Network origins and common network equipment

Before the network of

Network origins and common network equipment

Communication system consists of:

终端设备   电脑 PC  打印机  服务器
中间设备   交换机   路由器  防火墙
传输介质   网线     光纤

Transmission cable

Cable (UTP) network port connects a maintenance terminal equipment and
Network origins and common network equipment
cable (UTP) is used for data transmission cable is an electrical signal, using the transmission data of the optical fiber is an optical signal

Single-mode fiber

Network origins and common network equipment

Multimode fiber

Network origins and common network equipment
Network origins and common network equipment

The method of selecting an optical fiber:

Determining the length of the fiber according to the site survey trace line length.
Fiber type is determined according to the type of equipment used in the optical module.
Multimode optical module requires multimode fiber.
The single-mode optical fiber to the single mode module.
Determining a type of the optical jumper connector device according to the interface type.
When consistent with the optical fiber end device is connected, make sure that both ends of the optical fiber connector type respectively corresponding to the interface type of the device side.

What is the light module

Signal transmission in an optical network, necessary optical / electrical conversion. The optical module completed member is specifically optical / electrical conversion in an optical network operating

Configuration of the optical module

Network origins and common network equipment
Common optical module
SFP (small form-factor pluggable SFP)
Network origins and common network equipment
the QSFP + (Quad the SFP +, Quad SFP +)
Network origins and common network equipment

The optical module Terminology

Transmission distance

An optical signal can be transmitted a maximum distance, since the optical fiber itself has a signal dispersion, attenuation and other side effects, so that light can be transmitted from different types of light source are not the same.

Interface speed

The maximum rate of electrical signals carried by the optical device can be error-free transmission, a predetermined Ethernet standards: 125Mbit / s, 1.25Gbit / s, 10.3125Gbit / s, 41.25Gbit / s.

Package Type

光模块的外观分类,比如:SFP、eSFP、SFP+、XFP、SFP28、QSFP+、CXP、CFP、QSFP28等。
SFP:small form-factor pluggable,小型可插拔。
eSFP:enhanced small form-factor pluggable,增强型SFP,指的是带电压、温度、偏置电流、发送光功率、接收光功率监控功能的SFP,当前所有的SFP都带,所以也就把eSFP都统一叫SFP了
SFP+:small form-factor pluggable plus,指速率提升的SFP模块,因为速率提升,所以对EMI敏感,壳子上面的裙片做的多了,配对的笼子也稍微紧了。
XFP:X是罗马数字10的缩写,表示10GE的意思,所有的XFP模块都是10GE光模块。
SFP28:接口封装大小与SFP+相同,支持速率为25GE的SFP28光模块和10GE的SFP+光模块。
QSFP+:Quad SFP+,四通道SFP+。
CXP:是一种可热插拔的高密并行光模块标准,在发送和接收(Tx/Rx)方向各提供12个通道,仅适用于短距离多模链路。
CFP:CFP光模块长×宽×高尺寸定义为144.75mm×82mm×13.6mm,是一种高速的可以热插拔的支持数据通信和电信传输两大应用的新型光模块标准。
QSFP28:接口封装大小与QSFP+相同,支持速率为100GE的QSFP28光模块和40GE的QSFP+光模块。

中心波长

在发射光谱中,连接50℅最大幅度值线段的中点所对应的波长。

光纤模式

根据光纤的纤芯直径及特性分为多模和单模,一般多模光纤纤芯直径大,模式色散严重,所以和多模光模块配合传输短距;而单模光纤模式色散小,所以可传输远距离。

模式带宽

模式带宽是主模中心波长的最大峰值跌落一定dB后的带宽,表征光谱特性。

光纤直径

光纤的纤芯直径,有国际标准:多模的为62.5um和50um,单模的为9um。

光纤等级

因为不同波长的光在不同的光纤中都有自己的最佳工作窗口,为调整最佳调整工作波长或色散特性,改变折射率分布,将光纤分为:多模光纤(G.651)、普通单模光纤(G.652)、色散移位光纤(G.653)、非零色散移位光纤(G.655)等,常用的是G.651和G.652。

接头类型

光模块光口(插入光纤部位)的类型,常见的有:LC(所有的SFP、SFP+、XFP)、MPO(150m的QSFP+、100m的CFP、CXP)等。

发送光功率

在模块的正常工作条件下,模块输出的光功率。

接收灵敏度

在一定的误码率(BER=10-12)条件下,接收组件能接收的最小输入平均光功率。

过载光功率

在一定的误码率(BER=10-12)条件下,接收组件能接收的最大输入平均光功率。

消光比

全调制条件下信号平均光功率与空号平均光功率比值的最小值,表征0、1信号的区别能力。

如何查看光模块的参数

如果光模块已插在运行中的交换机上,可执行display transceiver命令查看光模块的中心波长、传输距离、支持的光纤类型、接收光功率、发送光功率等信息

光模块对接的基本原则

支持相同标准的光模块可以对接(标准中已经定义了速率、波长和距离等,但不包含封装格式,对接时光模块的封装可以不一致)。支持的标准不一致的光模块能否对接需联系技术支持工程师确认。

之前网络的演变

Network origins and common network equipment
电脑一般来说只有一张网卡 集线器 定位就是多网口的一个盒子 主要就是给我们终端连接通信用的
Network origins and common network equipment

小结:

Hub(集线器)
优点:便宜,操作简单
缺点:共享型,无法满足多人同时访问,整个设备就是一个冲突域,Hub工作在半双工模式下,目前基本淘汰出市场

CSMA/CD技术

Network origins and common network equipment
The more the larger the access device conflict probability (carrier sense multiple access / collision detection) using CSMA / CD communication parties must use CSMA / CD techniques mechanism in half-duplex mode to avoid conflicts

Transport Type

Simplex: always only complete data transfer in one direction
half-duplex: the same time only one direction of data transfer is complete
full-duplex: the same to complete the data transfer in both directions
Network origins and common network equipment
Note: on the same physical link is connected to two duplex mode devices must be consistent

Auto-negotiation mode, duplex mode configuration
Run negotiation auto
default duplex mode interface and the peer interface negotiation is obtained.

Non-auto-negotiation mode, duplex mode configuration
Run undo negotiation auto
Run duplex {full | half}, duplex mode configuration interface.
By default, an Ethernet interface duplex mode is full duplex.

Switches, routers, firewalls, a network of

Network switches
Network origins and common network equipment
switches and routers networking
Network origins and common network equipment
global Internet
Network origins and common network equipment
Summary: Now the network is to have a lot of switches and routers, and many many firewalls up network components

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Origin blog.51cto.com/13817711/2456064