The main measure of microcomputer technical indicators? feature is?
We should be familiar with microcomputer, than it called "microcomputer", because it has some features of the human brain, it is also referred to as "micro." Now popular microcomputer, the basic structure is composed of a host, keyboard and display. The host computer system includes a motherboard, hard drive, CDROM drive, power supply, the display adapter (video card) and the like. Smaller size computer, which is the data and programs entered into the computer through input devices, stored in a memory inside (all computer programs and data are stored in memory, or in addition to some programs will be temporarily stored in the arithmetic instructions Lane). The controller then passes the decoded (because most of our input into the computer assembly language or high-level language, called source code, the computer does not recognize), compiled into binary code, ie machine language, called target program. Re-entering the arithmetic processing, it outputs the final output device. Microcomputer characterized by small size, flexibility, cheap, and easy to use. The next set of network Yin Xiao Bian to introduce a measure of microcomputer main technical indicators? Measure the characteristics of micro-computer, the basic composition, classification, applications and common method for detecting faults .
The microcomputer main technical measure indicators
(1) Word
word length is the number of bits of binary data in computing time can handle member. Larger word length, the higher the calculation accuracy of the computer, the larger address space, the more processing power of computers. Early microcomputers word length is 16 bits, the word length of the microcomputer is now common for 32-bit and 64-bit.
(2) frequency
frequency refers to the frequency of the CPU clock. Frequency is the main parameter to measure the speed of the microcomputer, the higher the frequency, the shorter the execution of an instruction cycle, and thus faster. General frequency in megahertz (MHz) as a unit. The current mainstream microcomputer CPU clock speed has reached 3GHz or more.
(3) computing speed
operation speed generally refers to the number of instructions executed per second CPU. Speed of operation is one million instructions per second (MIPS) as a unit, this indicator reflects more intuitive than the frequency of the operation speed of the microcomputer. Microcomputer different configurations perform the same tasks in the same algorithm required time may be different, and this is related to the speed of the microcomputer.
(4) the storage capacity of
the storage capacity of the main memory means. Memory capacity reflects the ability to store data in the memory, the storage capacity of the larger range processed data the greater, the faster the operation. Now multimedia computer processing required amount of image data, sound information and other large, and therefore requires high memory capacity. General household computer memory between 1GB ~ 8GB.
(5) access cycle
UN cycle refers to a complete memory access (i.e. read / write) the time required for the operation, i.e., the shortest memory access time continuous operation permitted interval. The shorter the access cycle, the access faster. Effect size access cycle speed computer operation speed. Therefore, the access cycle is an important performance microcomputer. Is used in a large scale computer or VLSI memory access cycle in which tens to hundreds of nanoseconds.
微型计算机的特点
1、结构简单、系统设计灵活、适应性强、使用方便微机多采用模块化的 硬件结构，构成系统的各功能部件和各种适配器通过标准的总线插槽相连，增加了系统扩充的灵活性和方便性。
2、可靠性高、使用环境要求低由于微机采用大规模和超大规模集成电路，系统内使用的器件数量减少，器件、部件之间的连线以及接插件数目也相应地减少，而且MOS电路本身工作所需的功耗也很低 所以微机的可靠性大大提高。进而降低了对使用环境的要求。
3、体积小、质量轻、功耗低，由于微机中广泛采用了大规模和超大规模集成电路，从而使微机的体积大大缩小。
4、应用软件的配置丰富软件是计算机的灵魂，从系统软件到应用软件可方便地构成不同规模的微机系统 从而使微机具有很强的适应性。
5、性能价格比高性能价格比是指机器性能与售价之比，是衡量产品性能优劣的一个综合指标。许多高性能的微机的性能已经达到或超过了中小计算机甚至大型计算机、工作站的水平，但其价格要比它们低很多。微机优良的性能价格比是其能广泛应用基础，同时 又进一步促进了微机技术的发展。
微型计算机的基本组成
微型计算机系统包括硬件系统和软件系统两大部分。
First, the hardware system
hardware system refers to various physical devices consisting of a computer, it is those who see and feel the actual physical device. It includes a host computer and an external device. In particular the five functional components:
a microprocessor
microprocessor core chip microcomputer, which includes three main parts the operator, controller and register. Operator, also known as an arithmetic logic unit ALU, its main function is to complete the data arithmetic and logic operations. Controller generally consists of an instruction register, the instruction decoder and control circuit, which according to the request command, and issue the corresponding control information for each member of the microcomputer, so that they coordination. Internal CPU registers used to store frequently used data.
2, the memory
within memory known as the main memory, which is a microcomputer and memory storage means for storing data and programs. The CPU has two memory operations: read and write. The CPU reads the contents of the memory cell to be read into the internal CPU, while the write operation is a CPU which transmits the information to the internal memory unit saved.
3, I / O interfaces and the external device
external device refers to the input and output devices with a microcomputer, which specific function is to provide input and output means as a microcomputer. Popular input device has a keyboard, mouse and scanners, output devices commonly used in a display, a printer and a plotter, a magnetic disk, optical disk both an input device and an output device. Operating speed due to various external devices, driving methods vary widely, the CPU can not be matched directly, so they can not be simply connected to the system bus. There is a need for an interface circuit which acts as a bridge between the CPU and, to complete the signal is converted by the interface circuit, data buffering, etc. contact with the CPU. Such an interface circuit is called I / O interface.
4, the system bus
微型计算机的硬件主要由微处理器、内存、I/O接口和外部设备组成，它们之间是用系统总线连接的。系统总线就是传送信息的公共导线，一般有三组总线。地址总线AB传送CPU发出的地址信息，是单向总线。数据总线DB传送数据信息，是双向总线，CPU既可通过DB从内存或输入设备读入数据，又可通过DB将CPU内部数据送至内存或输出设备。控制总线CB传送控制信息，有些是CPU向内存及外设发出的信息，有些是外设等发送给CPU的信息，因此，CB中每一根线的传送方向是一定的。
5、外部设备
外部设备是用户与机器之间的桥梁。输入设备的任务是把用户要求计算机处理的数据、字符、文字、图形和程序等各种形式的信息转换为计算机所能接受的编码形式存入到计算机内。输出设备的任务是把计算机的处理结果以用户需要的形式(如屏幕显示、文字打印、图形图表、语言音响等）输出。输入输出接口是外部设备与中央处理器之间的缓冲装置，负责电气性能的匹配和信息格式的转换。
二、软件系统
软件是组成计算机系统的重要部分。微型计算机系统的软件分为两大类，即系统软件和应用软件。
1、系统软件是指由计算机生产厂（部分由“第三方”）为使用该计算机而提供的基本软件。最常用的有：操作系统、文字处理程序、计算机语言处理程序、数据库管理程序、联网及通信软件、各类服务程序和工具软件等。
2、应用软件是指用户为了自己的业务应用而使用系统开发出来的用户软件。系统软件依赖于机器，而应用软件则更接近用户业务。
微型计算机的分类
一、按制造工艺
MOS型、双极型；
二、按机器组成：
1, single-chip, also known as "micro-controller" and "embedded computer." This is a member made some features of a computer integrated into a computer chip.
3, the SBC up, RAM, ROM, and some I / O interface circuits, with the corresponding peripherals (keyboard, light emitting diode display) monitor and firmware installed in a computer system composed of a printed circuit board.
3, a personal computer called "personal computer" means "loaded into a microprocessor chip, to facilitate moving the computer system and does not require maintenance."
Third, the press machine word
(1) 4 microprocessors
The first 4-bit microprocessor is the Intel 4004, later improved to 4040. 4 is now common chip microcomputer, i.e., the concentration of 4 bits in a single chip CPU, RAM, ROM, I / O interfaces, and a clock generator. This single-chip low price, but the computation is weak, a small storage capacity, the fixed program stored in the memory. These characteristics make them widely used in various pocket calculator simple calculation or simple process control for household appliances and entertainment devices.
(2) 8-bit microprocessor
8 bit microprocessor is pushed, the microcomputer technology has been relatively mature. Thus, the microcomputer system is highly versatile in 8-bit microprocessor based on the configuration of their addressing capacity can reach 64KB, functional and strong flexible instruction interrupt capability. Further, a relatively complete 8-bit microprocessor matching circuit. These factors make eight microcomputer once widely used in transaction processing, industrial control, communications and education, but with the introduction of 16-bit and 32-bit microprocessor, at present, mainly in the single-chip 8-bit microprocessor used in industrial form control, and basically out of other areas.
(3) 16-bit microprocessor
16 before the microprocessor is not only superior in terms of several types of microprocessor integration and processing speed, data bus width, and has been improved in function and processing method. Microcomputer system on the basis of already constructed and mid-range minicomputers in the 1970s comparable in terms of performance. Microprocessor 16 is the most representative Intel8086 / 8088 and Motorola 68000. CPU with Intel 8086/8088 as 16-bit microcomputer IBM PC / XT technology was a great success, it has a user's computer has been second to none in the world, so that in the design of more upscale miniature
(4) 32-bit microprocessor
that is currently the optimal performance of the microprocessor, the typical products for Intel 80386/80486 / Pentium, Motorola 68020. Now, as the Pentium CPU has 32-bit microcomputer to all areas, all households.
Microcomputer application areas
1, scientific computing
2, information processing and transaction management
to complete the processing of large amounts of information in a short time is a necessary requirement for the information age. After the microcomputer coupled with database management software, can be very flexible to classify various types of information, retrieval, conversion, storage and printing according to different requirements, plus some special means (such as sensors), the process may be light, heat, physical signal power, sound or the like.
3, process control
process control computer systems is one of the most widely used and most effective ways. Now, in the manufacture of industrial and consumer goods manufacturers can be seen in computer-controlled automated production lines, computer applications in these sectors has opened up broad prospects for the rapid increase in production capacity and product quality.
4, instrument control
instrumentation, in particular, an electronic device, a microprocessor has been gradually replacing the traditional mechanical or electronic component separation, which greatly improves the performance / price ratio. In addition, the application of microprocessors has led to some new instruments - the birth of intelligent instrument. The intelligent oscilloscopes, logic analyzers and the like, which allows one to simultaneously observe the timing relationship between the number of signals and their waveforms. In the medical field, there has been microprocessor core control part of CT scanners, ultrasound scanners and other intelligent medical devices, which greatly improves the diagnostic accuracy and speed diagnosis of the disease.
5, computer assisted instruction, aided design
with computer systems hardware and software continuously enriched, and gradually improve people's lives and production. For example, using computer aided design (CAD) machines, and other electronic products, to reduce costs, shorten the development cycle; with computer-aided test (CAT) digital device, an integrated circuit performance or equipment failure inspection, testing can save time, improve the test accuracy and avoid major accidents; with computer assisted instruction (CAI), may increase interest in learning and learning efficiency learners. Currently all colleges and universities in the construction of an increasing number of multi-purpose classrooms, changing the traditional approach to education; moreover, in everyday life are emerging each auxiliary costume design (object costume design), computer and other election hairstyle microcomputer provided new kinds of services.
6, a computer network and communication
Computer network refers to a number of different geographic units, and having a separate function computers interconnected by a communication line and apparatus, to implement a computer system and transmission of information resource sharing.
The microcomputer common fault detection method
1, the cleaning method
for the room environment is poor, or longer time the machine should first be cleaned. Gently brush used to brush the motherboard, peripheral dust, if dust is swept away, or no dust, it checks the next step. Further, since the card number of the card or chip pin form, vibration, dust, etc. other reasons, often cause oxidation pin contact failure. Eraser wipe the surface oxide layer, to re-start checking whether the plug after a good troubleshooting.
2, direct observation
or "see, hear, smell, touch." "See," i.e., the observation system board plug and socket is skew, whether resistance, capacitance pin is touching the surface is scorched, the chip surface cracking, the copper foil is blown on the motherboard. Also see if there is foreign matter falling (short circuit) between the main components, the board may be to see if there where charred discoloration, traces of the printed circuit board (copper) and the like are not broken. "Listen" that monitor operating noise power fan, soft / hard disk seek motor or mechanism, transformers and other equipment display is normal. Further, the system short-circuit failure often occurs often associated with abnormal sound. Listeners can discover some of the hidden dangers and take measures to help in case of an accident instantly. "Smell" smell that is identified host, whether the board has a burning smell, easy to find the location of the fault and a short-circuit. "Touch" that is pressed by hand activities chip socket, the chip to see if loose or poor contact. Further, touching the system is operating at or near the housing of the device of CPU, monitor, hard drives and other devices in accordance with the temperature based on operating normally; touching the surface of some chips, if hot, the chip damage was.
3, swap method
The reason the PC system failure are many motherboards own fault, I / O bus failure, failure can lead to all kinds of card system is not functioning properly. Using the method is a simple method for repair plug failure motherboard or I / O devices is determined. The method is to shut down the board-by pull blocks, each one pulled on the boot plate observe machine operation, once pulled out, a piece of the board is running normally, the cause of the malfunction is the fault of the plug-in board or the corresponding I / O bus slot and a load circuit fault. After all, if pulled out plug-in board system starts is still not normal, then the fault is probably on the motherboard. Another method is to plug meaning: some chips, cards and slot is bad, these chips, boards removed after re-inserted correctly solve the microcomputer member in contact failure due to improper installation.
4, the exchange
will, consistent with the plug-in board bus type manner, the same function as plug-in board or chip interchanged same model, the fault is determined according to the changes of fault phenomena. This method is used for easy plug maintenance environment, such as an error memory test, the same interchangeable memory chips or memory to determine the fault location, exchanged between chip failures, the failure phenomenon remains, after the fault phenomena when switching changes, then the chips are exchanged have a bad, and can further determine the location-by-block exchange. If you can find the same types of peripherals or components of the microcomputer, using the exchange process can quickly determine whether the quality of the element itself. Exchange method may also be used in the following cases: not the same type of components of the microcomputer or peripheral, but the same type of host microcomputer, the microcomputer can be plugged into a peripheral member or determining whether it is normal on the host the same type.
5, comparison
run the same or similar computer station two or more, depending on the computer performance during normal and fault in the microcomputer perform the same operation can initially determine the site failures.
6, vibration percussion method
with your fingers gently tapping chassis shell, it is possible to troubleshoot problems due to bad or cold solder joint caused. May then be further examined to exclude the location of the fault.
7, heating and cooling method
Artificially elevated temperature operating environment of the computer, where the computer can test the temperature of the components (especially the CPU), so that early detection of accidents. Artificially lowering the temperature of the operating environment of the computer, the computer if the failure occurrence rate is greatly reduced, indicating a fault in high-temperature or high-temperature member can not move to help narrow the range of fault diagnosis. Indeed, heating the cooling method is the use of the principle of a fault trigger, under the conditions of manufacture to cause a failure to observe the position of the fault and determine failures frequently occur.
8, program testing method
With the extensive application of integrated circuits, welding process more complex, while random hardware than the lack of technical information, hardware maintenance alone means it is often difficult to find fault lies. Through random diagnostic procedures, special maintenance diagnostics card parameters and according to various techniques (e.g., interface address), a dedicated self diagnostic procedures to aid in hardware maintenance can achieve a multiplier effect. Principle of program testing method is to send data, commands, software, to identify the fault location by reading the line status and a chip (e.g., register) state. This method is often used to examine various interface circuits faults and various circuit parameters with the address. But only if the application of this method is the basic CPU and bus operating normally, be able to run the diagnostic software that can run the installation diagnostic card on the I / O bus slots. Written in diagnostic procedures to be strict, comprehensive, targeted, allowing some of the key parts of a regular signal occurs, it can be repeatedly tested occasional failures and can display record error conditions. It requires skilled diagnostics software programming techniques familiar with the various diagnostic procedures and diagnostic tools (e.g., debug, DM, etc.), master address various parameters (such as various I / O address), and other circuit principles, in particular various control interfaces various diagnostic unit normal reference values based on the premise that the effective use of the software diagnostics.
Yin is set above net small as we explain the measure microcomputer main technical indicators? Measure the characteristics of micro-computer, the basic composition, classification, applications and common method for detecting faults . About microcomputer, small series to introduce it here, I hope this knowledge can bring help to everyone! Failure occurs in the microcomputer always unconsciously, in terms of a particular fault, because it can be divided into long-term failures and system hardware itself member, device aging, the parameter change caused by incorrect configuration parameters is unreasonable software malfunction improper working conditions, such as infections caused by viruses. Some of these failures are inevitable, but as long as we have a basic knowledge of microcomputers, through some fault is we usually do maintenance work to avoid. It is recommended that you would microcomputer ventilated place, away from the wall should have a distance of 20cm, should also be away from heat. Meaning we maintain a microcomputer is to reduce the failure rate, reduce maintenance work.
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