Since the Renaissance, if you ask the Center for Science in the 18th century world where, no doubt reminiscent of France! In this short 100-year history (the mid-18th century to the first 30 years of the 19th century), France has made remarkable achievements in mathematics, physics, chemistry and life sciences,
D'Alembert, Lagrange, Coulomb, Lavoisier, Lamarck, Monge, Laplace, Legendre, Fourier, Cuvier, Ampere, Poisson, Cauchy, Lame, card Connaught, Galois like stars shine.
Then entered the 19th century, in the next 100 years, the world's science center moved to Germany, especially in the field of mathematics, but also dominate in Germany, which in turn is based on Gottingen school famous throughout the world. From Gauss, to Riemann, Hilbert then, the school has become Gottingen
Accelerator mathematics, which greatly promoted the prosperity and development of the world of mathematics. Another few centuries or thousands of years ago and even human extinction, the various kings and leaders may have already forgotten posterity, but these figures will still be daily instruction to be told, their names still continue to frequent
Appeared in various textbooks, guides the rear into the front row.
Gottingen mathematical school was the presence of the gods in general, its contribution to the academic development of several half in just 100 years of history. The rise and fall of Gottingen school of mathematics in addition to marking the transfer of the center, also marked the beginning of the rise of the Industrial Revolution 200 years to dominate the world in Europe
Beginning to die down, no longer the center of science, the hearts of scientists hall.
1. Origins
The story began to spread and the spread of Renaissance thought. 1734 (Yongzheng years), Renaissance thought has been disseminated throughout Europe earth, then, Hanover dynasty in Hanover, Germany as well as throughout the UK land area. As the King of England and Hanover Grand Duke George two
World decided to appoint its minister von Münchhausen founded a university in Goettingen, Germany, aims to promote the concept of European Enlightenment era of academic freedom, the University of Goettingen and therefore an open atmosphere of academic freedom European universities.
King George II, the founder of the University of Goettingen, first president
Over the next 200 years, the University of Göttingen to human progress cultivate a large number of distinguished mathematicians, physicists.
In mathematics, mathematics Gottingen glory began in Prince Gauss, after this, Riemann, Dirichlet, Jacobi and Klein have emerged, bright stars, in many areas of mathematics, including algebra, geometry and analysis field has made tremendous contributions, until David Hilbert
Special, Gottingen mathematical school entered its heyday.
In the field of physics, especially quantum physics, but also talented people. Famous physicists, including Planck, Hertz, Heidelberg, Fermi, Oppenheimer Pauli and so on. According to statistics, before and after a total of 46 Nobel Prize winners, in this study or teaching.
This is legendary, Gottingen school, from the University of Goettingen.
2. Development
61 years after the establishment of the University of Gottingen, in 1795, a 18-year-old boy came to the University of Gottingen to study, University of Goettingen how about that time perhaps would not think of their own destiny turned out to be because the boy the arrival of a major change.
Goettingen University campus
The teenager was John Carl Friedrich Gauss (Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss, 1777.4.30-1855.2.23), known as one of history's greatest mathematical genius, like "Math God" Aki Mead's reincarnation in general, been known as the "Prince of Mathematics."
Put a mathematician exhibition can get a glimpse of their position.
Impact on the world dynasties mathematicians
Gauss is a very small number is printed on the currency mathematician, he is a man of 10 marks on German yuan.
De Yuan 10 marks
Goss brought up to show a strong talent for mathematics, Gauss was three years old, when Gauss's father in the home when the foreman of the nobility, in accounting workers weekly, Gauss looked at the books, it has been able to help his father corrected accounts error.
Gauss age of 11, because of his intelligence, his teacher and his mother will recommend to the Gaussian Brunswick Duke Charles William Ferdinand - his life in the most important horses. It is also because with the help of the Duke, the teenager out of the storm Gauss livelihood, so that you can own
He threw himself into the study of mathematics. Under the auspices of Duke, Gauss was able to enter the University of Göttingen to study. In 1807 Gauss became a professor at the University of Gottingen, Gottingen became the Lord blazed the trail school.
3. prosperity
Gauss was a prolific mathematician, he would Gottingen school put on a peak, a Gaussian number theory, algebra, statistics, analysis, differential geometry, geodesy, geophysics, mechanics, electrostatics, astronomy, matrix theory and optical Jie contribution.
In "Gaussian" the results of more than 100 names, the most mathematician genus, for example, Gaussian distribution (normal distribution), a Gaussian blur, integral Gaussian, Gaussian integers, Gaussian elimination, Gaussian curvature, a Gaussian filter, a Gaussian gravity constant. It can be said, the university was there Gauss, there are a high number of
Gauss, in science and engineering books almost casually pick a book, he will encounter.
This is Gauss did not put all of their research published in full out of the case, because Gauss was a very cautious man. He is the excellence of their work attitude, very strict with their research. He himself said: publication rather small, but something is published
Mature results. Many contemporary mathematicians suggested that he, not too serious, write out the published results, which is helpful to the development of mathematics.
An example of a rolling descendants of the fast Fourier transform, namely FFT.
Time-domain frequency-domain transform
Science communication, signal processing, coding school, who not open around it, is generally considered an FFT 1965 Cooley and Tukey invention. FFT is a digital signal processing algorithm is extremely important and fundamental theory. Until now, still one of the most widely used DSP algorithms.
(For example in terms of your beauty camera, dermabrasion certainly use this algorithm)
However, this algorithm, Gaussian early need to calculate the orbit of the comet in 1805, when already way out out, just not this part of the research results published. In other words, descendants after 150 years, it has been hard to re-invent the Gauss summed up the algorithm.
Although Goss did not love teaching, but he was training for the Gottingen school of mathematics many talents, so Gottingen school of rapid development in just a few years time for Germany to become the world center of science and mathematics center create the conditions. Since then, in Gottingen
For a long time it has been a world center of learning.