Article directory
mkinitrd
mkinitrdThe command is used to create an image file to be loaded into the ramdisk for use when booting Linux.
Additional information
mkinitrdThe command is used to repackage the core. For example, when you modify the driver of a device and need to add it to the core level, you need to repackage the core and compile the new configuration into the core.
grammar
mkinitrd [选项] [参数]
options
-f: If the specified image file name is the same as the existing file, the existing file will be overwritten;-v: Display detailed information during execution;--omit-scsi-modules: Do not load the SCSI module;--preload=<模块名称>:Specify the module to be loaded;--with=<模块名称>:Specify the module to be loaded;--version: Display version information.
parameter
映像文件:Specify the image file to be created;内核版本:Specify the kernel version.
example
[root@localhost tmp]# mkinitrd -v -f myinitrd.img $(uname -r)
Creating initramfs
WARNING: using /tmp for temporary files
Looking for deps of module ide-disk
Looking for deps of module ext3 jbd
Looking for deps of module jbd
Using modules: ./kernel/fs/jbd/jbd.ko ./kernel/fs/ext3/ext3.ko
/sbin/nash -> /tmp/initrd.Vz3928/bin/nash
/sbin/insmod.static -> /tmp/initrd.Vz3928/bin/insmod
/sbin/udev.static -> /tmp/initrd.Vz3928/sbin/udev
/etc/udev/udev.conf -> /tmp/initrd.Vz3928/etc/udev/udev.conf
copy from /lib/modules/2.6.9-5.EL/./kernel/fs/jbd/jbd.ko(elf32-i386) to /tmp/initrd.Vz3928/lib/jbd.ko(elf32-i386)
copy from /lib/modules/2.6.9-5.EL/./kernel/fs/ext3/ext3.ko(elf32-i386) to /tmp/initrd.Vz3928/lib/ext3.ko(elf32-i386)
Loading module jbd
Loading module ext3
[root@localhost tmp]# file myinitrd.img
myinitrd.img: gzip compressed data, from Unix, max compression
[root@localhost tmp]# mv myinitrd.img myinitrd.img.gz
[root@localhost tmp]# gzip -d myinitrd.img.gz
[root@localhost tmp]# file myinitrd.img
myinitrd.img: ASCII cpio archive (SVR4 with no CRC)
pstree
pstreeThe command displays the derivation relationship between processes in the form of a tree diagram, which can display the relationship between processes more intuitively.
Additional information
pstreeThe command displays the derivation relationship between processes in the form of a tree diagram, and the display effect is more intuitive.
grammar
pstree [选项]
options
-a: Display the complete instruction of each program, including path, parameter or identification of resident service;-c: Do not use the simplified notation method;-G: Use column drawing characters of VT100 terminal;-h: When listing the tree diagram, especially mark the currently executing program;-H<程序识别码>: Similar to specifying the "-h" parameter, but specifically indicating the specified program;-l: Display the tree diagram in long column format;-n: Sort by program identification code and by program name by default;-p: Display the program identification code;-u: Display user name;-U: Use UTF-8 column drawing characters;-V: Display version information.
example
Display the process number and process ID of all current processes:
pstree -p
Display detailed information for all processes, compressed to display the same process name:
pstree -a
Get the PID of an SSH session:
pstree -p | grep ssh
# |-sshd(1221)-+-sshd(2768)---bash(2770)-+-grep(2810)
# | `-sshd(2807)---sshd(2808)
From the output above, you can see the tree diagram of the sshd process and its derivation relationships. The main process of sshd is sshd(1221), and the other two branches are sshd(2768) and sshd(2807).
Learn from scratchpython
[Learn python from scratch] 92. Use Python’s requests library to send HTTP requests and process responses
[Learn python from scratch] 91. Use decorators and dictionaries to manage request paths in a simple web application
[Learn python from scratch] 93. Use dictionary management Request path
[Learn python from scratch] 89. Use WSGI to build a simple and efficient Web server
[Learn python from scratch] 88. Detailed explanation of WSGI interface: realize simple and efficient web development
[Learn python from scratch] 87. Manually build an HTTP server in Python Implementation and multi-threaded concurrent processing
[Learn python from scratch] 86. In-depth understanding of the HTTP protocol and its role in browser and server communication
[Learn python from scratch] 85. Application of parallel computing technology in Python process pool
[Learn python from scratch] ] 84. In-depth understanding of threads and processes
[Learn python from scratch] 83. Python multi-process programming and the use of process pools
[Learn python from scratch] 82. Chat program implementation based on multi-threading
[Learn python from scratch] 81. Python more Application of thread communication and queue
[Learn python from scratch] 80. Thread access to global variables and thread safety issues
[Learn python from scratch] 79. Thread access to global variables and thread safety issues
[Learn python from scratch] 78. File download case
[ Learn python from scratch] 77. TCP server programming and precautions
[learn python from scratch] 76. Server and client: key components of network communication
[learn python from scratch] 75. TCP protocol: reliable connection-oriented transmission layer communication protocol
[Learn python from scratch] 74. UDP network program: Detailed explanation of port issues and binding information
[Learn python from scratch] 73. UDP network program - sending data
[Learn python from scratch] 72. In-depth understanding of Socket communication and creation of sockets Method
[Learn python from scratch] 71. Network ports and their functions
[Learn python from scratch] 70. Network communication methods and their applications: from direct communication to routers to connect multiple networks
[Learn python from scratch] 69. Network communication and IP address classification analysis
[Learn python from scratch] 68. Greedy and non-greedy modes in Python regular expressions
[Learn python from scratch] 67. The re module in Python: regular replacement and advanced matching technology
[Learn python from scratch] 66 .In-depth understanding of regular expressions: a powerful tool for pattern matching and text processing
[Learn python from scratch] 65. Detailed explanation of Python regular expression modifiers and their applications
[Learn python from scratch] 64. The re.compile method in Python regular expressions Detailed explanation of usage
[Learn python from scratch] 63. Introduction to the re.Match class and its attributes and methods in regular expressions
[Learn python from scratch] 62. Python regular expressions: a powerful string matching tool
[Learn python from scratch] 61. Detailed explanation and application examples of property attributes in Python
[Learn python from scratch] 60. Exploration generator: a flexible tool for iteration
[Learn python from scratch] 59. Iterator: An efficient tool for optimizing data traversal
[Learn python from scratch] 58. Custom exceptions in Python and methods of raising exceptions
[Learn python from scratch] 57. Use the with keyword in Python to correctly close resources
[Learn python from scratch] 56. The importance and application of exception handling in programming
[Learn python from scratch] 55. Serialization and sum in Python Deserialization, application of JSON and pickle modules
[Learn python from scratch] 54. Writing data in memory
[Learn python from scratch] 53. CSV files and Python’s CSV module
[Learn python from scratch] 52. Reading and writing files - Python file operation guide
[Learn python from scratch] 51. Opening and closing files and their applications in Python
[Learn python from scratch] 49. Object-related built-in functions in Python and their usage
[Learn python from scratch] 48 .Detailed explanation of inheritance and multiple inheritance in Python
[Learn python from scratch] 47. The concept and basic use of inheritance in object-oriented programming
[Learn python from scratch] 46. Analysis of __new__ and __init__ methods and singletons in Python Design Patterns
[Learn python from scratch] 45. Class methods and static methods in Python
[Learn python from scratch] 44. Private properties and methods in object-oriented programming
[Learn python from scratch] 43. Examples in Python object-oriented programming Properties and class attributes
[Learn python from scratch] 42. Built-in properties and methods in Python
[Learn python from scratch] 41. python magic method (2)
[Learn python from scratch] 40. python magic method (1)
[Learn python from scratch] 39. Basic object-oriented syntax and application examples
[Learn python from scratch] 38. How to use and import Python packages
[Learn python from scratch] 37. The use and precautions of Python custom modules
[Learn python from scratch] Learn python] 36. Methods and techniques of using pip for third-party package management in Python
[Learn python from scratch] 35. Common Python system modules and their usage
[Learn python from scratch] 34. Detailed explanation of the import and use of Python modules
[ Learn python from scratch] 33. The role of decorators (2)
[Learn python from scratch] 32. The role of decorators (1)
[Learn python from scratch] 31. In-depth understanding of higher-order functions and closures in Python
[From Learn python from scratch】30. In-depth understanding of recursive functions and anonymous functions
【learn python from scratch】29. "Detailed explanation of function parameters" - understand the different uses of Python function parameters
【learn python from scratch】28. Local variables and global variables in Python Variables
[Learn python from scratch] 27. The use of Python functions and nested calls
[Learn python from scratch] 25. Functions: a tool to improve the efficiency of code writing
[Learn python from scratch] 24. String operations and traversal methods in Python
[Learn python from scratch] 23. How to use sets (set) and common operations in Python
[Learn python from scratch] 22. Add, delete, modify, and query dictionary variables in Python
[Learn python from scratch] 21. Python tuples and dictionaries
[Learn python from scratch] 20. Python list operation skills and examples
[Learn python from scratch] 19. Applications of looping through lists and list nesting
[Learn python from scratch] 18. Detailed explanation of the basic operations of Python lists (1)
[From Learning python from scratch】 17. The format method of Python strings (2)
【Learning python from scratch】 16. The format method of Python strings (1)
【Learning python from scratch】 15. In-depth understanding of strings and character set encoding
【From Learning python from scratch】14. Common operations on Python strings (2)
【Learning python from scratch】13. Common operations on Python strings (1)
【Learning python from scratch】12. Python string operations and applications
【Learning python from scratch】 11. Python loop statements and control flow
[Learn python from scratch] 10. Detailed explanation of Python conditional statements and if nesting
[Learn python from scratch] 09. Conditional judgment statements in Python
[Learn python from scratch] 08. Python understands bit operations operator, operator priority
[Learn python from scratch] 07. Detailed explanation of Python operators: assignment, comparison and logical operators
[Learn python from scratch] 06. Use arithmetic operators in Python for calculations and string concatenation
[Learn from scratch] python ] 05. Output and input in Python
[Learn python from scratch] 04. Basics of Python programming: variables, data types and identifiers
[Learn python from scratch] 03. Python interactive programming and detailed explanation of comments
[Learn python from scratch] 02. Introduction to development tools
[Learn python from scratch] 01. Install and configure python