-aperture-shutter-speed-iso/ , 2016-6-25

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