Source era Dry Share | Introduction and development of computer

 Because the operating system hardware associated with a considerable degree, so do not understand introduction to computer operating systems have some learning difficulty, only after another blogger spent a month's time to learn about, and write a blog. Want to summarize some of the things some of the computer theory is not very understanding friend has some help. Reference books "Bird Brother linux private kitchens."
  
 1, the development of the computer
   1.1,
    the computer in fact: receiving a user's instruction to the data, through the central data processor transport processing logic unit, generating the last valid information. So the beginning of the computer design is this.                                

    After people by entering the information into the computer equipment, computer information processing by the central processor, and then through the output device to the processed result to tell you.
    The first generation of computers in the world "ENIAC" was born in the United States, the University of Pennsylvania University in 1946. Computer design was very down, there is no mouse (Dr. Doug Engelbart) and keyboard these handy tools. At the time the computer was a big guy, it covers an area of 170 square meters, has two storeys high. 5000 times per second, can carry out operations. One can only on large computer panel by pulling the switch to a myriad of information input to the computer, and then the computer information processing, the output device is quite simple, that is on the computer panel countless lights. So when the computer simply can not handle all kinds of information like this now, it is actually only number crunching.
   1.2,
    with the amount of data increases. It was found that the original computer to calculate the amount of data has been very hard for. Thus the original computer model is improved, next to the main processor and an internal memory.
 
      
         Computer process becomes the input of data into the memory unit, cpu read data from memory, and cpu processed data must also be written back to memory, the data was last transmitted output from the memory unit. Both models compared to the equivalent teacher assigned a math problem, before you only mental arithmetic, now give you a rough paper.
  1.3,
      with the development of people feel behind the times input and output devices, so there is a tape machine. Tape machine works is as follows: each row of the tape indicated by 26 letters, 10 digits, and some arithmetic sign, if the letter A in the above line hit a hole, is described here to enter letter A , Similarly, the next line of letters may be H, then the next line may be a digital one. 
　　Such a long paper tape can replace a lot of information, people put the tape into the tape machine, tape machine but also to translate the information on the tape to the computer because the computer can not read the tape. 
　　Although it is quite troublesome, but this progress is indeed largely contributed to the development of computers. 
　　While the invention of the tape, it is also the output of the system has been improved, with the printer instead of a computer countless light panel. The role of the printer and paper tape just the opposite, which is responsible for the translation of information output from the computer can understand adult language, printed on paper. So that people can easily see the information output, no longer have to watch the hundreds of thousands of lights.
1.4, 
       but people are not satisfied, they continue to improve the system inputs and outputs. So there is a keyboard, a mouse, a display. Since the input data is increasing. If a power outage data then start typing in vain so people in the original model added a external memory. Such a power outage will not lose data.
       This time the model is such that
 introduction 2, the computer
     via the above text mode you may already have on your computer to understand, let's take a look at the introduction of modern computers,
  2.1 Computer Hardware
     simple arithmetic calculators, cell phones, GPS, ATM , desktop computers, notebooks, netbooks, these are computers.
     Computer composed of five units. Comprising: an input unit, an output unit, the internal CPU of the control unit (coordinate the work of the components of each unit), memory, arithmetic logic unit with five parts.
 
Motherboard (interface device to be the best)
      motherboard is an important project linking the various components, so that it can coordination and communication equipment. To be on the board most of the motherboard chipset, so communication chip design pros and cons of each part of the motherboard components above, it will affect the performance of the early chip is divided into North and South Bridge to control the communication of the individual components.
  Northbridge:
    responsible for a faster link speed CPU, a main memory interface components such as the display adapter. Southbridge: responsible for connecting slower device interfaces including hard drive, USB. Network card, etc., but because the bridge is the most important main memory between the CPU and Northbridge, so the current mainstream architecture, most of the North Bridge memory controller which is bonded to the CPU package so that the reading operation of the main memory by the CPU does not It will consume more bandwidth. So generally invisible Northbridge motherboard, the other CPU socket, memory slots we will not go into detail.
   Southbridge:
    responsible for the busier of the connection speed peripheral interfaces, such as hard drives, USB, network cards.
    Northbridge and Southbridge above brass fins. And the number of the connected circular conduit, is to heat (which is nonsense, ha)
    so almost all of the reference chipset programming the CPU to buy CPU, the motherboard, the memory interface device associated to reference data simultaneously.
    Some full-featured chip stressed that even the graphics, sound effects, the networks are integrated. However, the integrated chip performance is relatively weak. (Video, graphics card);
   the I / O address and IRQ interrupt communications
    communications The motherboard of the computer components. However, multi-component, there are I / O devices and different storage devices, in order to know how the motherboard chip communicate with each other, it is necessary I / O address and IRQ. Thus there are two devices can use the same I / O address. And IRQ interrupts. I / O devices can be imagined as martial number.
IRQ is connected to a dedicated path to each house number CPU. The device can be informed of the work of the CPU of the device via the IRQ interrupt channel.
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    CMOS and BIOS
     Important parameters CMOS record board, such as the system time, CPU voltage and frequency, the device I / O address IRQ like. Load CMOS BIOS parameters in the boot, the boot device attempts to call stored procedures. Further into the operating system. BIOS can modify the CMOS data. In the following we will introduce CMOS memory and BIOS.
     Motherboard has built-in audio chip there will be an audio output, the input circular jacks. PJ-45, there will be similar to this joint when the built-in telephone interface network chip. Bloggers computer repair before when found, there are eight lines, and each line must be arranged in a certain order, to be successful, and the interface is not about size specifications, but the order line is the same.
  CPU
         internal CPU instruction set contains a number of small, we used the software to go through the microinstruction set inside the CPU. The instruction set is divided into two types: reduced instruction set, and complex instruction set. This is also the main two types of CPU's
    reduced instruction set (RISC)
      that streamline the CPU microinstruction, each instruction execution time is short, simple operation, good execution performance, complex things to be done by a plurality of instructions. SPARC workstation's CPU for large academic fields, such as banking and financial system of the host server. powerPC the CPU such as sony's Play Station3 (ps3) is a power PC processor architecture cell.
    Complex instruction set (CISC)
      each small microinstruction set of instructions that may perform some hardware operation of a lower order, and complex multi-instruction, the instruction length is not the same, the more complex instructions which execute each instruction made longer so time consuming, the common CISC CPU of the microinstruction set mainly AMD, Inter, VIA and other x86 architecture CPU, while the world's most widely used processor is the Arm of ARM, he used all brands of mobile phones, PDA, navigation system, switches, routers and so on.
      Because AMD, Inter, x86 architecture developed by VIA CPU is used extensively for personal computers, also called x86 architecture computer, (the earliest sinking Inter developed in the CPU, code-named 8086, and later developed 80286, 80386, etc.) so this CPU species is called x86 architecture. Before 2003 Inter developed x86 architecture CPU upgrade from 8 to 16, 32-bit, then 64-bit architecture AMD modify.
     X86 different architecture CPU except the overall architecture (the second-level cache, each executable instruction number, etc.), mainly of different microinstruction set. Obviously the new architecture microinstruction set advanced. Can accelerate multimedia program running, to strengthen virtualization performance, gaining the upper hand energy efficiency and reduce power consumption.
     A 64-bit CPU can read and write data 64bits so much. , 1btye equal 8bit, 20M is 20Mbit / s, into different positions have different conversion, binary 1k equal 1024b, 1mb = 1024kb, 1G equal to 1024MB. 1k is equal to the decimal 1000b. File size commonly used binary mode, and the speed of the unit is decimal.
     When we buy a U disk 16g but the format really only 14G, is unscrupulous businessmen do? Not! Because the factory capacity is decimal arithmetic, and the operating system commonly used binary arithmetic. The minimum amount of hard disk physical units is 512bytes, a sector is the smallest constituent unit (sectoe), sector number by a hard disk capacity calculated using 
     the current mainstream are more dual-core CPU architecture, that only a single core is a multicore CPU arithmetic unit package two or more of them embedded in an arithmetic unit, a different CPU different angular positions, so with the chipset is different, the host CPU can not only consider upgrading also consider your supported on the motherboard CPU type
       CPU operating frequency FSB frequency and the
         frequency is the number of operations per second that can be performed CPUM, CPU speed unit is MHz or GHz (one second fraction HZ)
9 can be expressed 1GHZ work 1 * 10 th second. Every job can be run a few commands.
     FSB is the CPU speed and external components of the data transmission line, the internal CPU is used to accelerate the frequency of a multiple of work, multiplying the two frequencies is the CPU, (CPU requires powerful computing capability for external components and thus consistent speed an increase in CPU acceleration this is the FSB and multiplier)
 
     memory
        data used by the CPU are all from memory, either a software program or data, must be read into memory to CPU utilization. If the memory capacity is not, result in some large-capacity data can not be completely loaded. At this time, the data memory is temporarily not being used must be released first, so that memory capacity is greater than the data. Share data in order to be loaded, the greater the number of fast memory typically run degree, this is because the system does not often release some internal data memory on the server, memory capacity cp sometimes more important than speed.
  Dual-channel design
    memory data width as large as possible, of course. However, the traditional 64-bit width is generally, in order to increase the width, two memory chip assembler will aggregate together, so that you can reach 128. This is a dual-channel design. Enabled by dual function you must install two (or four) of memory, and as the best model. Because the start dual-channel, synchronous data is written to be read, so that it can improve the overall bandwidth. So the size of the capacity to be consistent, the best model is also the same.
   Memory and cpu frequency
     theory, FSB cpu and memory should be the same as we go. But the improvement in technology, the two frequencies will not be the same, but the FSB is consistent best.
   DRAM and SRAM  
     CPU provides data memory, data memory to the CPU through the North Bridge. If the common data into the interior of the CPU, then the CPU does not need to read the data by Northbridge. For performance greatly improved, this is the second-level cache concept. Second-level cache integrated within the CPU, L2 cache memory and therefore must have the same number of CPU frequency, DRAM can not be achieved with the same frequency. Then you need a static random access memory (SPAM) to help. SRAM in the design of a larger number of crystals. The high price. Easy to make a large capacity. But several fast, so to become integrated into the CPU cache is used to speed up data access is a good way.
   A read only memory (a ROM)
    the CPU and memory frequency is adjustable, if there is a built-in graphics card or motherboard above, the recording function is enabled with the parameters of the function on a CMOS chip on the motherboard, the chips require additional power to play the record, this is the reason a battery on the motherboard.
   Power is to enter the BIOS (basic input output syatem) is a suite of programs, this program is to write to the dead in memory chip on the motherboard, this chip can record data in the absence of electricity. That's ROM, ROM is non-volatile memory. It is important for the PC BIOS. Because a small system boot program will first read it. Many also use firmware ROM for software written. Like software is a firmware executed by a computer program. It is very important in terms of the internal firmware. Such as a BIOS firmware is that it holds the hardware parameters to boot. So many top hardware will have to write the ROM firmware.
    Computing is developing too fast. Therefore, the BIOS program code is also appropriate to modify. So the motherboard BIOS the official online updates, but the original use of the BIOS ROM can not be modified. Therefore can not modify the program code BIOS. For this purpose BIOS is usually written to flash memory or EEPROM.
 
      Graphics
          Graphics memory will affect your screen resolution and color depth. Save memory computing power for some 3D animation is also very important. 3D computing is an early run to the CPU, but the CPU is not designed for 3D animation, but usually very busy green CPU, graphics card providers so late embedded directly on a 3D graphics accelerator chip, which is the origin of the title of the CPU.
     Northbridge chip graphics card and CPU memory communication through, for graphic images, the graphics card is required to form a high-speed operation, the data transmission is the sooner the better, so by the early PCI specifications guide AGP, AGP has been recently PCL-Express Specification instead. PCLe using a similar process to introduction line, each line may have a bandwidth performance 250MB / s of. The larger pipeline (up to x32) the higher the total bandwidth. Most current video card with PCle specifications of x16, this specification can achieve bandwidth of 4GB / s, and faster than the AGP, the new PCle2.0 This rule can be double the performance of each line.
        Hard drives and storage devices
           storage devices on the computer system includes a hard disk, floppy disk, MO, CD, DVD, tape drive, u disk, etc., and even large machines LAN storage (SAN, NAS) and other
 
      hard disk by a mechanical arm The head and the main motor components. Data is written on a disk having a magnetic substance, and is done by reading the read head on the robot arm, it is the actual operation, so that the spindle motor rotates the disk. Extendable mechanical arm then allows the read head to read and write to the disk top. Also due to the limited capacity of a single disk, the internal hard disk has more than two.
      There are a lot of pie concentric circles drawn on top of the disc, while the smallest unit of storage in a radial manner divided by the center of the disk is said above us sectors, sectors of a circle becomes tracks. If multiple hard top, with a track of all the discs above can form a cylinder, the cylinder is why we divided the smallest unit of the hard disk.
      When calculating the amount of hard disk storage, simple formulas x is the number of cylinders x number of header capacity of each sector header responsible sectors per cylinder number x contained unit conversion header X cylinder / header Xsecter / cylinderX512bytes / secter of course decimal arithmetic drive makers also used.
      Because the transmission speed reasons, the hard disk and the main host system and SCSL IDE and SATA transmission interface rules.
      Cable slot that is wider IDE interface, each cable can be connected to the above two IDE devices, in order to determine two master devices, slave architecture. Therefore, the disk drive needs to be adjusted to become the master jumper from the job, the highest transmission speed of the interface for the Ultra 133 specifications. Per second 133MB.
 
      Smaller than the SATA interface IDE interfaces each lot SATA cable can only be connected to a SATA device. In addition to the SATA interface speed, since he thin cable, and it is conducive to heat installation, SATA-1 speed is 150MB per second, SATA-2 is 300MB per second, so the mainstream personal computer hard disk has been replaced by SATA. A cable connected to a SATA hard disk, it is not necessary to adjust the jumper. However, the number of SATA slot on a motherboard is not fixed, and each slot is numbered, when connected to the motherboard SATA hard drive, you also need to look at.
     SCSL Interface 
      This interface common workstation (computer classification which will be described below) or more hard disk transfer level interfaces, such hard disk interface controller comprising a processor, in addition to running speed, not CPU-intensive personal the computer interface is not common.
     Buffer memory
      hard disk above the buffer memory, the main memory can be commonly used data in the hard disk buffer up to read the acceleration performance of the system, the buffer memory is usually better. Because the speed of the buffer memory to find out a lot faster than the data from the hard disk.
     Rotating speed  
      Primarily because the hard disk by a spindle motor rotates the disk access, and therefore the number of revolutions speed impact performance. Mainstream desktop computer's hard drive to 7200 revolutions per second, the 5400 notebook, some manufacturers will launch 10,000 rpm, and high-performance data access requirements can be considered.
    Operating instructions
      contact with mechanical arms and head and the disc within the hard disk space is very subtle, if there is jitter or dirt between the disk and the hard disk, it will cause data corruption, or the entire hard disk damage. So to avoid the mobile host can not just pull the plug off. Because the required mechanical arm back into place.
   PCL adapter card
           PCL slots are available to the user additional functional card required. Such as network cards, sound cards, special function card, because the development of PCL-Express specification, many manufacturers have forgotten PCLe hardware interface development, but many still use the PCL hardware interfaces, such as hypermarkets card, currently a common personal computer or Ethernet LAN specifications .
  2.2 purpose computer classification
  1, a supercomputer
 2, mainframe computers
 3, minicomputers
 4, station
 5, the microcomputer (personal computer),
 the current speed of the personal computer has been very fast, even faster than the speed of the computer above a workstation and the like.