Theory + practical operation: LVM and disk quotas

[TOC]

Preface:

LVM is the abbreviation of Logical Volume Manager, which is a mechanism to manage disk partitions under Linux, file systems across different disks and partitions, the working principle is to connect several disk partitions into a single piece of volume group, the volume group free to create the logical volume group, and finally create a file system on the logical volume group, the administrator can dynamically adjust the size of the logical volume without losing the existing data can be dynamically manage the disk through the creation of LVM.

A: LVM (logical volume) Overview

1.1 Logical Volume Manager, logical volume management

  • Dynamic adjustment disk capacity, disk management to improve flexibility

  • / Boot (kernel) partition for storing boot files can not be created on LVM

  • GUI management tool

    LVM-config-System (with less)

Logical Volume Manager is a dynamic disk management

Logical volume flexibility, free to expansion, equivalent spanned windows in

Logical volume disadvantages: not reliable, the general read and write performance

The basic concepts of the mechanism 1.2 LVM

  • The PV (physical volume) file format type 8e
  • VG of (volume group)

  • LV (Logical Volume)

PE is a 4M, a plurality of physical volumes PE composition (the PV);

A plurality of physical volumes (PV) consisting of a volume group (VG of);

Volume group (VG) to be divided, is to create logical partitions (LV)
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Two: LVM administration commands

2.1 Major Commands

Features Physical Volume Management Volume Group Management Logical Volume Management
Scan scanning equipment pvscan vgscan lvscan
Create establishment pvcreate vgcreate lvcreate
Display Show Details pvdisplay vgdispaly lvdispaly
Remove deleted pvremove vgremove lvremove
Extend extension ———— vgextend lvextend
Reduce decrease ———— vgreduce lvreduce
pvcreate 设备名(磁盘) 【设备名2 ... ...】
vgcreate 卷组名 物理卷名1 物理卷名2
lvcreate -L 容量大小 -n 逻辑卷名 卷组名
lvextend -l +大小 /dev/卷组名/逻辑卷名

t change the format, the format is converted to 8e, is the physical volume format

III: Application examples LVM

Case environment

The company plans to set up a mail server (CentOS7.3 platform) on the Internet, for employees all over the country and some VIP customers with e-mail space

Description of Requirement

Due to the large number of users, mail storage requires a lot of space, taking into account the need for dynamic expansion plans to add two SCSI hard drives and build LVM logical volumes (mounted under the "mailbox" directory) dedicated to storing mail data

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Before adding disk dev / sdb, dev / sdc
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Reboot the system to recognize the newly added disk

[root@localhost ~]# init 6
[root@localhost dev]# ls    #重启后查看/dev/,sdb和sdc已添加
agpgart          input               sda1      tty2   tty45  uhid
autofs           kmsg                sda2      tty20  tty46  uinput
block            log                 sdb       tty21  tty47  urandom
bsg              loop-control        sdc       tty22  tty48  usbmon0
btrfs-control    lp0                 sg0       tty23  tty49  usbmon1
bus              lp1                 sg1       tty24  tty5   usbmon2
cdrom            lp2                 sg2       tty25  tty50  vcs
centos           lp3                 sg3       tty26  tty51  vcs1
char             mapper              shm       tty27  tty52  vcs2
console          mcelog              snapshot  tty28  tty53  vcs3
core             mem                 snd       tty29  tty54  vcs4
cpu              mqueue              sr0       tty3   tty55  vcs5
cpu_dma_latency  net                 stderr    tty30  tty56  vcs6
crash            network_latency     stdin     tty31  tty57  vcsa
disk             network_throughput  stdout    tty32  tty58  vcsa1
dm-0             null                tty       tty33  tty59  vcsa2
dm-1             nvram               tty0      tty34  tty6   vcsa3
dm-2             oldmem              tty1      tty35  tty60  vcsa4
dri              port                tty10     tty36  tty61  vcsa5
fb0              ppp                 tty11     tty37  tty62  vcsa6
fd               ptmx                tty12     tty38  tty63  vfio
full             pts                 tty13     tty39  tty7   vga_arbiter
fuse             random              tty14     tty4   tty8   vhci
hidraw0          raw                 tty15     tty40  tty9   vhost-net
hpet             rfkill              tty16     tty41  ttyS0  vmci
hugepages        rtc                 tty17     tty42  ttyS1  vsock
hwrng            rtc0                tty18     tty43  ttyS2  zero
initctl          sda                 tty19     tty44  ttyS3

Configuring Disk fdisk create partitions, t-8e becomes pv format into physical volumes

[root@localhost dev]# fdisk /dev/sdb        #给/dev/sdb创建分区
欢迎使用 fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2)。

更改将停留在内存中,直到您决定将更改写入磁盘。
使用写入命令前请三思。

Device does not contain a recognized partition table
使用磁盘标识符 0x76bc7491 创建新的 DOS 磁盘标签。

命令(输入 m 获取帮助):n
Partition type:
   p   primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
   e   extended
Select (default p): 
Using default response p
分区号 (1-4,默认 1):
起始 扇区 (2048-41943039,默认为 2048):
将使用默认值 2048
Last 扇区, +扇区 or +size{K,M,G} (2048-41943039,默认为 41943039):
将使用默认值 41943039
分区 1 已设置为 Linux 类型,大小设为 20 GiB

命令(输入 m 获取帮助):t     #更改格式
已选择分区 1
Hex 代码(输入 L 列出所有代码):
Hex 代码(输入 L 列出所有代码):8e      #LVM格式为8e
已将分区“Linux”的类型更改为“Linux LVM”

命令(输入 m 获取帮助):w
The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
正在同步磁盘。
[root@localhost dev]# fdisk /dev/sdc    #给dev/sdc磁盘创建分区
欢迎使用 fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2)。

更改将停留在内存中,直到您决定将更改写入磁盘。
使用写入命令前请三思。

Device does not contain a recognized partition table
使用磁盘标识符 0x3bdb9041 创建新的 DOS 磁盘标签。

命令(输入 m 获取帮助):n
Partition type:
   p   primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
   e   extended
Select (default p): 
Using default response p
分区号 (1-4,默认 1):
起始 扇区 (2048-41943039,默认为 2048):
将使用默认值 2048
Last 扇区, +扇区 or +size{K,M,G} (2048-41943039,默认为 41943039):
将使用默认值 41943039
分区 1 已设置为 Linux 类型,大小设为 20 GiB

命令(输入 m 获取帮助):t
已选择分区 1
Hex 代码(输入 L 列出所有代码):8e  #格式转换为LVM
已将分区“Linux”的类型更改为“Linux LVM”

命令(输入 m 获取帮助):w
The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
正在同步磁盘。
命令(输入 m 获取帮助):p     #可以再fdisk /dev/sdc中去查看

磁盘 /dev/sdc:21.5 GB, 21474836480 字节,41943040 个扇区
Units = 扇区 of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
扇区大小(逻辑/物理):512 字节 / 512 字节
I/O 大小(最小/最佳):512 字节 / 512 字节
磁盘标签类型:dos
磁盘标识符:0x3bdb9041

   设备 Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdc1            2048    41943039    20970496   8e  Linux LVM

Two disk partition is completed, the next to create an LVM logical volume

[root@localhost dev]# pvcreate /dev/sd[b-c]1    #把两块磁盘创建为pv物理卷
  Physical volume "/dev/sdb1" successfully created.
  Physical volume "/dev/sdc1" successfully created.
[root@localhost dev]# vgcreate mailbox /dev/sd[b-c]1    #创建名叫mailbox的vg卷组,目标pv物理卷是sdb1和sdc1
  Volume group "mailbox" successfully created
[root@localhost dev]# lvcreate -L 25G -n mailbox mailbox    #创建容量25G、名叫mailbox的lv逻辑卷,目标vg卷组是mailbox
  Logical volume "mailbox" created

You can use the display to view details pv, vg, lv of

[root@localhost dev]# mkdir /mailbox    #创建挂载点/mailbox

To the logical format

[root@localhost dev]# mkfs.xfs /dev/mailbox/mailbox #将/dev下的mialbox卷组内的mailbox逻辑卷格式化
meta-data=/dev/mailbox/mailbox   isize=512    agcount=4, agsize=1638400 blks
         =                       sectsz=512   attr=2, projid32bit=1
         =                       crc=1        finobt=0, sparse=0
data     =                       bsize=4096   blocks=6553600, imaxpct=25
         =                       sunit=0      swidth=0 blks
naming   =version 2              bsize=4096   ascii-ci=0 ftype=1
log      =internal log           bsize=4096   blocks=3200, version=2
         =                       sectsz=512   sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none                   extsz=4096   blocks=0, rtextents=0

You can now mount

[root@localhost dev]# mount /dev/mailbox/mailbox /mailbox   #手动挂载
[root@localhost mailbox]# df -Th        #查看已挂载
文件系统                    类型      容量  已用  可用 已用% 挂载点
/dev/mapper/centos-root     xfs        20G  3.3G   17G   17% /
devtmpfs                    devtmpfs  977M     0  977M    0% /dev
tmpfs                       tmpfs     993M     0  993M    0% /dev/shm
tmpfs                       tmpfs     993M  9.1M  984M    1% /run
tmpfs                       tmpfs     993M     0  993M    0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1                   xfs       6.0G  161M  5.9G    3% /boot
/dev/mapper/centos-home     xfs        10G   50M   10G    1% /home
tmpfs                       tmpfs     199M   12K  199M    1% /run/user/42
tmpfs                       tmpfs     199M     0  199M    0% /run/user/0
/dev/mapper/mailbox-mailbox xfs        25G   33M   25G    1% /mailbox

You can also be used to modify the configuration file / dev / fstab to mount

[root@localhost mailbox]# umount /mailbox   #先取消之前的手动挂载
[root@localhost mailbox]# vim /etc/fstab    #vim编辑/etc/fstab配置问价

#
# /etc/fstab
# Created by anaconda on Wed Oct 23 13:35:20 2019
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk'
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
#
/dev/mapper/centos-root /                       xfs     defaults        0 0
UUID=bef26af3-cd25-4754-bbc6-abd7fb09ef45 /boot                   xfs     defaults        0 0
/dev/mapper/centos-home /home                   xfs     defaults        0 0
/dev/mapper/centos-swap swap                    swap    defaults        0 0
/dev/mailbox/mailbox    /mailbox        xfs     defaults        0       0
:wq保存
[root@localhost mailbox]# mount -a  #重新挂载
[root@localhost mailbox]# df -Th    #查看挂载信息
文件系统                    类型      容量  已用  可用 已用% 挂载点
/dev/mapper/centos-root     xfs        20G  3.3G   17G   17% /
devtmpfs                    devtmpfs  977M     0  977M    0% /dev
tmpfs                       tmpfs     993M     0  993M    0% /dev/shm
tmpfs                       tmpfs     993M  9.1M  984M    1% /run
tmpfs                       tmpfs     993M     0  993M    0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1                   xfs       6.0G  161M  5.9G    3% /boot
/dev/mapper/centos-home     xfs        10G   50M   10G    1% /home
tmpfs                       tmpfs     199M   12K  199M    1% /run/user/42
tmpfs                       tmpfs     199M     0  199M    0% /run/user/0
/dev/mapper/mailbox-mailbox xfs        25G   33M   25G    1% /mailbox   已自动挂载

Configuration for expansion

[root@localhost mailbox]# lvextend -L +2G /dev/mailbox/mailbox  #给mailbox增加2G容量
  Size of logical volume mailbox/mailbox changed from 25.00 GiB (6400 extents) to 27.00 GiB (6912 extents).
  Logical volume mailbox/mailbox successfully resized.  #显示成功
[root@localhost mailbox]# df -Th    #查看
文件系统                    类型      容量  已用  可用 已用% 挂载点
/dev/mapper/centos-root     xfs        20G  3.3G   17G   17% /
devtmpfs                    devtmpfs  977M     0  977M    0% /dev
tmpfs                       tmpfs     993M     0  993M    0% /dev/shm
tmpfs                       tmpfs     993M  9.1M  984M    1% /run
tmpfs                       tmpfs     993M     0  993M    0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1                   xfs       6.0G  161M  5.9G    3% /boot
/dev/mapper/centos-home     xfs        10G   50M   10G    1% /home
tmpfs                       tmpfs     199M   12K  199M    1% /run/user/42
tmpfs                       tmpfs     199M     0  199M    0% /run/user/0
/dev/mapper/mailbox-mailbox xfs        25G   33M   25G    1% /mailbox   #发现没有增加

You need to use the command to update the configuration xfs_growfs

[root@localhost mailbox]# xfs_growfs /dev/mailbox/mailbox   #更新mailbox配置
meta-data=/dev/mapper/mailbox-mailbox isize=512    agcount=4, agsize=1638400 blks
         =                       sectsz=512   attr=2, projid32bit=1
         =                       crc=1        finobt=0 spinodes=0
data     =                       bsize=4096   blocks=6553600, imaxpct=25
         =                       sunit=0      swidth=0 blks
naming   =version 2              bsize=4096   ascii-ci=0 ftype=1
log      =internal               bsize=4096   blocks=3200, version=2
         =                       sectsz=512   sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none                   extsz=4096   blocks=0, rtextents=0
data blocks changed from 6553600 to 7077888
[root@localhost mailbox]# df -Th    #查看挂载
文件系统                    类型      容量  已用  可用 已用% 挂载点
/dev/mapper/centos-root     xfs        20G  3.3G   17G   17% /
devtmpfs                    devtmpfs  977M     0  977M    0% /dev
tmpfs                       tmpfs     993M     0  993M    0% /dev/shm
tmpfs                       tmpfs     993M  9.1M  984M    1% /run
tmpfs                       tmpfs     993M     0  993M    0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1                   xfs       6.0G  161M  5.9G    3% /boot
/dev/mapper/centos-home     xfs        10G   50M   10G    1% /home
tmpfs                       tmpfs     199M   12K  199M    1% /run/user/42
tmpfs                       tmpfs     199M     0  199M    0% /run/user/0
/dev/mapper/mailbox-mailbox xfs        27G   33M   27G    1% /mailbox

xfs file format can only add, can not be reduced

EXT4 format and can be added to reduce (use resize2fs command to update the device disk)

Four: Disk quotas overview

4.1 Conditions for disk quotas

  • Linux kernel support needed

  • Installation xfsprogs and quota package (CentOS 6.0 installation requires additional quota package, the CentOS 7.0, quota is included in the xfsprogs, no additional installation)

Features 4.2 Linux disk quota

  • Range: for a specified file system (partition)

  • Restrictions target: user accounts, group accounts
  • Limit Type: disk capacity, the number of files (as long as there is both a trigger, it will be limited)

  • Restriction method: soft limit (there is a temporary flexibility in space, space Save soft limit is a hard limit, the time limit for a temporary space, the default is 7 days, more than seven days will exceed the partial deletion), a hard limit (fixed space )

  • Limit purpose: to prevent users from malicious occupation of space

Space soft limit = <space hard limit

Five: disk quota management

5.1 disk quota management steps

No. step
1 In a way to support the quota function of the file system is mounted
2 Edit user and group account quota settings
3 Verify Disk quota feature
4 View disk quota usage

Configure the quota mount the file system function of aging has become effective and permanent temporary

Provisional entry into force is to use the mount -o command (temporary settings, will expire after shutdown), the permanent need to configure the relevant configuration file (most)

备注:大部分的命令设置都是临时生效,重启失效;配置文件设置是永久生效,随着开机自动启动挂载

5.2启用磁盘配额 (支持 quota命令)

1)启用文件系统的配额支持 usrquota grpquota

  • 添加usrquota、grpquota挂载参数

2)命令实例: /etc/fstab配置文件

1572656423508

手动临时启用对挂载点的mount -o 用户和组的配额权限

配置目录权限 chmod 777 /mailbox/

配置文件/etc/fstab中添加相应属性,后面会在实操中演示

5.3)编辑用户和组账号的配额设置 xfs_quota

在启用磁盘配额管理的基础上:

使用xfs_quota命令编辑配额设置

xfs_quota -x -c 'limit -u bsoft=N bhard=N isoft=N ihard=N 用户名' 挂载点

常用选项

选项 解释
-u 指定用户
-g 指定组
-x 开启专家模式
-c 指定 ‘命令’

限制字段

bsoft(容量软限制) bhard(容量硬限制) isoft(数量,i类似ls中的文件节点) ihard(数量硬限制)

limit 代表上限

5.4)验证磁盘配额功能

  • 切换到设置配额的分区(挂载目录)下

  • 创建指定数量的文件:使用touch命令,或者cp命令

  • 创建指定容量的文件:使用dd命令,或者cp命令 (dd命令类似于复制,在实操中会有一个详细介绍)

5.5)查看配额使用情况

1572657218125

xfs_quota -x -c ‘report 选项 ’ 挂载点

report常用选项

选项 解释
-a 查看该挂载点的所有配额使用情况
-i 查看该挂载点的文件数量的配额使用情况
-b 查看该挂载点的磁盘容量的配额使用情况
-u 查看该挂载点的用户的配额使用情况
-g 查看该挂载点的组账号的配额使用情况

dd命令等同于辅助,

六: 命令实操

添加三块磁盘

Theory + practical operation: LVM and disk quotas

查看目前磁盘情况

[root@localhost ~]# fdisk -l        查看所有磁盘
磁盘 /dev/sda:42.9 GB, 42949672960 字节,83886080 个扇区
Units = 扇区 of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
扇区大小(逻辑/物理):512 字节 / 512 字节
I/O 大小(最小/最佳):512 字节 / 512 字节
磁盘标签类型:dos
磁盘标识符:0x000a55e9

   设备 Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sda1   *        2048    12584959     6291456   83  Linux
/dev/sda2        12584960    79710207    33562624   8e  Linux LVM

磁盘 /dev/mapper/centos-root:21.5 GB, 21474836480 字节,41943040 个扇区
Units = 扇区 of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
扇区大小(逻辑/物理):512 字节 / 512 字节
I/O 大小(最小/最佳):512 字节 / 512 字节

磁盘 /dev/mapper/centos-swap:2147 MB, 2147483648 字节,4194304 个扇区
Units = 扇区 of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
扇区大小(逻辑/物理):512 字节 / 512 字节
I/O 大小(最小/最佳):512 字节 / 512 字节

磁盘 /dev/mapper/centos-home:10.7 GB, 10737418240 字节,20971520 个扇区
Units = 扇区 of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
扇区大小(逻辑/物理):512 字节 / 512 字节
I/O 大小(最小/最佳):512 字节 / 512 字节

关机重启去识别新增加的三块硬盘

[root@localhost dev]# init 6    #重启
磁盘 /dev/sdb:21.5 GB, 21474836480 字节,41943040 个扇区    #这里只展示新增磁盘sdb
Units = 扇区 of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes                           
扇区大小(逻辑/物理):512 字节 / 512 字节
I/O 大小(最小/最佳):512 字节 / 512 字节

磁盘 /dev/sdc:21.5 GB, 21474836480 字节,41943040 个扇区    #sdc
Units = 扇区 of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
扇区大小(逻辑/物理):512 字节 / 512 字节
I/O 大小(最小/最佳):512 字节 / 512 字节

磁盘 /dev/sdd:21.5 GB, 21474836480 字节,41943040 个扇区    #sdd
Units = 扇区 of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
扇区大小(逻辑/物理):512 字节 / 512 字节
I/O 大小(最小/最佳):512 字节 / 512 字节

还可以切换到/dev/下去查看磁盘,这里就不演示了

[root@localhost dev]# fdisk sdb #给sdb磁盘创建分区
欢迎使用 fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2)。

更改将停留在内存中,直到您决定将更改写入磁盘。
使用写入命令前请三思。

Device does not contain a recognized partition table
使用磁盘标识符 0x0edec45d 创建新的 DOS 磁盘标签。
命令(输入 m 获取帮助):n     #创建新分区
Partition type:
   p   primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
   e   extended
Select (default p): p   #选择主分区
分区号 (1-4,默认 1):     #回车默认为1
起始 扇区 (2048-41943039,默认为 2048): #回车默认为2048
将使用默认值 2048
Last 扇区, +扇区 or +size{K,M,G} (2048-41943039,默认为 41943039):  #回车视为把全部容量都给一个分区
将使用默认值 41943039
分区 1 已设置为 Linux 类型,大小设为 20 GiB

创建分区成功,这里用LVM跨区卷去做,需要改一下格式

分区 1 已设置为 Linux 类型,大小设为 20 GiB

命令(输入 m 获取帮助):t #修改格式
已选择分区 1     #选则分区
Hex 代码(输入 L 列出所有代码):
Hex 代码(输入 L 列出所有代码):8e  LVM的代码是8e
已将分区“Linux”的类型更改为“Linux LVM”

命令(输入 m 获取帮助):w     写入磁盘保存
The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
正在同步磁盘。

也可以在fdisk状态中p查看磁盘配置情况

这里再配置好sdc和sdd

[root@localhost dev]# fdisk sdc
欢迎使用 fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2)。

更改将停留在内存中,直到您决定将更改写入磁盘。
使用写入命令前请三思。

Device does not contain a recognized partition table
使用磁盘标识符 0x3e687331 创建新的 DOS 磁盘标签。

命令(输入 m 获取帮助):n
Partition type:
   p   primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
   e   extended
Select (default p): p
分区号 (1-4,默认 1):
起始 扇区 (2048-41943039,默认为 2048):
将使用默认值 2048
Last 扇区, +扇区 or +size{K,M,G} (2048-41943039,默认为 41943039):
将使用默认值 41943039
分区 1 已设置为 Linux 类型,大小设为 20 GiB

命令(输入 m 获取帮助):t
已选择分区 1
Hex 代码(输入 L 列出所有代码):8e
已将分区“Linux”的类型更改为“Linux LVM”

命令(输入 m 获取帮助):w
The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
正在同步磁盘。
[root@localhost dev]# fdisk sdd
欢迎使用 fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2)。

更改将停留在内存中,直到您决定将更改写入磁盘。
使用写入命令前请三思。

Device does not contain a recognized partition table
使用磁盘标识符 0xd8be1cdf 创建新的 DOS 磁盘标签。

命令(输入 m 获取帮助):n
Partition type:
   p   primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
   e   extended
Select (default p): p
分区号 (1-4,默认 1):
起始 扇区 (2048-41943039,默认为 2048):
将使用默认值 2048
Last 扇区, +扇区 or +size{K,M,G} (2048-41943039,默认为 41943039):
将使用默认值 41943039
分区 1 已设置为 Linux 类型,大小设为 20 GiB

命令(输入 m 获取帮助):w
The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
正在同步磁盘。

配置完毕,然后把三块磁盘配置成为物理卷(pv)

[root@localhost dev]# pvcreate sd[b-d]1     #用中括号进行简写
  Physical volume "sdb1" successfully created.
  Physical volume "sdc1" successfully created.
  Physical volume "sdd1" successfully created.

把sd【b-d】1三块磁盘组成卷组,卷组名为ky02

[root@localhost dev]# vgcreate ky02 /dev/sd[b-d]1 
  Volume group "ky02" successfully created

Each partition 20G, the volume group ky02 to 60G, create LVM logical volumes into -L 40G from the volume group, the name -n is ky02_gsy

[root@localhost dev]# lvcreate -L 40G -n ky02_gsy ky02
  Logical volume "ky02_gsy" created.

Then can / dev / directory to check the configuration

[root@localhost ~]# cd /dev     #切换到/dev
[root@localhost dev]# ls        #查看
agpgart          hpet                ptmx      stderr  tty28  tty50    usbmon0
autofs           hugepages           pts       stdin   tty29  tty51    usbmon1
block            hwrng               random    stdout  tty3   tty52    usbmon2
bsg              initctl             raw       tty     tty30  tty53    vcs
btrfs-control    input               rfkill    tty0    tty31  tty54    vcs1
bus              kmsg                rtc       tty1    tty32  tty55    vcs2
cdrom            ky02                rtc0      tty10   tty33  tty56    vcs3
centos           log                 sda       tty11   tty34  tty57    vcs4
char             loop-control        sda1      tty12   tty35  tty58    vcs5
console          lp0                 sda2      tty13   tty36  tty59    vcs6
core             lp1                 sdb       tty14   tty37  tty6     vcsa
cpu              lp2                 sdb1      tty15   tty38  tty60    vcsa1
cpu_dma_latency  lp3                 sdc       tty16   tty39  tty61    vcsa2
crash            mapper              sdc1      tty17   tty4   tty62    vcsa3
disk             mcelog              sdd       tty18   tty40  tty63    vcsa4
dm-0             mem                 sdd1      tty19   tty41  tty7     vcsa5
dm-1             mqueue              sg0       tty2    tty42  tty8     vcsa6
dm-2             net                 sg1       tty20   tty43  tty9     vfio
dm-3             network_latency     sg2       tty21   tty44  ttyS0    vga_arbiter
dri              network_throughput  sg3       tty22   tty45  ttyS1    vhci
fb0              null                sg4       tty23   tty46  ttyS2    vhost-net
fd               nvram               shm       tty24   tty47  ttyS3    vmci
full             oldmem              snapshot  tty25   tty48  uhid     vsock
fuse             port                snd       tty26   tty49  uinput   zero
hidraw0          ppp                 sr0       tty27   tty5   urandom
[root@localhost dev]# ls ky02/  查看中间的ky02目录
ky02_gsy        逻辑卷已被创建
[root@localhost dev]# lvdisplay ky02    #查看逻辑卷的详细信息,后面加卷名只查看该卷,不加查看所有
  --- Logical volume ---
  LV Path                /dev/ky02/ky02_gsy
  LV Name                ky02_gsy
  VG Name                ky02
  LV UUID                HhEtsz-SUGG-2bFg-8Vl5-nYz2-2f6p-jU4Jnw
  LV Write Access        read/write
  LV Creation host, time localhost.localdomain, 2019-11-02 10:25:21 +0800
  LV Status              available
  # open                 0
  LV Size                40.00 GiB
  Current LE             10240
  Segments               3
  Allocation             inherit
  Read ahead sectors     auto
  - currently set to     8192
  Block device           253:3

Partition completed, the next after formatting mount can be used normally

[root@localhost dev]# mkfs.xfs /dev/ky02/ky02_gsy
meta-data=/dev/ky02/ky02_gsy     isize=512    agcount=4, agsize=2621440 blks
         =                       sectsz=512   attr=2, projid32bit=1
         =                       crc=1        finobt=0, sparse=0
data     =                       bsize=4096   blocks=10485760, imaxpct=25
         =                       sunit=0      swidth=0 blks
naming   =version 2              bsize=4096   ascii-ci=0 ftype=1
log      =internal log           bsize=4096   blocks=5120, version=2
         =                       sectsz=512   sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none                   extsz=4096   blocks=0, rtextents=0

Here configured / etc / fstab file to automatically mount configuration, i.e. Vim / etc / fstab

#
# /etc/fstab
# Created by anaconda on Wed Oct 23 13:35:20 2019
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk'
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
#
/dev/mapper/centos-root /                       xfs     defaults        0 0
UUID=bef26af3-cd25-4754-bbc6-abd7fb09ef45 /boot                   xfs     defaults        0 0
/dev/mapper/centos-home /home                   xfs     defaults        0 0
/dev/mapper/centos-swap swap                    swap    defaults        0 0
/dev/ky02/ky02_gsy      /mnt    xfs     defaults        0       0
    设备地址            挂载点     文件类型    权限功能        不容灾     第0个被加载

: Wq save and exit

[root@localhost dev]# mount -a      #全部重新挂载
[root@localhost dev]# df -Th        #查看已挂载
文件系统                  类型      容量  已用  可用 已用% 挂载点
/dev/mapper/centos-root   xfs        20G  3.3G   17G   17% /
devtmpfs                  devtmpfs  977M     0  977M    0% /dev
tmpfs                     tmpfs     993M     0  993M    0% /dev/shm
tmpfs                     tmpfs     993M  9.0M  984M    1% /run
tmpfs                     tmpfs     993M     0  993M    0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1                 xfs       6.0G  161M  5.9G    3% /boot
/dev/mapper/centos-home   xfs        10G   50M   10G    1% /home
tmpfs                     tmpfs     199M   12K  199M    1% /run/user/42
tmpfs                     tmpfs     199M     0  199M    0% /run/user/0
/dev/mapper/ky02-ky02_gsy xfs        40G   33M   40G    1% /mnt #挂载成功

Then configure the disk quota management related to permissions, first of all to see

[root@localhost dev]# mount     #查看全部挂载,内容很多,这里只看刚刚配置的逻辑卷,
/dev/mapper/ky02-ky02_gsy on /mnt type xfs (rw,relatime,seclabel,attr2,inode64,noquota) #noquota,代表没有配置权限

Configure disk quota rights need to check their systems, there are no xfsprogs software, no words need to be installed

[root@localhost dev]# rpm -q xfsprogs   查看已安装软件,带软件名定点查看
xfsprogs-4.5.0-12.el7.x86_64        显示已安装,版本号4.5.0

Then it can be configured directly, here I choose Configuration / etc / fstab file (It should be noted that the current spanned volume has been mounted, even if this time open the disk quota management authority, they have the need to unmount umont / mnt and then re-mount mount -a can trigger)

vim editor, wq save and exit

#
# /etc/fstab
# Created by anaconda on Wed Oct 23 13:35:20 2019
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk'
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
#
/dev/mapper/centos-root /                       xfs     defaults        0 0
UUID=bef26af3-cd25-4754-bbc6-abd7fb09ef45 /boot                   xfs     defaults        0 0
/dev/mapper/centos-home /home                   xfs     defaults        0 0
/dev/mapper/centos-swap swap                    swap    defaults        0 0
/dev/ky02/ky02_gsy      /mnt    xfs     defaults,usrquota,grpquota      0       0
~                                                                                       
[root@localhost dev]# umount /mnt   #取消挂载/mnt
[root@localhost dev]# mount -a      #重新挂载
[root@localhost dev]# mount     #查看挂载
/dev/mapper/ky02-ky02_gsy on /mnt type xfs (rw,relatime,seclabel,attr2,inode64,usrquota,grpquota)   #显示可以配置用户组账号的磁盘配额
[root@localhost dev]# xfs.quota -x -c 'limit -u ihard=6 isoft=5 bhard=100M bsoft=50M gsy' /mnt  #给gsy用户的磁盘权限配额  
[root@localhost dev]# xfs_quota -c 'quota -uv gsy' /mnt #查看gsy用户的容量配额
Disk quotas for User gsy (1000)
Filesystem              Blocks      Quota      Limit  Warn/Time      Mounted on
/dev/mapper/ky02-ky02_gsy
                             0      51200     102400   00 [--------] /mnt
[root@localhost dev]# xfs_quota -c 'quota -iuv gsy' /mnt    #查看gsy用户的数量配额
Disk quotas for User gsy (1000)
Filesystem               Files      Quota      Limit  Warn/Time      Mounted on
/dev/mapper/ky02-ky02_gsy
                             0          5          6   00 [--------] /mnt
[root@localhost dev]# xfs_quota -c 'quota -biuv gsy' /mnt   #同时查看两种配额
Disk quotas for User gsy (1000)
Filesystem              Blocks      Quota      Limit  Warn/Time            Files      Quota      Limit  Warn/Time      Mounted on
/dev/mapper/ky02-ky02_gsy
                             0      51200     102400   00 [--------]           0          5          6   00 [--------] /mnt
[gsy@localhost mnt]$ xfs_quota -x -c 'report -a' /mnt   #用report去查看,查看的是所有用户,包含用户和组,查看内容是默认是容量
User quota on /mnt (/dev/mapper/ky02-ky02_gsy)
                               Blocks                     
User ID          Used       Soft       Hard    Warn/Grace     
---------- -------------------------------------------------- 
gsy                 0      51200     102400     00 [--------]
Group quota on /mnt (/dev/mapper/ky02-ky02_gsy)
                               Blocks                     
Group ID         Used       Soft       Hard    Warn/Grace     
---------- -------------------------------------------------- 
gsy                 0          0          0     00 [--------]

[root@localhost dev]# su - gsy  #切换gsy用户
上一次登录:三 10月 23 13:44:51 CST 2019:0 上
[gsy@localhost ~]$ cd /mnt  #切换到挂载点
[gsy@localhost mnt]$ ls     #查看,目录内是空的
[gsy@localhost mnt]$ touch test{1..5}.text  #创建五个空文件
touch: 无法创建"test1.text": 权限不够   #显示权限不够,但是5个是满足磁盘权限配额
touch: 无法创建"test2.text": 权限不够
touch: 无法创建"test3.text": 权限不够
touch: 无法创建"test4.text": 权限不够
touch: 无法创建"test5.text": 权限不够
[gsy@localhost mnt]$ ls -al     #这里查看目录权限
总用量 0
drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root   6 11月  2 10:27 . #当前目录权限,755,普通用户gsy没有写入权限
dr-xr-xr-x. 17 root root 224 10月 23 13:41 ..
[gsy@localhost mnt]$ exit   #登出
登出
[root@localhost dev]# chmod 777 /mnt    #root配置挂载点目录权限为777
[root@localhost dev]# su - gsy      切换到gsy用户
上一次登录:六 11月  2 12:19:26 CST 2019pts/0 上 
[gsy@localhost mnt]$ touch test{1..7}.text  #创建7个空文件
touch: 无法创建"test7.text": 超出磁盘限额     显示无法创建第七个文件
[gsy@localhost mnt]$ ls
test1.text  test2.text  test3.text  test4.text  test5.text  test6.text
[gsy@localhost mnt]$ xfs_quota -c 'quota -biuv gsy' /mnt    #查看gsy用户在/mnt的磁盘配额情况
Disk quotas for User gsy (1000)
Filesystem              Blocks      Quota      Limit  Warn/Time            Files      Quota      Limit  Warn/Time      Mounted on
/dev/mapper/ky02-ky02_gsy
                             0      51200     102400   00 [--------]           6          5          6   00  [6 days] /mnt      #已超过六个
[gsy@localhost mnt]$ rm -rf /mnt/*  #删除/mnt/下的所有文件
[gsy@localhost mnt]$ ls
[gsy@localhost mnt]$ xfs_quota -c 'quota -iuv gsy' /mnt #查看gsy用户的i磁盘配额情况
Disk quotas for User gsy (1000)
Filesystem               Files      Quota      Limit  Warn/Time      Mounted on
/dev/mapper/ky02-ky02_gsy
                             0          5          6   00 [--------] /mnt

files becomes 0, create a file before the time is 6

Testing the file number of rights, privileges next test disk capacity

[gsy@localhost mnt]$ dd if=/dev/zero of=/mnt/demo01.txt bs=1M count=80  dd命令
记录了80+0 的读入         源路径         目标路径        一次读写的大小     循环次数
记录了80+0 的写出
83886080字节(84 MB)已复制,0.562914 秒,149 MB/秒
[gsy@localhost mnt]$ xfs_quota -c 'quota -uv gsy' /mnt
Disk quotas for User gsy (1000)
Filesystem              Blocks      Quota      Limit  Warn/Time      Mounted on
/dev/mapper/ky02-ky02_gsy
                         81920      51200     102400   00  [6 days] /mnt
                         已用大小   软限制  硬限制        超出软限制的容量的失效时间
[gsy@localhost mnt]$ dd if=/dev/zero of=/mnt/demo02.txt bs=1M count=80  写入第二个文件
dd: 写入"/mnt/demo02.txt" 出错: 超出磁盘限额  #出现错误
记录了21+0 的读入 在第101次是出现错误
记录了20+0 的写出
20971520字节(21 MB)已复制,0.140281 秒,149 MB/秒
[gsy@localhost mnt]$ xfs_quota -c 'quota -uv gsy' /mnt  #再次查看
Disk quotas for User gsy (1000)
Filesystem              Blocks      Quota      Limit  Warn/Time      Mounted on
/dev/mapper/ky02-ky02_gsy
                        102400      51200     102400   00  [6 days] /mnt
                        已被占满
[gsy@localhost mnt]$ ls -lh #查看目录容量
总用量 100M    #用了100M
-rw-rw-r--. 1 gsy gsy 80M 11月  2 15:30 demo01.txt
-rw-rw-r--. 1 gsy gsy 20M 11月  2 15:30 demo02.txt

to sum up:

Physical volume management (pvscan, pvcreate, pvdisplay, pbremove)

卷组管理(vgscan、vgcreate、vgdisplay、vgremove、vgextend、vgreduce)

Logical Volume Manager (lvscan, lvcreate, lvdisplay, lvremove, lvextend, lvreduce)

Physical volume can not increase reduce, and reduce the command did not extend, in addition, all the commands are the same format, in front of their own abbreviations

Scope disk is a disk quota limit target users and groups, limit the number of types by using disk usage and create files to restrict, limit method relies mainly on soft and hard limits

Disk quota management malicious user may be naive occupation of space, optimize resource allocation.

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Origin blog.51cto.com/14558445/2447315