Essay consists of four parts --introduction, Main body, conclusion, Reference.
1, Introduction includes a Topic Introduction and background The main problem to solve the main article, typically accounting for about 10% of words, the equivalent of a part of the summary.
2, Main body as the most important part of the paper, accounting for about 80% of words, if the title were specific requirements, it is necessary according to several aspects of the topics mentioned in the discussion one by one, if not necessary to own the idea, but it must be there are logical. It is the best embodies the main part of students' knowledge, knowledge and insight, as well as logical thinking ability.
3, Conclusion of words is about 10%, in a period at the end of the article content, but also the core of the article, the main point with one or two words summed up.
4, Reference is teacher pay greater attention to this part, so pay attention to it, the part typically includes in-text reference (article of reference) and reference list (reference the article). There are requirements on the article as required in doubt, according to 3-4 per thousand operations are not described.
Today, we talk about the tutor to focus on fancy Reference, Reference is not only because Essay Writing (essa y.lxws.net) an original blessing, or because the four most common Reference mark in different ways, Correspondingly, the rules are different.
Reference writing format
An overview of four ways
Harvard reference style: Harvard document annotation system originated in the United States, the 1950s and became popular in the 1960s, especially in physics and natural sciences most widely studied in recent years, the social sciences began to slip.
MLA reference style: developed by the Modern Language Association (Modern Language Association), for science papers humanities, the basic format: label references author's last name and page number in the text, column references items the end the room to WorksCited title . See the latest MLA Handbook MLA format eighth edition.
APA reference format: APA reference format developed by the American Psychological Association (American Psychological Association), and more suitable for social science and natural science paper, the basic format: text references indicate an references Author last name and publication date, end the single reference entry to the title References. See the latest APA style APA manual sixth edition.
Chicago References Format: The format developed by the University of Chicago Press (University of ChicagoPress), can be used in humanities and natural sciences class paper, the basic format is: the body of the order continuous choreography by reference number, to the bottom of the page footnote (footnotes) or endnote (endnotes) in the form of credit in the end of the article, or in the end the single reference entry to the title Bibliography. See the latest CMOS format CMOS Manual seventeenth edition.
Four formats | vary
In the reference list (Reference List) not as marked as Chinese 1234, as long as the order according to the text of a reference sequence aligned Reference English down on it at the end of the column.
Generally a 1000-word article, you need at least eight references, 2000 words takes about 12-15. At least at least 1000 word write 4 or 5, 2000 to write about 10 words.
Harvard style
An author
1, reference books:
Last name, first name in capital letters, the year the book name (in italics) the edition of Publishing Location:.... Press page.
如:Redman,P.,2006.Good essay writing:a social sciences guide.3rd ed.London:Open University in association with Sage.
2, Journal:
Last name, first name in capital letters., Year. Article name. Journal name (in italics), the first of several volumes (Volume) on several issues (number), pages.
Perry,C.,2001.What health care assistants know about clean hands.Nursing Times,97(22),p.63-64.
Boughton,J.M.,2002.The Bretton Woods proposal:an in-depth look.Political Science Quarterly,42(6),p.564-78.
3, e-books:
Fishman,R.,2005.The rise and fall of suburbia.[e-book].Chester:CastlePress.
Available at:libweb.anglia.ac.uk/E-books[accessed 5 June2005]
4, newspaper articles:
Last name, first name in capital letters., Year. Article name. Newspaper name (in italics), to change the article published date, page number.
Slapper,G.,2005.Corporate manslaughter:new issues for lawyers.The Times,3 Sep.p.4-5.
Two authors
Or & links with and the other with (a) between the two authors
如：Kirk,J.&Munday,R.J.,1988.Narrative analysis.3rd ed.Bloomington:IndianaUniversity Press.
Three or more than three authors
After the first listed author plus et al. (Meaning, etc.), the other with (a)
如Grace,B.et al.,1988.A history of the world.Princeton,NJ:Princeton University Press.
MLA style
All papers MLA format needs to have "References" page.
The Bibliography alphabetically
All references need to be organized in alphabetical order by the author's last name. If the citation is not the author's name, you can use the first letter of a word essay or book title to orchestrate.
A reference book
Have a title name of the author of the book references the information contained in the book, publishing information, and publishing house. The author's name written as "Name, Last Name" format, a full stop behind the increase. The title of the book to be written in italics, the first letter of each word capitalized. By the end of the period. Behind publishing city comma, write the name on the back of the press, colon and year of publication, plus the final period. Type publications that write down, and finally write "print" or "e-book." By the end of the period.
Cited journal articles
A standard magazine articles, including author name, article title, journal title, publication information, and the type of publication. The author's name written as "Name, Last Name" format, a full stop behind the increase. To use the title of the article referenced symbol, the end of the period after it. The first letter of each word capitalized. To use the title of the magazine in italics, the end of the period after it. The first letter of each word capitalized. Written on publication, year of publication in parentheses on the label. Then write the colon, page number. Finally, add a full stop. End publishing types and periods.
APA style
1. Reference List
, In alphabetical order AZ double spaced, the second are indented.
2. At the end of the text list of references
1-7 authors need all the author's name is listed, before a last name of the author plus "&" symbol. 8 and above authors need to list the first six and then added, "...", then a left rear of the list.
3. APA format because there is no serial number
References in the text format to note that citation is "the authors name, the year" or "author surname (year)" appear in the text. It depends on how sentences are expressed. When a document is first referenced, and within 5 author's last name, all be listed; of 6 and above, include the first name of a + et al (noted with no comma). When the document cited in the text a second time, if only 1-2 of this document, it is the first time reference and the same (i.e., all of the listed name); if there are three or more of, the simply list the first author surname + et al.
Chicago style
References 1. Wen
"References" list of books, documents all the entries are in alphabetical order. such as:
Fairbairn,Gavin and Susan Fairbairn.2001.Reading at university:A guide for students.Maidenhead:Open University Press.
Goman,Carol Kinsey.1989.Creative thinking in business:A practical guide.London:Kogan Page.
MHRA:Modern Humanities Research Association.2002.MHRA style guide:A Hand-book for authors,editors,and writers of theses.London:MHRA.
2. The text of the references format requirements:
Use the full name of the author. The first author to write the name of the first to write surname; from the beginning of the second, write the name of the first to write surname. (See the example above Fairbairn)
After writing the author's name, year of publication to write, but do not add year of publication in parentheses.
Title in italics
Later reference entries need to write out all the author's name, no matter how many authors.
Bibliographic references entry exceeds one line, the second line without the first letter of indent, the top grid write.
If the reference is a book, the first letter of the first letter of the first word of the title and all proper nouns capitalized, the first word in the subtitle of the first letter capitalized.
3. Other examples of literature citation format Chicago
Periodicals:
Murray,Rowena.2002.Writing
development for lecturers moving from Further to Higher Education.Journal of Further and Higher Education 26,no.3:229–39.
Bosworth,David and Deli Yang.2000.Intellectual property law,technology flow and licensing opportunities in China.International Business Review 9,no.4:453–77.
Title must first write the first author's last name, write the name. From the beginning of the second, write the name of the first to write surname. The second example above.
Journal Name to use italics, the first letter of the name of all the words to be capitalized.
Electronic Resources Literature
E-Logistics 2003.Call centres–an inexorable flight?http://www.elogmag.com/magazine/29/call-centres.shtml(accessed June 20,2008).
Meredith,Sandra and Timothy Endicott,2005.The Oxford standard for citation of legal
authorities http://denning.law.ox.ac.uk/published/oscola.shtml(accessed April 26,
2006).
If you have relevant information of the case, start with author information; if not, beginning with the name of the site
All title information in italics
Write the full URL address, so that readers can search for relevant pages.
Write your date online search of available information: Month Day Year.
For chestnut | the same book
01 APA Style
(Sam Ruby, David Thomas & David Heinemeier Hansson, 2011)
Sam Ruby,David Thomas,&David Heinemeier Hansson.(2011).Agile web development with rails.(Pragmatic Programmers(Firm),Ed.)(4th ed.).Raleigh,N.C.:Pragmatic Bookshelf
02MLA Style
(Sam Ruby, David Thomas, and David Heinemeier Hansson)
Sam Ruby,David Thomas,and David Heinemeier Hansson.Agile web development with rails.4th ed.Ed.Pragmatic Programmers(Firm),Raleigh,N.C.:Pragmatic Bookshelf,2011.Print.
03 Harvard Style
(Sam Ruby et al.,2011)
Sam Ruby,David Thomas,David Heinemeier Hansson,2011.Agile web development with rails,4th ed.Pragmatic Bookshelf,Raleigh,N,C.
04 Chicago Style
(Sam Ruby, David Thomas, and David Heinemeier Hansson 2011)
Sam Ruby,Dvid Thomas，and David Heinemeier Hansson.2011.Agile web development with rails.Ed.Pragmatic Programmers(firm).4th ed.Raleigh,N.C.:pragmatic bookshelf.