python learning day5-- basic data types and built-in method

python learning day5-- basic data types and built-in method

A primer

Data types are used to record the state of affairs, and the state of things is constantly changing (eg: growth (operation int type) a person ages, the names of individual modifications (str type of operation), the list of students to increase student ( operation list type), etc.), which means we need to frequently operate on the data in the development of the program, in order to improve our development efficiency, python for these common operations, built a series of methods for each data type. Subject of this chapter is to bring everyone to learn more about the detailed definition of them, and each data type, type conversion.

Second digital type int and float

2.1 Definitions

# 1、定义：
# 1.1 整型int的定义
age=10  # 本质age = int(10)

# 1.2 浮点型float的定义
salary=3000.3  # 本质salary=float(3000.3)

# 注意：名字+括号的意思就是调用某个功能，比如
# print(...)调用打印功能
# int(...)调用创建整型数据的功能
# float(...)调用创建浮点型数据的功能

2.2 Type Conversion

# 1、数据类型转换
# 1.1 int可以将由纯整数构成的字符串直接转换成整型，若包含其他任意非整数符号，则会报错
>>> s = '123'
>>> res = int(s)
>>> res,type(res)
(123, <class 'int'>)

>>> int('12.3') # 错误演示：字符串内包含了非整数符号.
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: '12.3'
        
# 1.2 float同样可以用来做数据类型的转换
>>> s = '12.3'
>>> res=float(s)
>>> res,type(res)
(12.3, <class 'float'>)

2.3

Digital built type is mainly used for the mathematical operation and comparison operation, and therefore used in conjunction with a digital type other than the operator, there is no need to know

Three strings

3.1 Definitions:

# 定义：在单引号\双引号\三引号内包含一串字符
name1 = 'jason'  # 本质:name = str('任意形式内容')
name2 = "lili"  # 本质:name = str("任意形式内容")
name3 = """ricky"""  # 本质:name = str("""任意形式内容""")

3.2 Type Conversion

# 数据类型转换：str()可以将任意数据类型转换成字符串类型，例如 
>>> type(str([1,2,3])) # list->str
<class 'str'>
>>> type(str({"name":"jason","age":18})) # dict->str
<class 'str'>
>>> type(str((1,2,3)))  # tuple->str
<class 'str'>
>>> type(str({1,2,3,4})) # set->str
<class 'str'>

3.3

3.3.1 priority control operation

>>> str1 = 'hello python!'


# 1.按索引取值(正向取，反向取)：
# 1.1 正向取(从左往右)
>>> str1[6]
p
# 1.2 反向取(负号表示从右往左)
>>> str1[-4]
h
# 1.3 对于str来说，只能按照索引取值，不能改
>>> str1[0]='H' # 报错TypeError


# 2.切片(顾头不顾尾，步长)
# 2.1 顾头不顾尾：取出索引为0到8的所有字符
>>> str1[0:9]  
hello pyt
# 2.2 步长：0:9:2,第三个参数2代表步长，会从0开始，每次累加一个2即可，所以会取出索引0、2、4、6、8的字符
>>> str1[0:9:2]  
hlopt 
# 2.3 反向切片
>>> str1[::-1]  # -1表示从右往左依次取值
!nohtyp olleh

# 3.长度len
# 3.1 获取字符串的长度，即字符的个数，但凡存在于引号内的都算作字符)
>>> len(str1) # 空格也算字符
13

# 4.成员运算 in 和 not in    
# 4.1 int:判断hello 是否在 str1里面
>>> 'hello' in str1  
True
# 4.2 not in:判断tony 是否不在 str1里面
>>> 'tony' not in str1 
True

# 5.strip移除字符串首尾指定的字符(默认移除空格)
# 5.1 括号内不指定字符，默认移除首尾空格
>>> str1 = '  life is short!  '
>>> str1.strip()  
life is short!

# 5.2 括号内指定字符，移除首尾指定的字符
>>> str2 = '**tony**'  
>>> str2.strip('*')  
tony

# 6.切分split
# 6.1 括号内不指定字符，默认以空格作为切分符号
>>> str3='hello world'
>>> str3.split()
['hello', 'world']
# 6.2 括号内指定分隔字符，则按照括号内指定的字符切割字符串
>>> str4 = '127.0.0.1'
>>> str4.split('.')  
['127', '0', '0', '1']  # 注意:split切割得到的结果是列表数据类型


# 7.循环
>>> str5 = '今天你好吗？'
>>> for line in str5:  # 依次取出字符串中每一个字符
...     print(line)
...
今
天
你
好
吗
？

3.3.2 Operation need to know

1.strip, lstrip, rstrip

>>> str1 = '**tony***'

>>> str1.strip('*')  # 移除左右两边的指定字符
'tony'
>>> str1.lstrip('*')  # 只移除左边的指定字符
tony***
>>> str1.rstrip('*')  # 只移除右边的指定字符
**tony

2.lower(),upper()

>>> str2 = 'My nAme is tonY！'

>>> str2.lower()  # 将英文字符串全部变小写
my name is tony！
>>> str2.upper()  # 将英文字符串全部变大写
MY NAME IS TONY！

3.startswith,endswith

>>> str3 = 'tony jam'

# startswith()判断字符串是否以括号内指定的字符开头，结果为布尔值True或False
>>> str3.startswith('t') 
True
>>> str3.startswith('j')
False
# endswith()判断字符串是否以括号内指定的字符结尾，结果为布尔值True或False
>>> str3.endswith('jam')
True
>>> str3.endswith('tony')  
False

4. The format of the formatted output

Before we do use the% s string formatted output operation, when traditional values, must strictly follow one correspondence% s position, and the built-in string format method is provided by value without relying on the location

Case:

# format括号内在传参数时完全可以打乱顺序，但仍然能指名道姓地为指定的参数传值，name=‘tony’就是传给{name}
>>> str4 = 'my name is {name}, my age is {age}!'.format(age=18,name='tony')
>>> str4  
'my name is tony, my age is 18!'

>>> str4 = 'my name is {name}{name}{name}, my age is {name}!'.format(name='tony', age=18)
>>> str4  
'my name is tonytonytony, my age is tony!'

The format used in many ways (to know)

# 类似于%s的用法，传入的值会按照位置与{}一一对应
>>> str4 = 'my name is {}, my age is {}!'.format('tony', 18)
>>> str4 
my name is tony, my age is 18!

# 把format传入的多个值当作一个列表，然后用{索引}取值
>>> str4 = 'my name is {0}, my age is {1}!'.format('tony', 18)
>>> str4
my name is tony, my age is 18!

>>> str4 = 'my name is {1}, my age is {0}!'.format('tony', 18)
>>> str4  
my name is 18, my age is tony!

>>> str4 = 'my name is {1}, my age is {1}!'.format('tony', 18)
>>> str4  
my name is 18, my age is 18!

5.Split, rsplit

# split会按照从左到右的顺序对字符串进行切分，可以指定切割次数
>>> str5='C:/a/b/c/d.txt'
>>> str5.split('/',1)
['C:', 'a/b/c/d.txt']  

# rsplit刚好与split相反，从右往左切割，可以指定切割次数
>>> str5='a|b|c'
>>> str5.rsplit('|',1)
['a|b', 'c']

6.join

# 从可迭代对象中取出多个字符串，然后按照指定的分隔符进行拼接，拼接的结果为字符串
>>> '%'.join('hello') # 从字符串'hello'中取出多个字符串，然后按照%作为分隔符号进行拼接
'h%e%l%l%o'
>>> '|'.join(['tony','18','read'])  # 从列表中取出多个字符串，然后按照*作为分隔符号进行拼接
'tony|18|read'

7.replace

# 用新的字符替换字符串中旧的字符
>>> str7 = 'my name is tony, my age is 18!'  # 将tony的年龄由18岁改成73岁
>>> str7 = str7.replace('18', '73')  # 语法:replace('旧内容', '新内容')
>>> str7
my name is tony, my age is 73!

# 可以指定修改的个数
>>> str7 = 'my name is tony, my age is 18!'
>>> str7 = str7.replace('my', 'MY',1) # 只把一个my改为MY
>>> str7
'MY name is tony, my age is 18!'

8.isdigit

# 判断字符串是否是纯数字组成，返回结果为True或False
>>> str8 = '5201314'
>>> str8.isdigit()
True

>>> str8 = '123g123'
>>> str8.isdigit()
False

Four-column

4.1 Definitions

# 定义：在[]内,用逗号分隔开多个任意数据类型的值
l1 = [1,'a',[1,2]]  # 本质:l1 = list([1,'a',[1,2]])

4.2 Type Conversion

# 但凡能被for循环遍历的数据类型都可以传给list()转换成列表类型，list()会跟for循环一样遍历出数据类型中包含的每一个元素然后放到列表中
>>> list('wdad') # 结果：['w', 'd', 'a', 'd'] 
>>> list([1,2,3]) # 结果：[1, 2, 3]
>>> list({"name":"jason","age":18}) #结果：['name', 'age']
>>> list((1,2,3)) # 结果：[1, 2, 3] 
>>> list({1,2,3,4}) # 结果：[1, 2, 3, 4]

4.3

4.3.1 priority control operation

# 1.按索引存取值(正向存取+反向存取)：即可存也可以取  
# 1.1 正向取(从左往右)
>>> my_friends=['tony','jason','tom',4,5]
>>> my_friends[0]  
tony
# 1.2 反向取(负号表示从右往左)
>>> my_friends[-1]  
5
# 1.3 对于list来说，既可以按照索引取值，又可以按照索引修改指定位置的值，但如果索引不存在则报错
>>> my_friends = ['tony','jack','jason',4,5]
>>> my_friends[1] = 'martthow'
>>> my_friends
['tony', 'martthow', 'jason', 4, 5]


# 2.切片(顾头不顾尾，步长)
# 2.1 顾头不顾尾：取出索引为0到3的元素
>>> my_friends[0:4] 
['tony', 'jason', 'tom', 4]
# 2.2 步长：0:4:2,第三个参数2代表步长，会从0开始，每次累加一个2即可，所以会取出索引0、2的元素
>>> my_friends[0:4:2]  
['tony', 'tom']

# 3.长度
>>> len(my_friends)
5

# 4.成员运算in和not in
>>> 'tony' in my_friends
True
>>> 'xxx' not in my_friends
True

# 5.添加
# 5.1 append()列表尾部追加元素
>>> l1 = ['a','b','c']
>>> l1.append('d')
>>> l1
['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']

# 5.2 extend()一次性在列表尾部添加多个元素
>>> l1.extend(['a','b','c'])
>>> l1
['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'a', 'b', 'c']

# 5.3 insert()在指定位置插入元素
>>> l1.insert(0,"first")  # 0表示按索引位置插值
>>> l1
['first', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'alisa', 'a', 'b', 'c']

# 6.删除
# 6.1 del
>>> l = [11,22,33,44]
>>> del l[2]  # 删除索引为2的元素
>>> l
[11,22,44]

# 6.2 pop()默认删除列表最后一个元素，并将删除的值返回，括号内可以通过加索引值来指定删除元素
>>> l = [11,22,33,22,44]
>>> res=l.pop()
>>> res
44
>>> res=l.pop(1)
>>> res
22

# 6.3 remove()括号内指名道姓表示要删除哪个元素，没有返回值
>>> l = [11,22,33,22,44]
>>> res=l.remove(22) # 从左往右查找第一个括号内需要删除的元素
>>> print(res)
None

# 7.reverse()颠倒列表内元素顺序
>>> l = [11,22,33,44]
>>> l.reverse() 
>>> l
[44,33,22,11]

# 8.sort()给列表内所有元素排序
# 8.1 排序时列表元素之间必须是相同数据类型，不可混搭，否则报错
>>> l = [11,22,3,42,7,55]
>>> l.sort()
>>> l 
[3, 7, 11, 22, 42, 55]  # 默认从小到大排序
>>> l = [11,22,3,42,7,55]
>>> l.sort(reverse=True)  # reverse用来指定是否跌倒排序，默认为False
>>> l 
[55, 42, 22, 11, 7, 3]
# 8.2 了解知识：
# 我们常用的数字类型直接比较大小，但其实，字符串、列表等都可以比较大小，原理相同：都是依次比较对应位置的元素的大小，如果分出大小，则无需比较下一个元素，比如
>>> l1=[1,2,3]
>>> l2=[2,]
>>> l2 > l1
True
# 字符之间的大小取决于它们在ASCII表中的先后顺序，越往后越大
>>> s1='abc'
>>> s2='az'
>>> s2 > s1 # s1与s2的第一个字符没有分出胜负，但第二个字符'z'>'b',所以s2>s1成立
True
# 所以我们也可以对下面这个列表排序
>>> l = ['A','z','adjk','hello','hea']
>>> l.sort()
>>> l
['A', 'adjk', 'hea', 'hello','z']

# 9.循环
# 循环遍历my_friends列表里面的值
for line in my_friends:
    print(line) 
'tony'
'jack'
'jason'
4
5

4.3.2 understand the operation of

>>> l=[1,2,3,4,5,6]
>>> l[0:3:1] 
[1, 2, 3]  # 正向步长
>>> l[2::-1] 
[3, 2, 1]  # 反向步长

# 通过索引取值实现列表翻转
>>> l[::-1]
[6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]