The most detailed practical implementation of Selenium+Pytest automated testing framework

Preface

selenium automation + pytest testing framework

This chapter you need

• Certain python basics - at least understand classes and objects, encapsulation inheritance

• Certain selenium basics - I won’t talk about selenium in this article.

Introduction to testing framework

• What are the advantages of testing frameworks:

• The code reuse rate is high. If you don’t use a framework, the code will be very redundant.
• Can assemble some advanced functions such as logs, reports, emails, etc.
• Improve the maintainability of data such as elements. When elements change, you only need to update the configuration file.
• Use the more flexible PageObject design pattern

Overall directory of test frameworks

directory/file	illustrate	Whether it is a python package
common	This package stores common general classes, such as reading configuration files	yes
config	Configuration file directory	yes
logs	Log directory
page	Deeply encapsulate selenium’s functions	yes
page_element	Page element storage directory
page_object	Page Object POM design pattern,	yes
TestCase	All test case sets	yes
utils	Tools	yes
script	script file
conftest.py	pytest glue file
pytest.ini	pytest configuration file

 

　Such a simple framework structure is clear.

Now that we know the above, let’s get started!

In the project, we first build each directory according to the above framework guidelines.

Note: If the python package is yes, you need to add a __init__.py file to identify this directory as a python package.

Manage time first

First of all, because many of our modules will use strings such as timestamps or dates, we first encapsulate the time into a module separately.

Then let other modules call it. Create a newmodule in theutilsdirectorytimes.py

<span style="color:#596172"><span style="background-color:#ffffff"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#5c6370"><em>#!/usr/bin/env python3</em></span>
<span style="color:#5c6370"><em># -*- coding:utf-8 -*-</em></span>
<span style="color:#7171bf">import</span> time
<span style="color:#7171bf">import</span> datetime
<span style="color:#7171bf">from</span> functools <span style="color:#7171bf">import</span> wraps
 
 
<span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">timestamp</span>():
    <span style="color:#98c379">"""时间戳"""</span>
    <span style="color:#7171bf">return</span> time.time()
 
 
<span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">dt_strftime</span>(fmt=<span style="color:#98c379">"%Y%m"</span>):
    <span style="color:#98c379">"""
    datetime格式化时间
    :param fmt "%Y%m%d %H%M%S
    """</span>
    <span style="color:#7171bf">return</span> datetime.datetime.now().strftime(fmt)
 
 
<span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">sleep</span>(seconds=<span style="color:#d19a66">1.0</span>):
    <span style="color:#98c379">"""
    睡眠时间
    """</span>
    time.sleep(seconds)
 
 
<span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">running_time</span>(func):
    <span style="color:#98c379">"""函数运行时间"""</span>
 
<span style="color:#61aeee">    @wraps(func)</span>
    <span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">wrapper</span>(*args, **kwargs):
        start = timestamp()
        res = func(*args, **kwargs)
        <span style="color:#7171bf">print</span>(<span style="color:#98c379">"校验元素done！用时%.3f秒！"</span> % (timestamp() - start))
        <span style="color:#7171bf">return</span> res
 
    <span style="color:#7171bf">return</span> wrapper
 
 
<span style="color:#7171bf">if</span> __name__ == <span style="color:#98c379">'__main__'</span>:
    <span style="color:#7171bf">print</span>(dt_strftime(<span style="color:#98c379">"%Y%m%d%H%M%S"</span>))
 
</code></span></span>

 

Add configuration file

Configuration files are always an essential part of a project!

Concentrate fixed information in fixed files

conf.py

There should be a file in the project to manage the overall directory. I also set this file in this python project.

Create file in the projectconfig directory, and all directory configuration information is written in this file. conf.py

<span style="color:#596172"><span style="background-color:#ffffff"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#5c6370"><em>#!/usr/bin/env python3</em></span>
<span style="color:#5c6370"><em># -*- coding:utf-8 -*-</em></span>
<span style="color:#7171bf">import</span> os
<span style="color:#7171bf">from</span> selenium.webdriver.common.by <span style="color:#7171bf">import</span> By
<span style="color:#7171bf">from</span> utils.times <span style="color:#7171bf">import</span> dt_strftime
 
 
<span style="color:#7171bf">class</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">ConfigManager</span>(<span style="color:#61aeee">object</span>):
    <span style="color:#5c6370"><em># 项目目录</em></span>
    BASE_DIR = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))
 
    <span style="color:#5c6370"><em># 页面元素目录</em></span>
    ELEMENT_PATH = os.path.join(BASE_DIR, <span style="color:#98c379">'page_element'</span>)
 
    <span style="color:#5c6370"><em># 报告文件</em></span>
    REPORT_FILE = os.path.join(BASE_DIR, <span style="color:#98c379">'report.html'</span>)
 
    <span style="color:#5c6370"><em># 元素定位的类型</em></span>
    LOCATE_MODE = {
        <span style="color:#98c379">'css'</span>: By.CSS_SELECTOR,
        <span style="color:#98c379">'xpath'</span>: By.XPATH,
        <span style="color:#98c379">'name'</span>: By.NAME,
        <span style="color:#98c379">'id'</span>: By.ID,
        <span style="color:#98c379">'class'</span>: By.CLASS_NAME
    }
 
    <span style="color:#5c6370"><em># 邮件信息</em></span>
    EMAIL_INFO = {
        <span style="color:#98c379">'username'</span>: <span style="color:#98c379">'[email protected]'</span>,  <span style="color:#5c6370"><em># 切换成你自己的地址</em></span>
        <span style="color:#98c379">'password'</span>: <span style="color:#98c379">'QQ邮箱授权码'</span>,
        <span style="color:#98c379">'smtp_host'</span>: <span style="color:#98c379">'smtp.qq.com'</span>,
        <span style="color:#98c379">'smtp_port'</span>: <span style="color:#d19a66">465</span>
    }
 
    <span style="color:#5c6370"><em># 收件人</em></span>
    ADDRESSEE = [
        <span style="color:#98c379">'[email protected]'</span>,
    ]
 
<span style="color:#61aeee">    @property</span>
    <span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">log_file</span>(self):
        <span style="color:#98c379">"""日志目录"""</span>
        log_dir = os.path.join(self.BASE_DIR, <span style="color:#98c379">'logs'</span>)
        <span style="color:#7171bf">if</span> <span style="color:#7171bf">not</span> os.path.exists(log_dir):
            os.makedirs(log_dir)
        <span style="color:#7171bf">return</span> os.path.join(log_dir, <span style="color:#98c379">'{}.log'</span>.<span style="color:#7171bf">format</span>(dt_strftime()))
 
<span style="color:#61aeee">    @property</span>
    <span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">ini_file</span>(self):
        <span style="color:#98c379">"""配置文件"""</span>
        ini_file = os.path.join(self.BASE_DIR, <span style="color:#98c379">'config'</span>, <span style="color:#98c379">'config.ini'</span>)
        <span style="color:#7171bf">if</span> <span style="color:#7171bf">not</span> os.path.exists(ini_file):
            <span style="color:#7171bf">raise</span> FileNotFoundError(<span style="color:#98c379">"配置文件%s不存在！"</span> % ini_file)
        <span style="color:#7171bf">return</span> ini_file
 
 
cm = ConfigManager()
<span style="color:#7171bf">if</span> __name__ == <span style="color:#98c379">'__main__'</span>:
    <span style="color:#7171bf">print</span>(cm.BASE_DIR)
</code></span></span>

 

This conf file imitates the setting style of Django's settings.py file, but there are some differences.

In this file we can set our own directories and view our current directory.

The convention is followed: constant names are all in uppercase, and function names are in lowercase. It looks overall beautiful.

config.ini

Create a new file in the projectconfig directory, and temporarily put the URL we need to test in itconfig.ini

<span style="color:#596172"><span style="background-color:#ffffff"><code class="language-ini"><span style="color:#e06c75">[HOST]</span>
<span style="color:#d19a66">HOST</span> = https://www.baidu.com
</code></span></span>

Read configuration file

The configuration file is created. Next we need to read the configuration file to use the information inside.

We create a new file in thecommon directoryreadconfig.py

<span style="color:#596172"><span style="background-color:#ffffff"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#5c6370"><em>#!/usr/bin/env python3</em></span>
<span style="color:#5c6370"><em># -*- coding:utf-8 -*-</em></span>
<span style="color:#7171bf">import</span> configparser
<span style="color:#7171bf">from</span> config.conf <span style="color:#7171bf">import</span> cm
 
HOST = <span style="color:#98c379">'HOST'</span>
 
 
<span style="color:#7171bf">class</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">ReadConfig</span>(<span style="color:#61aeee">object</span>):
    <span style="color:#98c379">"""配置文件"""</span>
 
    <span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">__init__</span>(self):
        self.config = configparser.RawConfigParser()  <span style="color:#5c6370"><em># 当有%的符号时请使用Raw读取</em></span>
        self.config.read(cm.ini_file, encoding=<span style="color:#98c379">'utf-8'</span>)
 
    <span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">_get</span>(self, section, option):
        <span style="color:#98c379">"""获取"""</span>
        <span style="color:#7171bf">return</span> self.config.get(section, option)
 
    <span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">_set</span>(self, section, option, value):
        <span style="color:#98c379">"""更新"""</span>
        self.config.<span style="color:#7171bf">set</span>(section, option, value)
        <span style="color:#7171bf">with</span> <span style="color:#7171bf">open</span>(cm.ini_file, <span style="color:#98c379">'w'</span>) <span style="color:#7171bf">as</span> f:
            self.config.write(f)
 
<span style="color:#61aeee">    @property</span>
    <span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">url</span>(self):
        <span style="color:#7171bf">return</span> self._get(HOST, HOST)
 
 
ini = ReadConfig()
 
<span style="color:#7171bf">if</span> __name__ == <span style="color:#98c379">'__main__'</span>:
    <span style="color:#7171bf">print</span>(ini.url)
</code></span></span>

You can see that we used Python's built-in configparser module to read the config.ini file.

For extracting the url value, I used high-level syntax@property attribute value, which is simpler to write.

Record operation log

Log, everyone should be familiar with this term, which is to record the actions in the code.

Create a new file in theutils directory. logger.py

This file is used by us to record some operating steps during the automated testing process.

<span style="color:#596172"><span style="background-color:#ffffff"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#5c6370"><em>#!/usr/bin/env python3</em></span>
<span style="color:#5c6370"><em># -*- coding:utf-8 -*-</em></span>
<span style="color:#7171bf">import</span> logging
<span style="color:#7171bf">from</span> config.conf <span style="color:#7171bf">import</span> cm
 
 
<span style="color:#7171bf">class</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">Log</span>:
    <span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">__init__</span>(self):
        self.logger = logging.getLogger()
        <span style="color:#7171bf">if</span> <span style="color:#7171bf">not</span> self.logger.handlers:
            self.logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
 
            <span style="color:#5c6370"><em># 创建一个handle写入文件</em></span>
            fh = logging.FileHandler(cm.log_file, encoding=<span style="color:#98c379">'utf-8'</span>)
            fh.setLevel(logging.INFO)
 
            <span style="color:#5c6370"><em># 创建一个handle输出到控制台</em></span>
            ch = logging.StreamHandler()
            ch.setLevel(logging.INFO)
 
            <span style="color:#5c6370"><em># 定义输出的格式</em></span>
            formatter = logging.Formatter(self.fmt)
            fh.setFormatter(formatter)
            ch.setFormatter(formatter)
 
            <span style="color:#5c6370"><em># 添加到handle</em></span>
            self.logger.addHandler(fh)
            self.logger.addHandler(ch)
 
<span style="color:#61aeee">    @property</span>
    <span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">fmt</span>(self):
        <span style="color:#7171bf">return</span> <span style="color:#98c379">'%(levelname)s\t%(asctime)s\t[%(filename)s:%(lineno)d]\t%(message)s'</span>
 
 
log = Log().logger
 
<span style="color:#7171bf">if</span> __name__ == <span style="color:#98c379">'__main__'</span>:
    log.info(<span style="color:#98c379">'hello world'</span>)
</code></span></span>

Run the file in the terminal and see the command line print out:

<span style="color:#596172"><span style="background-color:#ffffff"><code class="language-shell">INFO	2020-12-01 16:00:05,467	[logger.py:38]	hello world
</code></span></span>

Then the log file for the current month was generated in the project logs directory.

---

Simple understanding of POM model

Since we are going to talk about elements below, we first understand the POM model.

Page Object mode has the following advantages.

This view comes from "Selenium Automated Testing - Based on Python Language"

 

• Abstracting objects can minimize the impact of developers modifying the page code on the test. Therefore, you only need to adjust the page
  object, which will have no impact on the test;
• Part of the test code can be reused in multiple test cases;
• Test code becomes more readable, flexible and maintainable
• basepage - the base class of selenium, which encapsulates selenium methods
• pageelements - page elements, extract page elements individually and put them into a file
• searchpage - page object class, integrating selenium methods and page elements
• testcase - use pytest to write test cases for the integrated searchpage

From the above figure we can see that through the POM model idea, we put:

• selenium methods
• page elements
• page object
• test case

 The above four code bodies are split. Although it will increase the code when there are few use cases, it is very meaningful when there are many use cases. The amount of code will be significantly reduced when the use cases increase. Our code maintenance has become more intuitive and obvious, the code readability has become much better than the factory mode, and the code reuse rate has also been greatly improved.

Simple learning element positioning

In my daily work, I have seen many students who right-click Copy Xpath to copy elements directly in the browser. The element expression obtained in this way is often not stable enough to run in webdriver. Some minor changes in the front end will cause a NoSuchElementException error when the element cannot be located.

Therefore, in actual work and study, we should strengthen our element positioning capabilities and use relatively stable positioning syntax such as xpath and CSS selector as much as possible. Because the syntax of CSS selector is blunt and difficult to understand, it is not friendly to novices, and it lacks some positioning syntax compared to xpath. So we choose xpath for our element positioning syntax.

xpath

Grammar rules

An introduction to xpath, a language for finding information in XML documents.

 

expression	introduce	Remark
/	root node	absolute path
//	All child nodes of the current node	relative path
*	of all node elements
@	prefix of attribute name	@class   @id
*[1]	[] subscript operator
[]	[ ] predicate expression	//input[@id='kw']
Following-sibling	Siblings after the current node
preceding-sibling	Siblings before the current node
parent	The parent node of the current node

Positioning tool

• chropath
  • Advantages: This is a test positioning plug-in for Chrome browser, similar to firepath. I tried it and the overall feeling is very good. The friendliness towards noobs is very good.
  • Disadvantages: FQ is required to install this plug-in.

• Katalon recording tool
  • The recorded script will also contain information about positioning elements.
• Write it yourself - I recommend this
  • Advantages: The method I recommend, because when you are proficient to a certain level, what you write will be more intuitive and concise, and you can quickly locate problems when running automated tests.
  • Disadvantages: It requires a certain amount of xpath and CSS selector grammar accumulation, and it is not easy to get started.

 

Manage page elements

The test address chosen for this tutorial is Baidu's homepage, so the corresponding elements are also from Baidu's homepage.

 

There is a directory in the project framework designpage_element that is specially used to store files for positioning elements.

Through comparison of various configuration files, I chose the YAML file format here. It's easy to read and interactive.

We create a new file inpage_element. search.yaml

<span style="color:#596172"><span style="background-color:#ffffff"><code class="language-yaml"><span style="color:#98c379">搜索框:</span> <span style="color:#98c379">"id==kw"</span>
<span style="color:#98c379">候选:</span> <span style="color:#98c379">"css==.bdsug-overflow"</span>
<span style="color:#98c379">搜索候选:</span> <span style="color:#98c379">"css==#form div li"</span>
<span style="color:#98c379">搜索按钮:</span> <span style="color:#98c379">"id==su"</span>
</code></span></span>

The element positioning file has been created, now we need to read this file.

Create files in thecommon directory. readelement.py

<span style="color:#596172"><span style="background-color:#ffffff"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#5c6370"><em>#!/usr/bin/env python3</em></span>
<span style="color:#5c6370"><em># -*- coding:utf-8 -*-</em></span>
<span style="color:#7171bf">import</span> os
<span style="color:#7171bf">import</span> yaml
<span style="color:#7171bf">from</span> config.conf <span style="color:#7171bf">import</span> cm
 
 
<span style="color:#7171bf">class</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">Element</span>(<span style="color:#61aeee">object</span>):
    <span style="color:#98c379">"""获取元素"""</span>
 
    <span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">__init__</span>(self, name):
        self.file_name = <span style="color:#98c379">'%s.yaml'</span> % name
        self.element_path = os.path.join(cm.ELEMENT_PATH, self.file_name)
        <span style="color:#7171bf">if</span> <span style="color:#7171bf">not</span> os.path.exists(self.element_path):
            <span style="color:#7171bf">raise</span> FileNotFoundError(<span style="color:#98c379">"%s 文件不存在！"</span> % self.element_path)
        <span style="color:#7171bf">with</span> <span style="color:#7171bf">open</span>(self.element_path, encoding=<span style="color:#98c379">'utf-8'</span>) <span style="color:#7171bf">as</span> f:
            self.data = yaml.safe_load(f)
 
    <span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">__getitem__</span>(self, item):
        <span style="color:#98c379">"""获取属性"""</span>
        data = self.data.get(item)
        <span style="color:#7171bf">if</span> data:
            name, value = data.split(<span style="color:#98c379">'=='</span>)
            <span style="color:#7171bf">return</span> name, value
        <span style="color:#7171bf">raise</span> ArithmeticError(<span style="color:#98c379">"{}中不存在关键字：{}"</span>.<span style="color:#7171bf">format</span>(self.file_name, item))
 
 
<span style="color:#7171bf">if</span> __name__ == <span style="color:#98c379">'__main__'</span>:
    search = Element(<span style="color:#98c379">'search'</span>)
    <span style="color:#7171bf">print</span>(search[<span style="color:#98c379">'搜索框'</span>])
</code></span></span>

 Use the special method __getitem__ to call any attribute and read the value in yaml.

In this way, we realize the storage and calling of positioned elements.

But there is still a question, how can we ensure that every element we write does not go wrong? Human errors are inevitable, but we can run a review of the file through the code. Not all problems can currently be discovered.

So we write a file, create the inspect.py file in the script file directory, and inspect all element yaml files.

<span style="color:#596172"><span style="background-color:#ffffff"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#5c6370"><em>#!/usr/bin/env python3</em></span>
<span style="color:#5c6370"><em># -*- coding:utf-8 -*-</em></span>
<span style="color:#7171bf">import</span> os
<span style="color:#7171bf">import</span> yaml
<span style="color:#7171bf">from</span> config.conf <span style="color:#7171bf">import</span> cm
<span style="color:#7171bf">from</span> utils.times <span style="color:#7171bf">import</span> running_time
 
 
<span style="color:#61aeee">@running_time</span>
<span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">inspect_element</span>():
    <span style="color:#98c379">"""检查所有的元素是否正确
    只能做一个简单的检查
    """</span>
    <span style="color:#7171bf">for</span> files <span style="color:#7171bf">in</span> os.listdir(cm.ELEMENT_PATH):
        _path = os.path.join(cm.ELEMENT_PATH, files)
        <span style="color:#7171bf">with</span> <span style="color:#7171bf">open</span>(_path, encoding=<span style="color:#98c379">'utf-8'</span>) <span style="color:#7171bf">as</span> f:
            data = yaml.safe_load(f)
        <span style="color:#7171bf">for</span> k <span style="color:#7171bf">in</span> data.values():
            <span style="color:#7171bf">try</span>:
                pattern, value = k.split(<span style="color:#98c379">'=='</span>)
            <span style="color:#7171bf">except</span> ValueError:
                <span style="color:#7171bf">raise</span> Exception(<span style="color:#98c379">"元素表达式中没有`==`"</span>)
            <span style="color:#7171bf">if</span> pattern <span style="color:#7171bf">not</span> <span style="color:#7171bf">in</span> cm.LOCATE_MODE:
                <span style="color:#7171bf">raise</span> Exception(<span style="color:#98c379">'%s中元素【%s】没有指定类型'</span> % (_path, k))
            <span style="color:#7171bf">elif</span> pattern == <span style="color:#98c379">'xpath'</span>:
                <span style="color:#7171bf">assert</span> <span style="color:#98c379">'//'</span> <span style="color:#7171bf">in</span> value,\
                    <span style="color:#98c379">'%s中元素【%s】xpath类型与值不配'</span> % (_path, k)
            <span style="color:#7171bf">elif</span> pattern == <span style="color:#98c379">'css'</span>:
                <span style="color:#7171bf">assert</span> <span style="color:#98c379">'//'</span> <span style="color:#7171bf">not</span> <span style="color:#7171bf">in</span> value, \
                    <span style="color:#98c379">'%s中元素【%s]css类型与值不配'</span> % (_path, k)
            <span style="color:#7171bf">else</span>:
                <span style="color:#7171bf">assert</span> value, <span style="color:#98c379">'%s中元素【%s】类型与值不匹配'</span> % (_path, k)
 
 
<span style="color:#7171bf">if</span> __name__ == <span style="color:#98c379">'__main__'</span>:
    inspect_element()
</code></span></span>

Execute this file:

<span style="color:#596172"><span style="background-color:#ffffff"><code class="language-powershell">校验元素done！用时<span style="color:#d19a66">0.002</span>秒！
</code></span></span>

As you can see, within a short period of time, we reviewed the filled-in YAML file.

Now the basic components we need have been roughly completed.

Next we will carry out the most important step, encapsulating selenium.

Encapsulating Selenium base class

In factory mode we write like this:

<span style="color:#596172"><span style="background-color:#ffffff"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#5c6370"><em>#!/usr/bin/env python3</em></span>
<span style="color:#5c6370"><em># -*- coding:utf-8 -*-</em></span>
<span style="color:#7171bf">import</span> time
<span style="color:#7171bf">from</span> selenium <span style="color:#7171bf">import</span> webdriver
 
 
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get(<span style="color:#98c379">'https://www.baidu.com'</span>)
driver.find_element_by_xpath(<span style="color:#98c379">"//input[@id='kw']"</span>).send_keys(<span style="color:#98c379">'selenium'</span>)
driver.find_element_by_xpath(<span style="color:#98c379">"//input[@id='su']"</span>).click()
time.sleep(<span style="color:#d19a66">5</span>)
driver.quit()
</code></span></span>

Very straightforward, simple, and clear.

Create the driver object, open the Baidu web page, search for selenium, click search, then stay for 5 seconds to view the results, and finally close the browser.

So why do we encapsulate selenium's methods? First of all, our above-mentioned relatively primitive method is basically not suitable for daily UI automated testing, because the actual operation of the UI interface is far more complicated. It may be due to network reasons or control reasons that our elements have not been displayed yet. Click or enter. Therefore, we need to encapsulate the selenium method and build a stable method through built-in explicit wait or certain conditional statements. Moreover, encapsulating selenium methods is beneficial to daily code maintenance.

We create the webpage.py file in the page directory.

<span style="color:#596172"><span style="background-color:#ffffff"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#5c6370"><em>#!/usr/bin/env python3</em></span>
<span style="color:#5c6370"><em># -*- coding:utf-8 -*-</em></span>
<span style="color:#98c379">"""
selenium基类
本文件存放了selenium基类的封装方法
"""</span>
<span style="color:#7171bf">from</span> selenium.webdriver.support <span style="color:#7171bf">import</span> expected_conditions <span style="color:#7171bf">as</span> EC
<span style="color:#7171bf">from</span> selenium.webdriver.support.ui <span style="color:#7171bf">import</span> WebDriverWait
<span style="color:#7171bf">from</span> selenium.common.exceptions <span style="color:#7171bf">import</span> TimeoutException
 
<span style="color:#7171bf">from</span> config.conf <span style="color:#7171bf">import</span> cm
<span style="color:#7171bf">from</span> utils.times <span style="color:#7171bf">import</span> sleep
<span style="color:#7171bf">from</span> utils.logger <span style="color:#7171bf">import</span> log
 
 
<span style="color:#7171bf">class</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">WebPage</span>(<span style="color:#61aeee">object</span>):
    <span style="color:#98c379">"""selenium基类"""</span>
 
    <span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">__init__</span>(self, driver):
        <span style="color:#5c6370"><em># self.driver = webdriver.Chrome()</em></span>
        self.driver = driver
        self.timeout = <span style="color:#d19a66">20</span>
        self.wait = WebDriverWait(self.driver, self.timeout)
 
    <span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">get_url</span>(self, url):
        <span style="color:#98c379">"""打开网址并验证"""</span>
        self.driver.maximize_window()
        self.driver.set_page_load_timeout(<span style="color:#d19a66">60</span>)
        <span style="color:#7171bf">try</span>:
            self.driver.get(url)
            self.driver.implicitly_wait(<span style="color:#d19a66">10</span>)
            log.info(<span style="color:#98c379">"打开网页：%s"</span> % url)
        <span style="color:#7171bf">except</span> TimeoutException:
            <span style="color:#7171bf">raise</span> TimeoutException(<span style="color:#98c379">"打开%s超时请检查网络或网址服务器"</span> % url)
 
<span style="color:#61aeee">    @staticmethod</span>
    <span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">element_locator</span>(func, locator):
        <span style="color:#98c379">"""元素定位器"""</span>
        name, value = locator
        <span style="color:#7171bf">return</span> func(cm.LOCATE_MODE[name], value)
 
    <span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">find_element</span>(self, locator):
        <span style="color:#98c379">"""寻找单个元素"""</span>
        <span style="color:#7171bf">return</span> WebPage.element_locator(<span style="color:#7171bf">lambda</span> *args: self.wait.until(
            EC.presence_of_element_located(args)), locator)
 
    <span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">find_elements</span>(self, locator):
        <span style="color:#98c379">"""查找多个相同的元素"""</span>
        <span style="color:#7171bf">return</span> WebPage.element_locator(<span style="color:#7171bf">lambda</span> *args: self.wait.until(
            EC.presence_of_all_elements_located(args)), locator)
 
    <span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">elements_num</span>(self, locator):
        <span style="color:#98c379">"""获取相同元素的个数"""</span>
        number = <span style="color:#7171bf">len</span>(self.find_elements(locator))
        log.info(<span style="color:#98c379">"相同元素：{}"</span>.<span style="color:#7171bf">format</span>((locator, number)))
        <span style="color:#7171bf">return</span> number
 
    <span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">input_text</span>(self, locator, txt):
        <span style="color:#98c379">"""输入(输入前先清空)"""</span>
        sleep(<span style="color:#d19a66">0.5</span>)
        ele = self.find_element(locator)
        ele.clear()
        ele.send_keys(txt)
        log.info(<span style="color:#98c379">"输入文本：{}"</span>.<span style="color:#7171bf">format</span>(txt))
 
    <span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">is_click</span>(self, locator):
        <span style="color:#98c379">"""点击"""</span>
        self.find_element(locator).click()
        sleep()
        log.info(<span style="color:#98c379">"点击元素：{}"</span>.<span style="color:#7171bf">format</span>(locator))
 
    <span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">element_text</span>(self, locator):
        <span style="color:#98c379">"""获取当前的text"""</span>
        _text = self.find_element(locator).text
        log.info(<span style="color:#98c379">"获取文本：{}"</span>.<span style="color:#7171bf">format</span>(_text))
        <span style="color:#7171bf">return</span> _text
 
<span style="color:#61aeee">    @property</span>
    <span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">get_source</span>(self):
        <span style="color:#98c379">"""获取页面源代码"""</span>
        <span style="color:#7171bf">return</span> self.driver.page_source
 
    <span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">refresh</span>(self):
        <span style="color:#98c379">"""刷新页面F5"""</span>
        self.driver.refresh()
        self.driver.implicitly_wait(<span style="color:#d19a66">30</span>)
</code></span></span>

In the file, we mainly use显式等待 selenium's click, send_keys and other methods to make secondary encapsulation. Improved operation success rate.

Okay, we have completed about half of the POM model. Next we enter the page object.

Create page object

Create a file in thepage_object directory. searchpage.py

<span style="color:#596172"><span style="background-color:#ffffff"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#5c6370"><em>#!/usr/bin/env python3</em></span>
<span style="color:#5c6370"><em># -*- coding:utf-8 -*-</em></span>
<span style="color:#7171bf">from</span> page.webpage <span style="color:#7171bf">import</span> WebPage, sleep
<span style="color:#7171bf">from</span> common.readelement <span style="color:#7171bf">import</span> Element
 
search = Element(<span style="color:#98c379">'search'</span>)
 
 
<span style="color:#7171bf">class</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">SearchPage</span>(<span style="color:#61aeee">WebPage</span>):
    <span style="color:#98c379">"""搜索类"""</span>
 
    <span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">input_search</span>(self, content):
        <span style="color:#98c379">"""输入搜索"""</span>
        self.input_text(search[<span style="color:#98c379">'搜索框'</span>], txt=content)
        sleep()
 
<span style="color:#61aeee">    @property</span>
    <span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">imagine</span>(self):
        <span style="color:#98c379">"""搜索联想"""</span>
        <span style="color:#7171bf">return</span> [x.text <span style="color:#7171bf">for</span> x <span style="color:#7171bf">in</span> self.find_elements(search[<span style="color:#98c379">'候选'</span>])]
 
    <span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">click_search</span>(self):
        <span style="color:#98c379">"""点击搜索"""</span>
        self.is_click(search[<span style="color:#98c379">'搜索按钮'</span>])
</code></span></span>

In this file, we have encapsulated the steps of entering search keywords, clicking search, and searching for Lenovo.

and configured annotations.

We should develop the habit of writing comments in daily life, because after a while, without comments, the code will be difficult to read.

Okay, our page object is now complete. Next we start writing test cases. Before we start testing, let’s get familiar with the pytest testing framework.

A brief introduction to Pytest 

<span style="color:#596172"><span style="background-color:#ffffff"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#5c6370"><em># content of test_sample.py</em></span>
<span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">inc</span>(x):
    <span style="color:#7171bf">return</span> x + <span style="color:#d19a66">1</span>
 
 
<span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">test_answer</span>():
    <span style="color:#7171bf">assert</span> inc(<span style="color:#d19a66">3</span>) == <span style="color:#d19a66">5</span>
</code></span></span>

 

I think the official tutorial is not suitable for introductory reading, and there is no Chinese version.

pytest.ini

The configuration file in the pytest project can provide global control over the operations during the execution of pytest.

Create a new filepytest.ini in the project root directory.

<span style="color:#596172"><span style="background-color:#ffffff"><code class="language-ini"><span style="color:#e06c75">[pytest]</span>
<span style="color:#d19a66">addopts</span> = --html=report.html --self-contained-html
</code></span></span>

•  addopts specifies other parameter descriptions during execution:
• --html=report/report.html --self-contained-html Generate pytest-html styled report
• -s output debugging information in our use case
• -q test quietly
• -v can output more detailed execution information of the use case, such as the file where the use case is located and the name of the use case, etc.

Write test cases

We will use pytest to write test cases.

Create files in theTestCase directory. test_search.py

<span style="color:#596172"><span style="background-color:#ffffff"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#5c6370"><em>#!/usr/bin/env python3</em></span>
<span style="color:#5c6370"><em># -*- coding:utf-8 -*-</em></span>
<span style="color:#7171bf">import</span> re
<span style="color:#7171bf">import</span> pytest
<span style="color:#7171bf">from</span> utils.logger <span style="color:#7171bf">import</span> log
<span style="color:#7171bf">from</span> common.readconfig <span style="color:#7171bf">import</span> ini
<span style="color:#7171bf">from</span> page_object.searchpage <span style="color:#7171bf">import</span> SearchPage
 
 
<span style="color:#7171bf">class</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">TestSearch</span>:
<span style="color:#61aeee">    @pytest.fixture(scope=<span style="color:#3388aa">'function'</span>, autouse=<span style="color:#56b6c2">True</span>)</span>
    <span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">open_baidu</span>(self, drivers):
        <span style="color:#98c379">"""打开百度"""</span>
        search = SearchPage(drivers)
        search.get_url(ini.url)
 
    <span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">test_001</span>(self, drivers):
        <span style="color:#98c379">"""搜索"""</span>
        search = SearchPage(drivers)
        search.input_search(<span style="color:#98c379">"selenium"</span>)
        search.click_search()
        result = re.search(<span style="color:#98c379">r'selenium'</span>, search.get_source)
        log.info(result)
        <span style="color:#7171bf">assert</span> result
 
    <span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">test_002</span>(self, drivers):
        <span style="color:#98c379">"""测试搜索候选"""</span>
        search = SearchPage(drivers)
        search.input_search(<span style="color:#98c379">"selenium"</span>)
        log.info(<span style="color:#7171bf">list</span>(search.imagine))
        <span style="color:#7171bf">assert</span> <span style="color:#7171bf">all</span>([<span style="color:#98c379">"selenium"</span> <span style="color:#7171bf">in</span> i <span style="color:#7171bf">for</span> i <span style="color:#7171bf">in</span> search.imagine])
 
 
<span style="color:#7171bf">if</span> __name__ == <span style="color:#98c379">'__main__'</span>:
    pytest.main([<span style="color:#98c379">'TestCase/test_search.py'</span>])
 
</code></span></span>

We have written it for testing.

• pytest.fixture implements the same pre-start and post-cleanup decorators as unittest setup and teardown.

• First test case:

• • We implemented the selenium keyword in Baidu, clicked the search button, and used regular expressions to find the source code of the result page in the search results. If the number returned is greater than 10, we consider it passed.

• Second test case:

• We implemented, search for selenium, and then assert whether all results in the search candidates have the selenium keyword.

Finally, we write an execution startup statement below.

At this time we should enter execution, but there is still a problem, we have not passed the driver yet.

conftest.py

We create a new fileconftest.py in the project root directory.

<span style="color:#596172"><span style="background-color:#ffffff"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#5c6370"><em>#!/usr/bin/env python3</em></span>
<span style="color:#5c6370"><em># -*- coding:utf-8 -*-</em></span>
<span style="color:#7171bf">import</span> pytest
<span style="color:#7171bf">from</span> py.xml <span style="color:#7171bf">import</span> html
<span style="color:#7171bf">from</span> selenium <span style="color:#7171bf">import</span> webdriver
 
 
driver = <span style="color:#56b6c2">None</span>
 
 
<span style="color:#61aeee">@pytest.fixture(scope=<span style="color:#3388aa">'session'</span>, autouse=<span style="color:#56b6c2">True</span>)</span>
<span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">drivers</span>(request):
    <span style="color:#7171bf">global</span> driver
    <span style="color:#7171bf">if</span> driver <span style="color:#7171bf">is</span> <span style="color:#56b6c2">None</span>:
        driver = webdriver.Chrome()
        driver.maximize_window()
 
    <span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">fn</span>():
        driver.quit()
 
    request.addfinalizer(fn)
    <span style="color:#7171bf">return</span> driver
 
 
<span style="color:#61aeee">@pytest.hookimpl(hookwrapper=<span style="color:#56b6c2">True</span>)</span>
<span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">pytest_runtest_makereport</span>(item):
    <span style="color:#98c379">"""
    当测试失败的时候，自动截图，展示到html报告中
    :param item:
    """</span>
    pytest_html = item.config.pluginmanager.getplugin(<span style="color:#98c379">'html'</span>)
    outcome = <span style="color:#7171bf">yield</span>
    report = outcome.get_result()
    report.description = <span style="color:#7171bf">str</span>(item.function.__doc__)
    extra = <span style="color:#7171bf">getattr</span>(report, <span style="color:#98c379">'extra'</span>, [])
 
    <span style="color:#7171bf">if</span> report.when == <span style="color:#98c379">'call'</span> <span style="color:#7171bf">or</span> report.when == <span style="color:#98c379">"setup"</span>:
        xfail = <span style="color:#7171bf">hasattr</span>(report, <span style="color:#98c379">'wasxfail'</span>)
        <span style="color:#7171bf">if</span> (report.skipped <span style="color:#7171bf">and</span> xfail) <span style="color:#7171bf">or</span> (report.failed <span style="color:#7171bf">and</span> <span style="color:#7171bf">not</span> xfail):
            file_name = report.nodeid.replace(<span style="color:#98c379">"::"</span>, <span style="color:#98c379">"_"</span>) + <span style="color:#98c379">".png"</span>
            screen_img = _capture_screenshot()
            <span style="color:#7171bf">if</span> file_name:
                html = <span style="color:#98c379">'<div><img src="data:image/png;base64,%s" alt="screenshot" style="width:1024px;height:768px;" '</span> \
                       <span style="color:#98c379">'onclick="window.open(this.src)" align="right"/></div>'</span> % screen_img
                extra.append(pytest_html.extras.html(html))
        report.extra = extra
 
 
<span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">pytest_html_results_table_header</span>(cells):
    cells.insert(<span style="color:#d19a66">1</span>, html.th(<span style="color:#98c379">'用例名称'</span>))
    cells.insert(<span style="color:#d19a66">2</span>, html.th(<span style="color:#98c379">'Test_nodeid'</span>))
    cells.pop(<span style="color:#d19a66">2</span>)
 
 
<span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">pytest_html_results_table_row</span>(report, cells):
    cells.insert(<span style="color:#d19a66">1</span>, html.td(report.description))
    cells.insert(<span style="color:#d19a66">2</span>, html.td(report.nodeid))
    cells.pop(<span style="color:#d19a66">2</span>)
 
 
<span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">pytest_html_results_table_html</span>(report, data):
    <span style="color:#7171bf">if</span> report.passed:
        <span style="color:#7171bf">del</span> data[:]
        data.append(html.div(<span style="color:#98c379">'通过的用例未捕获日志输出.'</span>, class_=<span style="color:#98c379">'empty log'</span>))
 
 
<span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">_capture_screenshot</span>():
    <span style="color:#98c379">'''
    截图保存为base64
    :return:
    '''</span>
    <span style="color:#7171bf">return</span> driver.get_screenshot_as_base64()
 
</code></span></span>

 

conftest.py is the glue file of the test framework pytest, which uses the fixture method to encapsulate and pass the driver.

---

Execute use case

Above we have written the entire framework and test cases.

We enter the home directory of the current project and execute the command:

<span style="color:#596172"><span style="background-color:#ffffff"><code class="language-powershell">pytest
</code></span></span>

Command line output:

<span style="color:#596172"><span style="background-color:#ffffff"><code class="language-powershell">Test session starts (platform: win32, Python <span style="color:#d19a66">3.7</span>.<span style="color:#d19a66">7</span>, pytest <span style="color:#d19a66">5.3</span>.<span style="color:#d19a66">2</span>, py<span style="color:#7171bf">test-sugar</span> <span style="color:#d19a66">0.9</span>.<span style="color:#d19a66">2</span>)
cachedir: .pytest_cache
metadata: {<span style="color:#98c379">'Python'</span>: <span style="color:#98c379">'3.7.7'</span>, <span style="color:#98c379">'Platform'</span>: <span style="color:#98c379">'Windows-10-10.0.18362-SP0'</span>, <span style="color:#98c379">'Packages'</span>: {<span style="color:#98c379">'pytest'</span>: <span style="color:#98c379">'5.3.2'</span>, <span style="color:#98c379">'py'</span>: <span style="color:#98c379">'1.8.0'</span>, <span style="color:#98c379">'pluggy'</span>: <span style="color:#98c379">'0.13.1'</span>}, <span style="color:#98c379">'Plugins'</span>: {<span style="color:#98c379">'forked'</span>: <span style="color:#98c379">'1.1.3'</span>, <span style="color:#98c379">'html'</span>: <span style="color:#98c379">'2.0.1'</span>, <span style="color:#98c379">'metadata'</span>: <span style="color:#98c379">'1.8.0'</span>, <span style="color:#98c379">'ordering'</span>: <span style="color:#98c379">'0.6'</span>, <span style="color:#98c379">'rerunfailures'</span>: <span style="color:#98c379">'8.0'</span>, <span style="color:#98c379">'sugar'</span>: <span style="color:#98c379">'0.9.2'</span>, <span style="color:#98c379">'xdist'</span>: <span style="color:#98c379">'1.31.0'</span>}, <span style="color:#98c379">'JAVA_HOME'</span>: <span style="color:#98c379">'D:\\Program Files\\Java\\jdk1.8.0_131'</span>}
rootdir: C:\Users\hoou\PycharmProjects\web<span style="color:#56b6c2">-demotest</span>, inifile: pytest.ini
plugins: forked<span style="color:#56b6c2">-1</span>.<span style="color:#d19a66">1.3</span>, html<span style="color:#56b6c2">-2</span>.<span style="color:#d19a66">0.1</span>, metadata<span style="color:#56b6c2">-1</span>.<span style="color:#d19a66">8.0</span>, ordering<span style="color:#56b6c2">-0</span>.<span style="color:#d19a66">6</span>, rerunfailures<span style="color:#56b6c2">-8</span>.<span style="color:#d19a66">0</span>, sugar<span style="color:#56b6c2">-0</span>.<span style="color:#d19a66">9.2</span>, xdist<span style="color:#56b6c2">-1</span>.<span style="color:#d19a66">31.0</span>
collecting ... 
DevTools listening on ws://<span style="color:#d19a66">127.0</span>.<span style="color:#d19a66">0.1</span>:<span style="color:#d19a66">10351</span>/devtools/browser/<span style="color:#d19a66">78</span>bef34d<span style="color:#56b6c2">-b94c-4087-b724-34fb6b2ef6d1</span>
 
 TestCase\test_search.py::TestSearch.test_001 ✓                                                                                              <span style="color:#d19a66">50</span>% █████     
 
 TestCase\test_search.py::TestSearch.test_002 ✓                                                                                             <span style="color:#d19a66">100</span>% ██████████
<span style="color:#56b6c2">-------------------------------</span> generated html file: file://C:\Users\hoou\PycharmProjects\web<span style="color:#56b6c2">-demotest</span>\report\report.html <span style="color:#56b6c2">--------------------------------</span> 
 
Results (<span style="color:#d19a66">12.90</span>s):
       <span style="color:#d19a66">2</span> passed
</code></span></span>

You can see that the two use cases have been executed successfully.

A report.html file is generated in the report directory of the project.

This is the generated test report file.

send email

After the project is completed, you need to send it to yourself or other people's mailboxes to view the results.

We write a module for sending emails.

Createfile in theutils directorysend_mail.py

<span style="color:#596172"><span style="background-color:#ffffff"><code class="language-python"><span style="color:#5c6370"><em>#!/usr/bin/env python3</em></span>
<span style="color:#5c6370"><em># -*- coding:utf-8 -*-</em></span>
<span style="color:#7171bf">import</span> zmail
<span style="color:#7171bf">from</span> config.conf <span style="color:#7171bf">import</span> cm
 
 
<span style="color:#7171bf">def</span> <span style="color:#61aeee">send_report</span>():
    <span style="color:#98c379">"""发送报告"""</span>
    <span style="color:#7171bf">with</span> <span style="color:#7171bf">open</span>(cm.REPORT_FILE, encoding=<span style="color:#98c379">'utf-8'</span>) <span style="color:#7171bf">as</span> f:
        content_html = f.read()
    <span style="color:#7171bf">try</span>:
        mail = {
            <span style="color:#98c379">'from'</span>: <span style="color:#98c379">'[email protected]'</span>,
            <span style="color:#98c379">'subject'</span>: <span style="color:#98c379">'最新的测试报告邮件'</span>,
            <span style="color:#98c379">'content_html'</span>: content_html,
            <span style="color:#98c379">'attachments'</span>: [cm.REPORT_FILE, ]
        }
        server = zmail.server(*cm.EMAIL_INFO.values())
        server.send_mail(cm.ADDRESSEE, mail)
        <span style="color:#7171bf">print</span>(<span style="color:#98c379">"测试邮件发送成功！"</span>)
    <span style="color:#7171bf">except</span> Exception <span style="color:#7171bf">as</span> e:
        <span style="color:#7171bf">print</span>(<span style="color:#98c379">"Error: 无法发送邮件，{}！"</span>, <span style="color:#7171bf">format</span>(e))
 
 
<span style="color:#7171bf">if</span> __name__ == <span style="color:#98c379">"__main__"</span>:
    <span style="color:#98c379">'''请先在config/conf.py文件设置QQ邮箱的账号和密码'''</span>
    send_report()
</code></span></span>

Execute this file:

<span style="color:#596172"><span style="background-color:#ffffff"><code class="language-shell">测试邮件发送成功！
</code></span></span>

You can see that the test report email has been sent successfully. Open your mailbox.

​

​

Email received successfully.

This demo project has been completed as a whole. Isn’t it very rewarding? You feel a sense of accomplishment the moment you send the email.

Finally, you must have an overall understanding of the pytest+selenium framework, and you have reached another level on the road to automated testing.

 

Thank you to everyone who reads my article carefully. There is always a courtesy. Although it is not a very valuable thing, if you can use it, you can take it directly:

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