Cognition (Embodied cognition), also known as "concrete" (embodiment), psychology is an emerging field of research. Cognition theory refers primarily to a strong link between experience physiological and psychological state. Physiological experience "activate" psychological feeling, and vice versa. In short, that is, people will smile when happy, and if the smile, people will tend to become happier.
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Since the 1960s, cognitive psychology has been the mainstream of Western psychology. Initially, the computer simulation-based processing model is the predominant symbol in cognitive psychology, and thereafter, to the structure of the neural network and parallel processing based on the principle of connectionist model of cognitive psychologists into view. Compared with behaviorism, cognitive psychologists regard these two modes center steering mechanism internal psychological process, efforts to explore regulating the behavior of attention, it is called "cognitivism" (cognitivism). However, there is evidence that the affected disciplines of cognitive linguistics, cultural anthropology, philosophy, robotics, artificial intelligence, cognitive psychology is experiencing a change "after cognitivism" (postcognitivism) of. In this transformation, a specter hovering over the Cognitive Science Laboratory, this specter is "embodied cognition." Cognition has become a focus topic, represents a new orientation of research in cognitive psychology.
In other words, cognition is the body including the brain cognition. Body anatomy, physical activity patterns, body sensory and motor experiences determine how we understand and see the world, our perception is shaped by their physical activity patterns. It is not a run on "Body Hardware" and can command the body's "mental software." "Embodied Cognition research program emphasizes the physical body in cognitive processes in the organism's role ......", which, as the effector receptors and acts to stimulate the body only with the traditional cognitivism very different point of view, it a hinged body given to the role and decisive significance, importance of improving physical and cognitive activity in interpretation in shaping the perception of.
The basic tenets of conventional wisdom doctrine is "cognition is computable." According to this view, the cognitive process is similar to the process computer of symbols, is a processing of information, manipulation and processing. Although both the structure and the motivation may be different, but functionally similar, i.e. is a kind of "computing" (computation). Computer processing and human brain and are in the form of symbolic manipulation system. Computer symbolic computation according to the logic rules set by people, the cognitive process is based on the rational people rule congenital or acquired, and the processing operations on the brain in a formal manner to the received information, are essentially a computing process, "the essence of cognition is calculated." If the brain compared to the computer's hardware, then the perception is run on the "hardware" and "software" or a "program." Since the program from the function is hardware-independent, so in theory, cognitive independent of the body including the brain, so it was a so-called "leave the body" (disembodied) cognitive or mental (mind) . "Away from the body of mental performance in the human brain, it is human intelligence, performance on the computer, is artificial intelligence." In short, although cognitive performance on the body including the brain, but do not rely on the body, and its function is independent.
Connectionist models in cognitive psychology does not accept the analogy symbol processing mode between the computer and the human brain made. It is claimed by the astronomical brain neurons interconnected complex composed of an information processing system. Therefore, connectionism construct "artificial neural network", trying to reflect the brain's neurons parallel distributed processing and non-linear characteristics, studies move on constructing artificial neural networks from computer simulations. Cognitive trying to find how they are distributed in the complex join and parallel processing is the emergence (emergence) of. However, regardless of connectionist research style and symbol processing model of how vastly different, both in the "essence of cognitive computing is" the same respect, independence on cognitive function, from the body of both theory constitutes default foundation.
Cognition advocates challenged the perception that leave the body. "Mental locks in the body, at any time, it occupies a special space, and face a specific direction. These undeniable facts forms part of the basis of embodied cognition." Cognition thinkers advocated thinking and cognition are largely dependent and originated in the body, the body structure, neural structure and activity patterns of sensory and motor systems determine how we understand the world and determines our thinking style, shape the way we see the world. If we have the physical structure of the bat, we perceive the world is absolutely not what it is today. We perceive the world with the anatomy of our body is exactly the same. therefore. Cognition is the body's cognitive, mental health is mental, he left the physical, cognitive and mental does not exist. "The reason why the mind is fundamentally disembodied, not just because of the mental process must be based on neural activity, but because our perception and movement system formation and rational reasoning plays a basic role in the concept of" . "Based on such a perspective, Cognition reject the view that that there is a 'mind' behind the perceptual motor system, with various forms of this mental proposition and inference rules, in command of the former operation. Whether we the rational mind, and what rule-based reasoning and what is it we are completely embedded in physical activity. "
Cognition is disembodied, its meaning can be understood from three aspects:
First, in step mode and cognitive process is actually determined by the physical properties of the body. The most obvious example of this proposition is to study depth perception. For depth perception, the most important factor is originated from the difference between two parallax images of the retina of the eyes. But the difference with the rotation of the body and head of a great relationship. Head and body rotation movement such that the differences are significant binocular retinal images, promote the formation of depth perception. Thus, the rotation and longitudinal movement of the head body constitutes a step of actually processing the information depth perception. Human perception, such as the breadth of perception, threshold, the perceived limits of the body and other physical attributes are determined.
Second, the perception of the body content is also provided. "People experience the subjective feeling on the body and the body in the activities provided for the language and thought in part to the basics of cognitive effect is what happens to the body when the physical and cultural world." Lakoff and Johnson research on concept formation and provide support for this proposition. They pointed out that most of the human abstract thinking is a metaphor (metaphor) of. The so-called is to use a metaphor thing to understand another thing, for example, to love than to make the journey. To love the journey metaphor, meaning love has a beginning, but not necessarily have an end. There is joy there is a hard journey. There are unexpected discovery, love is the same. Human abstract thinking mostly metaphorical use of this reasoning, that the use of familiar things to understand the unfamiliar. But if the roots of poverty traceable, what one might initially familiar things is it? This is our body. Our bodies and our understanding of the world body provides the most original concepts with interactive world. For example, up and down, left and right, front and rear, height, near and far are based on body-centered, cold, hot, warm, cold body is felt. The prototype concept is based on the center of the body, we have developed other, more abstract concepts, such as to describe the emotional state. We used warm, cold, high spirits, dead, spirits soaring, airs and so on. Body-centric, we have above, as a positive close, put the following away from us, regarded as negative, so have promoted, belittle, intimacy, alienation, center, edge and other terms. Tracing the source of these terms are related to location or activity of the body.
third. Cognition is disembodied, and the body is embedded (embedded) environment. Cognitive, physical and environment form a dynamic unity. Therefore, cognitive stimulation Zhuanrushenjing is not started, in the central end instruction information provided to the outer conductor of the nerve. in contrast. Cognitive processes or cognitive status should be extended to the knower like the environment. This is so because the "outside world are associated with perception, memory, reasoning and other information stored in the process of cognitive process is a hybrid, both inside the action, there are also external operations." In the cognitive operations, we use the information present in the brain. This cognitive operations rightly be regarded as a part of the cognitive process. But in the cognitive process, we also use the information stored in the environment, such as a calculator, paper, pencils and even the room lights and decorations. If the use of information in the brain during cognitive operations belong. So take advantage of the operating environment configuration information Why not be regarded as an integral part of the cognitive process it? "When solving multiplication problems, pencil and paper so tightly fused to the action of cognition, that there is no principled other components reason to distinguish these cognitive systems with external objects off ...... in this or that way, the structure of the human environment can be incorporated into cognitive processing. thus from environmental awareness to become more user-friendly, because it is human cognitive eliminating many unnecessary steps. "
This cognitive psychology of thinking is not a disembodied idea of a thinker waking up after a night bursts. In fact, it has deep philosophical roots, is the product of reflection and criticism dualism of European and American philosopher. German philosopher Haidegeer had tried the concept of "existence" (Being-in-the-world) beyond the division of the binary world. There is a presence in the world, where there is no division of subject and object, subject and object boundaries are blurred. People know the world is the way our bodies interact with other objects in the world in an appropriate way, to get understanding of the world in the interactive process. French phenomenology of the body Daibiaorenwu Merleau, Ponty in his masterpiece "Phenomenology of Perception," a book put forward the idea of Embodied Philosophy. Perception is the main advocate of the body, and the body is embedded world, like a heart embedded in the body, perception, body and the world is a continuum. From the perspective of the history of psychological development, disembodied ideas can be traced back to Dewey and James functionalism. Dewey pointed out that the experience and reason completely separate is wrong, all rational thought are based on experience-based body. James's theory of emotion is a direct effect on the body presented in the form of mental and emotional played. In addition, Piaget and Vygotsky also analyzes the cognitive and other higher mental functions reliance on external activities, these theoretical perspectives emphasize physical activity (sensorimotor) internalization of thinking and cognitive processes role to embodied cognition enlightenment thinkers to promote the formation of embodied cognition research thought.
Cognition was originally just a philosophical speculation. Philosophers against mind-body dualism and promote awareness of the inseparable characteristics of the world. After the 1980s, epistemology philosophical discussion progressive development of cognitive science of philosophical speculation. And began to spread to psychology. Today, embodied cognition has come of Empirical Research from philosophical speculation, many cognitive psychologists began to experiment with body look cognitive process from the perspective of many experiments also support the underlying assumptions Embodied cognition.
Cognition Enhancement in the attitude
As early as 1980, social psychologist Wells and Petty on the report of such an experiment: As part of a course of study, Wells and Petty require students to take a quiz to test headset comfort. The experimenter told the students, this headset in a variety of conditions such as at walking, dancing, lectures and other conditions were tested, and now want to test (ie, shaking his head) and vertical movement of the head (ie, nodding head moving in parallel ) headphone sound quality under the conditions. Next, 73 students were randomly divided into three groups, namely the group head parallel movement, vertical movement and control groups. Control group without moving the head, simply listening and can be scored. In subsequent tests, participants first heard a piece of music, and is recommended for advertisers headset. Finally, subjects were required to complete a simple questionnaire. The first items of the questionnaire is to score the headset, the second element is the answer agree with the advertiser's point of view. Statistical results show that the vertical movement of the head that is a nod to both groups scoring headset, or endorsement of the advertiser perspectives, scores are much higher than the other two groups, namely, shaking his head and moving the head parallel group in two projects on the score, far lower than the other two groups. Nod physical exercise enhances the positive attitude, shaking his head and body movement reinforces negative attitudes, the experimental results with embodied cognition hypothesis is consistent.
Cognition about emotional behavior
Psychologists Stepper and Strack do such an experiment: subjects were college undergraduates, experiment, participants were told that a test ergonomics study the effects of a variety of body posture on the completion of certain tasks. Each experiment has six subjects participated in the experiment divided into two scenarios: In one situation, participants were asked to adopt a so-called "ergonomic posture", looking down, shrugs, bent over, giving a dejected appearance; in another context, participants adopted the posture is straight back, sailed in, giving a airs impression. How to prevent mutual influence is emotional, between-subjects are isolated together, see each other. Next, participants completed a complex task in accordance with the requirements of the experimenter. After the task is completed, the subjects were told that their task well done, you can get reward experimenter. In the final stage of the experiment, subjects to complete a questionnaire asking their state of mind at this moment, whether or not proud of, and so for them to complete its task. It was found that, under a situation former subjects as a result of their own achievements, experience the pride of emotional subjects average is 3.25, while in the latter situation, experience the pride of subjects average is 5.58. Experimental results show that emotions are disembodied, cognition is not the only factor in the formation of emotional, physical activity patterns and plays an important role in the formation of mood and emotion. In addition. This experiment also evidence of how much James interpretation of emotional support is the emotional feelings of bodily experience of this hypothesis.
Cognition is the mood with another body of empirical
Psychologists Niedenthal also confirmed with the memory of the emotional body feature information. In one study, subjects were tested according to the main instruction in a simple way "yes" or "no" to judge the words, such as infants, nose, etc., to see if these words with joy, nausea, anger and other emotions of color. Previously, these words have been assessed as other people have a strong emotional color. In the experiment, the experimenter recording the scanner using electromyography subjects facial muscle activity. In another experiment, subjects to judge the vocabulary is not some specific things, but some of the adjectives abstract representation of emotional states, such as joy, fury, disgusting and so on.
The results show, participants at the judgment, with the body of emotional reactions accompanied by cognitive processes. Facial muscle activity through electromyography scanner records to prove this point. For example, when determining the "nose" whether emotional color, the subjects face levator (1evatorl the event, representing the test revealed a face of disgust, seems to be first to try to show the body of this emotional response before generating recognition judgment on the known experimental mood about abstract concepts also confirmed this, participants first had disembodied of emotional response, then come to judgment before the conclusion. in the next experiment, in order to exclude confounding factors, the main trial arrange subjects to judge the same words, to determine whether its first letter capitalized. the results are shown in such judgments, there is no activation of facial muscles. this shows that the emotional state of the body as a psychological reaction prior, in other words , is with the body of.
Embodied cognition cognitive memory is with the body of the empirical
Cognition theory that cognition is a specific individual generated in real time (real time) environment, awareness information stored in the memory is not abstract symbols, but specific, vivid special feeling with the body channel related. When individuals use these to store information in language and thought, the individual still simulate the event in the body of the same feeling channel, which is also confirmed by experiments. Spence et al psychophysicists experiment, the experimenter was investigated when using different test sensory information processing channels, another channel from a spent reaction channel steering. They found that if subjects completed the task of auditory information channels, complete the channel time visual information processing obviously becomes longer, the subjects took more time to pinpoint the location of visual objects. But if the two tasks are visual channel, it will not happen. Subjects identified in the lemon has a sour taste after it spent more time to the "bomb" and "loud noise" together. Because these two kinds of information processing takes place on two different physical sensations channel. This shows that awareness is linked with the body's sensory pathways together. The body's sensory-motor systems play an important role in the cognitive process.
Embodied Cognition characteristics of the concept of knowledge acquired
Cognitive Neuropsychology also confirmed disembodied characteristics of conceptual knowledge acquired. "In accordance with the theoretical point of view the concept of the nature of early cognitive doctrine is symbolic representation, when thinking carried out, the concept can be reduced to a symbol (rather than nerve) operations ...... this is a very different point of view, the concept of knowledge is disembodied, that is, the concept of knowledge located in a sensory motor system ...... sensory and motor systems not only provide content to the concept of the structure, and in accordance with the way the body to function in the world in defining the concept of semantic content. " We studied the "grip" (grasp) the concept of Gallese and Lakoff using functional magnetic resonance imaging means. They found that imagined gripping and gripping actual operation using the same neural substrate, i.e., the test made in the actual operation of the gripping action and the gripping do imagination, brain that is consistent with the excitement of. In the minds of the implementation of the gripping action is actually a sensory motor system of the body to experience the decision. Or, more precisely, grasping the concepts in our minds is actually complex body movements to play a sensory motor system have been executed. Understanding of the cognitive process by means of the action actually imagined, regardless of the actual action and imagined actions are determined central nervous system structure, so "understanding is a kind of imagine, if you can not imagine picking glass action, you can not understand such as 'Harry picked the glass' meaning of such words ...... imagine itself is a rational action, like perception and behavior, as they are disembodied. in other words, the body and brain with the world interactive construct their ...... key aspects of cognition is to open up the nervous system, that is, while maintaining its original function, the brain mechanism of movement of services in the sense of a new role, a new role in reason and language. " .
具身认知的研究正在成为一种思潮、趋势和新的取向。有证据表明，“近年来，心理学……等学科的研究者开始严肃认真地接纳知识的具身性概念，考虑知识对身体状态和大脑的特殊通道系统的依赖性”，这样一来，“认知心理学正经历著一场重要的变革，从最初的控制条件下的认知研究转向原生态的、自然条件下的认知研究”。
但是具身认知研究思潮也面临著许多棘手的问题。或许最令人头痛的问题之一是具身认知研究思潮的凌乱和散漫。《认知科学手册：一种具身的取向》一书的主编Calvo指出：“20世纪下半叶支配这一领域的信息加工范式已经让位于各种各样的后认知主义取向。在过去10年里，各种特殊的力量在‘具身认知科学’的旗号下蜂拥而至。不幸的是，缺乏共同的立场观点和日益增多的分支学科使得人们很难对这一领域的进步进行评价……伴随而来的是争论和质疑，不同的研究思路由于缺乏更适当的方法而不时陷入死胡同"。考虑到这一散漫的特征，Shapiro认为具身认知研究不能称为一种“理论”，而仅仅能称之为一种“研究纲领(research programme)”。
的确，仅仅在“什么是具身认知”这一问题上，就存在著各种各样的看法，Wilson对此进行了总结，概括出6种具有代表性的观点：(1)认知是情境化的，发生在现实世界中；(2)认知是实时的，具有时间的压力；(3)环境可以帮助我们储存认知信息，在我们需要时供我们使用；(4)环境是认知系统的一个部分，认知系统可以扩展到包括身体在内的整个环境；(5)认知是为行动的，认知的根本目的是指导行为；(6)离线认知(offline cognition)是以身体为基础的。即使是在脱离具体环境的条件下，认知仍然受到一定的身体机制的约束(Wilson，2002)。这些理论观点有时是一致的，有时是冲突的。不同的研究者采纳了其中一个或几个，这样一来，观点的冲突和散漫就无可避免了。所以，许多研究者开始呼吁统一的研究纲领。《认知科学手册：一种具身的取向》就是这一努力的产物。
传统的认知主义并没有因为具身认知取向的出现而销声匿迹，实际上，仍然有许多研究者试图缩小两者之间的距离，仅仅视具身认知研究为传统认知主义的改良或改进。一些研究者认为，具身认知和传统的认知心理学并非不可调和。具身认知的研究方式实际上追溯了认知的初始状态，对于了解认知的起源是极其有帮助的，在解释感知等低级心理过程方面也具有积极的意义，但是对于抽象思维等高级心理过程的解释却显得不足，因此需要传统符号加工或联结主义模式的解释机制。这些研究者认为，知觉等低级的心理过程可以在与环境的直接作用中产生和形成。不需要中枢的表征和计算过程，但是思维、想象等高级心理过程却需要一个“表征”的中介。针对这一问题，具身认知的研究者反驳说，即使高级心理过程也不需要一个累赘的“表征”作为中介，“表征的概念是不必要的，在理解复杂的有机体和系统时有时甚至是使人误入歧途的”(Bicldaard，2008)。具身认知的研究者认为使用“耦合”(coupling)和涌现等概念足以解释高级心理过程，而不必要假设一个“表征”的概念。
By emphasizing the cognitive processes dependent on the body and the environment, embodied cognition research thought by some psychologists as a new form of behaviorism. Some psychologists believe that psychology experienced a "cognitive revolution" in the future, it seems that now is returning to behaviorism. Behaviorism deny or belittle the cognitive process, or the higher mental processes attributed to "muscle contraction" and "glands", or that occur in the central nervous system of higher mental processes just some of the physiological "intervening variable" . Produce cognitive psychology overturned the assumptions of behaviorism, the thinking, memory, reasoning and other higher mental processes placed in an important position, it is considered to determine the behavior of these cognitive mechanisms inside, so the psychologist for cognitive processes launched an in-depth discussion. just now. The pendulum seems to have turned in the opposite direction, we are returning to the assumption of behaviorism. Ramsey (2007) on "Rethinking on characterization," a book, said after a cognitive revolution, a revolution is taking place contrary. But embodied cognition researcher denies. They think this is a misunderstanding, embodied cognition is still cognition, but this knowledge is not a pure spirit, but a closely related to the body, or achieved through physical activity and ways to adapt to the environment activity. Here, the role of cognition and not belittle, just a change of perspective on cognition. Such an understanding of cognition, cognition better explain the real world, than the kind of cognitive research in the laboratory of greater significance and impact on human life.