Table of contents
1. Background and current situation
1. Suggestions for schools and students
2. Suggestions for enterprises
3. Suggestions for society and policies
ps：
For details on ism modeling, please refer to this article Introduction to ISM Engineering Engineering System-SPSSAU Website_izzz_iz's Blog-CSDN Blog Analysis needs membership, you can buy an hour membership in a certain treasure; strong Amway, not only results, but also a very detailed analysis of the process .
1. Background and current situation
In recent years, the difficulty of employment of Chinese college students has become increasingly prominent. On the one hand, the number of college graduates has increased. According to statistics from the Ministry of Education, there were 9.813 million college graduates nationwide in 2019, an increase of 265,000 from 2018, or a growth rate of 2.8%. According to statistics from the Ministry of Education, in 2019, there were 83,400 graduates across the country, while there were only 79,500 jobs, and the employment rate was only 94.8%, which means that about 39,000 graduates failed to find jobs. In addition, according to China's Ministry of Labor, the average monthly salary of graduates in 2019 was 5,622 yuan, a drop of 3.4 percent from the previous year. This suggests that many graduates accept jobs with lower wages. More specifically, according to Zhaopin.com, the minimum monthly salary for fresh graduates in 2019 is 3,000 yuan, the maximum monthly salary is 12,000 yuan, and the average monthly salary is 5,539 yuan. For those who have worked for 3-5 years, the minimum monthly salary is 6,000 yuan, the maximum monthly salary is 20,000 yuan, and the average monthly salary is 10,959 yuan. In 2020, due to the impact of the new crown epidemic, the global economy will fall into recession and the employment situation will be severe, and China is no exception. In particular, the youth employment situation is more severe, and it is more difficult for college graduates to find jobs. However, while the government and enterprises are responding to the epidemic, they are also stepping up their employment policies in an effort to narrow the employment gap.
It can be seen that the job market is tight, and many college students can only accept jobs that are lower than their expectations, and their income levels are relatively low. On the other hand, the job market is highly competitive and jobs are scarce. Due to the unstable economic environment, companies' demand for new employees has also been affected, resulting in a shortage of jobs.
In addition, college students lack career planning and their employment intentions are not clear, which makes it more difficult for college students to find jobs. In the process of job hunting, many college students lack awareness of their abilities and interests, and cannot determine their career direction, which makes them passive in the job hunting process and difficult to find a suitable job. Due to the lack of practical experience and professional skills of college students, many companies are reluctant to recruit fresh graduates. In the current job market, companies have higher and higher requirements for graduates, not only requiring graduates to have higher academic qualifications and professional knowledge, but also requiring graduates to have strong practical ability and professional quality. College students have higher and higher requirements for the quality of employment. Many college students are unwilling to accept low-income and low-level jobs, hoping to find a job with high salary and high room for advancement. However, due to the tight job market, there are fewer such job opportunities, causing many college students to accept jobs that are lower than their expectations.
In short, in recent years, the difficulty of employment of Chinese college students is multi-faceted, including the increase in the number of college graduates, the fierce competition in the job market, the lack of career planning and practical experience for college students, and the quality requirements of college students for employment. Solving these problems requires the joint efforts of the government, schools and enterprises.
2. System ISM modeling
The ISM method, namely the Integrated Solutions Method, is a comprehensive problem-solving method, which can solve the problem by comprehensively analyzing all aspects of the problem and adopting a comprehensive solution. When solving the difficult problem of college students' employment, ISM method can be used to formulate comprehensive solutions through comprehensive analysis of the job market environment, college students' quality, government policies, etc., so as to maximize the employment rate and employment of college students. quality.
Check the information and classify the influencing factors into the following 15 categories: (There are a few repetitive meanings here, which can be summarized according to your own understanding)
- Tight job market, not enough jobs
- The number of fresh graduates is increasing and the competition is fierce
- Educational background and professional knowledge do not match market demand
- Insufficient career planning, lack of career planning and employment skills training
- Enterprises require higher work experience for newcomers
- Unbalanced regional development and limited job opportunities
- Lack of entrepreneurial opportunities, lack of entrepreneurial support policies
- The social security system is not perfect, and there is no employment security policy
- The society has higher and higher employment requirements for college students, and there are differences for college students with different majors and different education backgrounds.
- Unstable economic and political environments lead to job market volatility.
- Increased labor costs for businesses, resulting in reduced employment opportunities
- There are too many various training institutions and intermediary agencies, leading to confusion in employment information and increased fraud
- Lack of internship opportunities, unable to understand the corporate culture and working environment in advance
- Insufficient funding for education leading to declining quality of education and slow growth in employability
- Lack of social network and personal connections, resulting in inability to obtain employment information in a timely manner
To sum up, the 15 types of factors are represented by A1~A15 labels in turn.
Use a directed graph to represent the relationship between them:
Use an adjacency matrix to identify relationships among 15 factors:
| adjacency matrix |
|||||||||||||||
| A1 |
A2 |
A3 |
A4 |
A5 |
A6 |
A7 |
A8 |
A9 |
A10 |
A11 |
A12 |
A13 |
A14 |
A15 |
|
| A1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
| A2 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
| A3 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
| A4 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
| A5 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
| A6 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
| A7 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
| A8 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
| A9 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
| A10 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
| A11 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
| A12 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
| A13 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
| A14 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
| A15 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
3. Simulation analysis
(Here you can use the SPSSAU website)
Use simulation tools to conduct simulation analysis on employment difficulties and assess the seriousness of employment difficulties.
| Addition of adjacency matrix and identity matrix |
|||||||||||||||
| A1 |
A2 |
A3 |
A4 |
A5 |
A6 |
A7 |
A8 |
A9 |
A10 |
A11 |
A12 |
A13 |
A14 |
A15 |
|
| A1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
| A2 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
| A3 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
| A4 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
| A5 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
| A6 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
| A7 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
| A8 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
| A9 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
| A10 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
| A11 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
| A12 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
| A13 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
| A14 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
| A15 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
Based on the adjacency matrix, calculate the sum of the adjacency matrix and the identity matrix, which is used to calculate the reachability matrix in the next step:
| reachability matrix |
|||||||||||||||
| A1 |
A2 |
A3 |
A4 |
A5 |
A6 |
A7 |
A8 |
A9 |
A10 |
A11 |
A12 |
A13 |
A14 |
A15 |
|
| A1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
| A2 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
| A3 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
| A4 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
| A5 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
| A6 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
| A7 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
| A8 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
| A9 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
| A10 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
| A11 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
| A12 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
| A13 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
| A14 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
| A15 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
| Reachable Sets, Preceding Sets and Their Intersection Tables |
|||
| reachable set R |
Antecedent set Q |
Intersection A = R ∩ Q |
|
| A1 |
1,3,4,5,7,9,13 |
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,13,14,15 |
1,3,4,5,7,9,13 |
| A2 |
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,9,13,14 |
2,6,8,10,14 |
2,6,14 |
| A3 |
1,3,4,5,7,9,13 |
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,13,14,15 |
1,3,4,5,7,9,13 |
| A4 |
1,3,4,5,7,9,13 |
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,13,14,15 |
1,3,4,5,7,9,13 |
| A5 |
1,3,4,5,7,9,13 |
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,13,14,15 |
1,3,4,5,7,9,13 |
| A6 |
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,9,13,14 |
2,6,8,10,14 |
2,6,14 |
| A7 |
1,3,4,5,7,9,13 |
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,13,14,15 |
1,3,4,5,7,9,13 |
| A8 |
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,11,12,13,14,15 |
8,10 |
8 |
| A9 |
1,3,4,5,7,9,13 |
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,13,14,15 |
1,3,4,5,7,9,13 |
| A10 |
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15 |
10 |
10 |
| A11 |
1,3,4,5,7,9,11,13 |
8,10,11 |
11 |
| A12 |
12 |
8,10,12,15 |
12 |
| A13 |
1,3,4,5,7,9,13 |
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,13,14,15 |
1,3,4,5,7,9,13 |
| A14 |
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,9,13,14 |
2,6,8,10,14 |
2,6,14 |
| A15 |
1,3,4,5,7,9,12,13,15 |
8,10,15 |
15 |
| 备注：数字代表某要素，比如2代表第2个要素 |
|||
层次分解表格展示各要素的层次分布情况；
第一：层次分解目的在于了解各要素层次分布关系；
第二：顶层表示系统最终目标，往下各层分别表示 是上一层的原因；
第三：底层表示系统最初点原因，往上各层分别是下一层的结果。
| 层次分解 |
|
| 层级 |
要素 |
| 第1层（顶层） |
A1,A3,A4,A5,A7,A9,A12,A13 |
| 第2层 |
A2,A6,A11,A14,A15 |
| 第3层 |
A8 |
| 第4层（底层） |
A10 |
示意图为：
四、可行的解决方案
1、对学校和学生的建议
- 通过调整招生政策，减少大学生人数。
- 提高大学生的职业规划能力，增加职业规划和就业技能培训。强化职业教育和培训，提高大学生的职业技能。
- 通过培训和教育来提高大学生的就业竞争力。
- 通过加强就业服务和就业咨询来帮助大学生更好的适应就业市场。
2、对企业的建议
- 降低企业对新人的工作经验要求，增加实习机会。
- 加强企业的社会责任意识，鼓励企业提高就业标准和提供更多的就业机会。
- 通过转型升级，增加就业机会。
3、对社会和政策的建议
- 加强教育与就业的对接，增加与企业的合作机会。
- 提高大学生的创业能力和创业环境，增加创业机会。
- 加强社会网络和人脉关系建设，提高就业信息获取能力。
- 加强就业市场监管，遏制各类培训机构和中介机构的过度繁荣。
- 加强经济和政治环境的稳定性，缩小就业市场波动。
- 加强就业政策措施，如政府为应届毕业生提供就业补贴，提供创业和就业培训等。
- 通过金融政策和税收政策来提高就业市场的活跃度。
五、总结
近些年来，中国大学生就业难问题一直是社会关注的热点。这主要是由于就业市场环境不宽裕、大学生素质不高、政府政策不够积极等原因造成的。同时，中国经济的快速发展导致就业市场需求和大学生求职需求不匹配，也是导致大学生就业难问题的重要原因。
要解决大学生就业难问题，需要政府、学校和企业三方共同努力。政府可以通过制定积极的就业政策和加强技能培训来帮助大学生找到工作；学校可以通过提高大学生的专业技能和职业素养，提供实习和就业机会；企业可以通过提供实习和培训机会，提高大学生的就业竞争力。
In general, to solve the problem of difficult employment of Chinese college students, it is necessary to comprehensively consider various factors and adopt a comprehensive solution. Guided by the ISM method (Integrated Solutions Method), comprehensively analyze the employment market environment, the quality of college students, government policies and other aspects, and formulate comprehensive solutions to improve the employment rate and quality of college students. Through the use of ISM technology, through a comprehensive analysis of the job market environment, the quality of college students, government policies and other aspects, to formulate comprehensive solutions, so as to maximize the employment rate and quality of college students, and to better understand China The characteristics of the employment difficulties of undergraduates, and propose effective solutions.