OS (OperatingSystem, OS), computer hardware is configured on the first layer of software, is the first of a hardware system expansion, occupy the core of the entire computer system. From 1945, the first computer since its inception, with the rapid iteration of semiconductor technology, the operating system also experienced a commercial enterprise, personal computer (PC), to mobile end three stages, such as the birth of Unix, Linux, Windows, OSX , Android and other operating systems. With the development of 5G network communication technology, the future of the information industry towards cloud computing and networked objects (IoT) trends, outbreaks capacity of the terminal will bring more demand for different application scenarios.

    I. Overview

    In 1946, the first electronic computer ENIAC was born in Pennsylvania, ENIAC no operating system, but in its interaction - carried out under the "human hardware" approach. 1950s, transistors replaced vacuum tubes and appearance, thus the birth of the second generation of computers, due to the significantly reduced power consumption and size, significantly improved performance, efficiency between man and machine, CPU and I / O have become increasingly prominent, thereby creating a single-channel, multi-batch system, time-sharing system and real-time systems, while also sharing system eventually evolved into the popular multi-user multi-tasking operating system UNIX, as well as its variant of the Linux operating system.

    According to different application scenarios, the operating system can be divided into a server, desktop, and mobile three categories, depending on the underlying architecture of the system, and can be divided into Unix / OSX, Linux / Android, Windows, wherein, Linux, OSX derived for Unix variant version, Android is based on a Linux distribution, and from this part of the operating system functions evolution point of view, make the appropriate classification.

    With very large scale integration (VLSI) architecture and development of computer systems, the birth of the computer operating system market - configured on microcomputer software. The current mainstream Microsoft Windows10 and Apple OSX is a typical computer operating system. However, the first born retrospective computer operating system, but it is arranged on an 8-bit processor CP / M.

    1, a computer operating system CP / M

    In 1973, the first generation of general-purpose microprocessor chip Intel8080 8 release, the same year, Dr. GaryKildall PL / M founder developed a program and data management program. In 1974, GaryKildall established DigitalResearch (DR), and released the first PC operating system ControlProgram-CP / MV1.3, after having adopted national computer manufacturers around its software has exploded to be developed. Company DR 1977 CP / M is rewritten so adapted Intel8080,8085, Z80 chip 8 and the like on a variety of computer-based. 1979 launched CP / M2.2 version with hard disk management functions. Since the CP / M has a better architecture, adaptable, easy to use and portability, etc., so as to occupy a dominant position in the microcomputer 8, a "software bus standard eight." However, due to the rapid development of VLSI chip technology, CP / M missed opportunities on the conversion to 16-bit CPU, and on the IBM PC / AT-compatible computers as well as the center of the 16-bit personal computer market, Microsoft's DOS system to defeat after gradually disappear from the market.

    2, the disk operating system (DOS) rise

    In 1978, Microsoft began writing programs for the Intel8086 BillGates processor, in August 1980, Gates and IBM signed a contract agreeing to the development of the IBM PC, operating system, and a $ 50,000 purchase price QDOS operating system. After its upgrade, Microsoft released in 1981, the first generation of 16-bit MS-DOS machine system, and licensed to use IBM, the first IBM-PC machine available. The system of a larger expansion in CP / M on the basis of a great enhancement function. So, quickly, with a MS-DOS system IBM-PC they defeated the popular 8-bit machine CP / M, DOS and opened the era of domination of the desktop operating system, IBM introduced in 1983 with Intel80286 chip PC / AT, accordingly, Microsoft developed MS-DOS2.0 version, it can not only support the hard disk device also features a directory tree structure of the file system. In 1987 Microsoft announced MS-DOS3.3 version.

    From 1.0 to version 3.3, MS-DOS single-user belongs to a single task operating system, memory is limited to 640KB. 1989 to 1993, and Microsoft has launched a number of MS-DOS version, which can be configured on a 32-bit microprocessor Intel80386,80486 and so on. In 1995, Microsoft stopped updating MS-DOS systems, steering Windows system development, due to the superiority of the system by the time the user can widely welcomed, MS-DOS became the de facto 16-bit single-user single-tasking operating system standard.

    3, the desktop overlord sWindows single-user multi-tasking OS

    As a single-user single-tasking operating system, either CP / M, or MS-DOS, can only process one program at the same time. Single-user multi-tasking operating system means allows only a single user on a machine, but allows the user to program into several tasks concurrently, and further improve the system performance. Currently configured on 32-bit computer operating systems are basically single-user multi-tasking operating system, which is the most representative of Microsoft's Windows family.

    In 1985, Microsoft launched the first attempt Windows1.0 graphical operating system, Microsoft's operating system has now entered phase single-user multi-tasking, 1985, 1987 and Microsoft were launched Windows1.0 Windows2.0, because at that time the hardware platform only supports 16-bit processor, and 2.0 for Windows1.0 not well supported, in 1990, Microsoft for the man-machine interface, memory management have been improved, while adding multi-language version, and quickly occupied the market, to 1993, and Microsoft for Intel386 when 486 et 32 ​​Windows3.1 launched, Windows has become a mainstream operating system microcomputer.

Windows desktop operating system development process

version
years
Increased functionality
1.0
1985
Calendar, notepad, calculator; mouse functions, multitasking
2.0
1987
Window scaling, memory expansion
3.0
1990
Interface, user-friendly interaction, memory management; multi-lingual
3.1
1992
32-bit machine, the virtual device drivers (VxDs) support, SDK, a new icon, multimedia, etc.
3.11
1993
Network function, plug and play technology, LAN capabilities
3.2
1994
Truetype, Chinese version Windows3.11
95
1995
Full 32-bit machine, Internet network functions, the kernel NT4.0, "Start" toolbar
98
1998
IEExplorer, FAT32 file system, multiple monitors, WebTV, kernel NT4.1
XP
2001
Kernel NT5.1, family and commercial version, the kernel NT5.1
7
2009
Kernel NT6.1, DirectX11, IE8, GPU support
8
2012
Distributed File System Replication folder (NFSR) service, hypervisor virtualization
technology (Hyper-V), Metro applications, cloud services (SkyDrive), with a new
user interface
8.1
2013
Restore the "Start" button, soft keyboard gestures, Kiosk mode
10
2015
Biometrics, Cortana search, multi desktop, abandon the Metro style

 

Source: Public data compilation

    In 1995, Microsoft launched Windows95, compared with the previous Windows3.1 there are many significant improvements, with a full 32-bit processing technology, and is compatible with the old 16-bit application that enables application developers to have a good continuation, while, at the the system also integrates support for Internet network functions. 1998 launched an improved version 95 of Windows98, the last one still compatible with previous 16-bit Windows applications, the most important improvement is the integration of Microsoft's own Internet browser to the development of the system, user-friendly Internet browsing, another features increased support for multimedia. In 2001, Microsoft released a 32-bit version of WindowsXP, while providing two versions of household and commercial workstations, became the most widely used personal operating system. In the same year, also released a 64-bit WindowsXP.

    4, Unix / BSD / Linux operating system, multi-user multi-tasking

    Desktop operating systems, Microsoft for nearly 30 years, almost monopolize the market in high-end servers and mobile, embedded field equipment, places Unix / Linux-oriented. Whether Apple's OSX, iOS, or Google's Android, from the origin and design philosophy, the all born out of Unix.

    Multi-user multi-tasking operating system: allows a plurality of users via respective terminals use the same machine, the shared resources in the host system, so that each user program can be further divided into several tasks, so that concurrent execution, in order to further increase the operating system resource utilization and system throughput.

    UnixOS is a typical representative of such an operating system, in large, medium and small machine as configured, mostly multi-user multi-tasking operating system. With the free open source Unix / Linux system and its derivative versions appear, Unix / Linux on a PC is also rapidly gaining in popularity, Unix version which includes OpenBSD, NetBSD, FreeBSD, OpenSolaris, etc., Linux including Debian, Mint, Ubuntu, Fedora, OpenSUSE, CentOS, ArchLinux, RedHat and so on. Domestic localization operating system, began in earnest in 1999, and most were based on secondary development of Linux, the current market more popular, such as Deepin, UbuntuKylin, NeoKylin, are resulting.

    Two, UNIX operating system

    Bell Labs Unix was born in the United States. In 1965, MULTICS Bell Labs plans to start a collaboration between General Electric (GE) and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) - the establishment of a multi-user, multi-tasking, multi-level operating system. To 1969, due to the slow progress of the plan, the project is paused, the following year, KenThompson transplanted into the system on the PDP-7 machine, Unix operating system prototype was born, because the only support two users, it was called the "UNiplexedInformationandComputingService , UNICS ", taken word for" UNIX ", and therefore, 1970 is regarded as" Unix year. "

    Because Unix in the development process, there is no business management system, from AT & T, was born in 1979 UnixVersion7, its source code is a semi-public status - to allow the use of Unix source code for teaching universities. To the 1970s, AT & T noted that the Unix business value, after UnixVersion7, university banned the use of source code, including teaching.

    In 1980, Unix source code is no longer open, Unix operating system and therefore become fission two main lines: one is the commercial version of AT & T, and the other half is developed by Berkeley open source BSD (BerkeleySoftwareDistribution) Unix. The former derived from Microsoft Xenix, IBM's AIX, Sun Solaris and HP's HP-UX, the latter derived SunOS, NexTSTEP and so on.

    Xenix: 1980, Microsoft and SCO joint company will UNIXVersion7 ported to Motorola's MC680xx PC, and later ported to turn it simplifies Intel8080, called Xenix. After the SCO SCO-Xenix changed SCOUnix, gradually it becomes the mainstream PC version of the Unix operating system.

    SolarisOS: SUN launched in 1982 to run UNIXOS on Motorola680x0 platform. In 1988, the release SUNOS4.0, the operating platform migration from the early Motorola680x0 SPARC platform to platform, and support Intel8086. 1992 Nian SUN released Solaris2.0.1998年开始, Sun has pushed 64-bit operating system and a 2.8 Solaris2.7 this network features several operating systems, interoperability, compatibility and ease of configuration and management has greatly improved.

    Apple MacOSX, iOS from the underlying system architecture, also continues the design and research of Unix, BSD directly inherited many design concepts. IBM's AIX, Hewlett-Packard's HP-UX and SUN's Solaris system, is very important server operating system, its security, stability and reliability, has been widely recognized by the market, is a major player in high-end servers .

    Three, Linux operating system

    A profound change in a system operating system market, is an important variant of UNIX, originally developed by Finnish university student LinusTorvalds for Intel80386 development comes, is a completely free Unix-like operating systems and the spread of freedom. Linux and Unix POSIX-based multi-user, multi-tasking, multi-threading and multi-processor design philosophy, supports 32-bit and 64-bit hardware, but also inherited the design philosophy of Unix network-centric, stable performance of a multi-user network operating system.

    Linux operating system uses almost exactly the same with the Unix architecture, has a similar design philosophy:

    1, all documents, every software has identified uses

    All are in the file system, including commands, hardware and software equipment, processes, etc., to the operating system kernel, these documents are considered to have their own characteristics or type.

    2, completely free of charge, in line with the source GNUGeneralPublicLicense (GPL) agreement

    Users can freely available online or by other means, can be arbitrarily modify its source code, as long as compliance with the GPL, you can participate in the development of open source projects, which greatly accelerated the Linux spread and efficiency of vulnerabilities found, increases the system's security and stability.

    3, compatible with standard 0POSIX1.0

    The system can run DOS, Windows program for the related applications, such as short-term ecological shortage of professional software, QQ, micro-channel to provide a temporary solution by the simulator (such as Wine).

    4, extensive support for various types of hardware platforms

    Through the joint efforts of developers worldwide, the Linux operating system, the major mainstream release supports almost all mainstream processor, hard drive has become more perfect, due to the streamlining of the Linux kernel, efficient network design, making the Linux operating system for all types of handheld computers, set-top boxes, automotive electronics or game console. Which, Android market open most successful.

    Currently, in the Linux world has hundreds of releases, any individual or organization, as long as adding Linux GPL open source license, the kernel can be compiled. And, even though many releases, but the core system used is still unified.

    Although the open-source operating system for the world provides another alternative to Windows, well supported from the mainframe to the minicomputer and other equipment, but in the consumer area, but did not like Microsoft, the emergence of a mature business desktop systems. One reason is that there is no mature business management operations, ecological vacancy, unable to form a unified standard and professional team; the other reason is the confusion of release, software developers improve the research and development more difficult, increase development costs.

    Four, Windows + Intel duopoly era

    The operating system is to undertake hardware and application software support, with a typical platform with scale effect, corresponding, the reverse effect is brought about by large-scale standardized, which succeeded in winning from Windows from Unix / Linux competition, and Android / iOS fore seen in WindowsPhoneOS / Symbian in. Linux open source freedom and economic point of view, better than MSWindows, but because there is no big endorsement, uniform standards, resulting in release of mixed, and the native ecology and insufficient body mass users are unable to compete with Windows, thus not be able to attract downstream development company for its development applications, ecology and the standard constraints is the main reason for Linux. Market competition.

    According to the survey data show that as of August 2019, the global desktop operating system market, Windows market share as high as 78.32%, far higher than other operating systems, ranking second place is Apple OSX, its market share was 13.22 %, Linux, ChromeOS ranked third, four, accounting for 1.72%, 0.86% of the market.

2009 - - 2019 global desktop operating system market changes

Source: Public data compilation

August 2019 global desktop operating system distribution

Source: Public data compilation

    尽管Windows至今仍有着近乎垄断的地位，但是，操作系统市场竞争格局正在发生变化。过去10年，Windows操作系统的市占率快速下滑，2009年，Windows以94.73%的市场地位，绝对垄断着操作系统行业，10年间，市场份额持续下滑近20%，其中，主要竞争对手来自于苹果公司的OSX，贡献了9%的市场份额。细分市场，美国方面的变化则更为显著。早在2009年，苹果OSX即占了美国操作系统市场10%份额，10年间，Windows持续走弱、OSX继续走强。截至2019年8月，Windows仅占有美国PC市场1/3左右的市场份额，苹果则接近1/5，其他操作系统，如Linux、ChromeOS等，则占据剩下的12%份额。

2009--2019年美国桌面操作系统市场

数据来源：公开资料整理

2019年8月美国桌面操作系统市场

数据来源：公开资料整理

    谷歌ChromeOS在美国有一定市场地位，其市场占有率高达4.82%，高于Linux的1.49%，ChromeOS作为基于Linux而来的开源操作系统，主要发力教育领域，旨在打造一款基于Web的云操作系统，随着5G通信技术的不断落地，ChromeOS或许会在未来占据更多的市场空间。

ChromeOSvs.Windows

数据来源：公开资料整理

    中国市场，依旧是微软Windows单家独大。截至2019年8月，Windows与OSX占据市场超过94.75%，Linux仅占0.79%的市场份额，Wintel架构之外的桌面操作系统具有巨大的市场潜力。

2019年8中国桌面操作系统市场

数据来源：公开资料整理

2019年8中国桌面操作系统分布

数据来源：公开资料整理

    五、Android/iOS移动互联网时代

    Android是一种基于Linux的自由及开放源代码的操作系统。主要使用于移动设备，如智能手机和平板电脑，由Google公司和开放手机联盟领导及开发。

    Android操作系统最初由AndyRubin开发，主要支持手机，后来逐渐扩展到平板电脑及其他领域上，如电视、数码相机、游戏机、智能手表等。

    iOS is developed by Apple's mobile operating system. Like Apple's iOS operating system macOS, it belongs to the class of commercial Unix operating system, which was originally designed for use with iPhone, then gradually applied to the iPodtouch, iPad and AppleTV and other products.

    From a macro perspective, the biggest difference is that the former Android and iOS is the underlying Linux system, which is Apple's unique packaging system. Apple's unique system to ensure that in the same configuration on the display, animation and operating efficiency are better than Android. Another difference is that, Android is open source, you can have more freedom and creativity; iOS closed-source, providing standardized rules and recommendations to ensure quality.

    Related Report: Chilean research Consulting released " 2019--2025 industry in China in the operating system market potential analysis and direction of investment research report "