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foreword
This article will explain the architecture and components of a Linux system.
Table of contents
1. Architecture of Linux system
3. Process management subsystem
4. Memory management subsystem
Second, the components of the Linux system
1. Architecture of Linux system
1. Hardware layer
Linux can run on a variety of hardware platforms, including personal computers, servers, embedded devices, and more . Different hardware platforms have different architectures and hardware components, such as x86, ARM, etc. The Linux kernel provides a unified interface through the Hardware Abstraction Layer, enabling Linux to run seamlessly on different hardware platforms.
2. Kernel layer
The Linux kernel is the heart of the entire system , responsible for managing system resources and providing basic operating system functions. The kernel is made up of multiple subsystems, each responsible for a different task.
3. Process management subsystem
Responsible for creating, scheduling and managing processes and threads . It includes process scheduler, inter-process communication mechanism, process state management, etc.
4. Memory management subsystem
Responsible for managing the system's physical memory and virtual memory. It handles memory allocation, page replacement, memory mapping, and more.
5. File system subsystem
Provides file and directory management functions . Linux supports a variety of file systems, such as Ext4, XFS, Btrfs, etc., and each file system has a corresponding file system driver.
6. Device driver subsystem
Responsible for interacting with and controlling hardware devices . Each hardware device has a corresponding device driver for providing an access interface to the device.
7. Network subsystem
Handles network communication and protocol functions . It includes network device drivers, network protocol implementation, network connection management, etc.
8. System library layer
System libraries are software layers built on top of the kernel that provide rich functionality and services to applications. Some common system libraries include:
9. GNU C library (glibc)
Provides encapsulation of standard library functions and system calls in C language .
libstdc++: The standard library for C++.
libpthread: A library for thread management.
libm: A library that provides mathematical functions.
libssl, libcrypto: Libraries for encryption and secure communication.
libncurses: A library that provides a terminal interface.
These system libraries can be called by developers through application programming interfaces (APIs) to implement various functions, such as file operations, network communications, and graphical interfaces .
10. Shell layer
The Linux system provides a variety of shells, the most common being Bash (Bourne Again SHell). Shell is a command line interface for users to interact with the system, and can also interact through graphical user interfaces (such as GNOME, KDE). The Shell interprets and executes the commands entered by the user, and invokes the corresponding system tools and applications to perform operations.
11. Application layer
There is a wide selection of applications available for Linux . These applications are built on top of system libraries and provide various functions and task support. For example, office suites (such as LibreOffice, OpenOffice), text editors (such as Vim, Emacs), image processing tools (such as GIMP), and development tools (such as GCC, Python interpreter), etc.
Summarize
The detailed architecture of the Linux system consists of hardware layer, kernel layer, system library layer, Shell layer and application layer . The hardware layer provides the underlying hardware support, the kernel layer provides the core functions of the operating system, the system library layer provides common functions and services, the Shell layer provides the interface for users to interact with the system, and the application layer provides support for various tasks. This layered architecture makes Linux highly customizable, flexible and scalable, and widely used in various devices and fields.
Second, the components of the Linux system
When it comes to Linux components, we can look at them in more detail. Let me tell you about the Linux components:
1. Kernel
The Linux kernel is the core part of the operating system , responsible for managing and controlling hardware resources, and providing basic system functions. It handles important tasks such as process management, memory management, device drivers, file systems, and network protocol stacks . The Linux kernel has a modular design, allowing users to add or remove specific modules as needed.
2、Shell
Shell is a command line interpreter for user to interact with the operating system. It takes commands entered by the user and passes them to the operating system for execution. Shell also provides scripting capabilities, allowing users to write a series of commands to automate tasks. Common Linux shells include Bash, Zsh, and Fish, etc., which provide a wealth of commands and functions.
3. GNU Tools
GNU Tools is a collection of utilities developed by the GNU Project to accomplish various tasks . These tools include common command line tools such as text editors (such as Emacs and Vim), file manipulation tools (such as ls, cp, and rm), text processing tools (such as grep and sed), and more. GNU tools are an important part of a Linux system.
4. System library
Linux provides a wide range of system libraries for application development. The most commonly used is the GNU C library (glibc), which provides the encapsulation of C language standard functions and system calls. In addition, there are other libraries, such as libstdc++ (standard library of C++), libpthread (thread library), libm (mathematical function library), etc., which provide developers with rich functions and functions.
5、X Window System
X Window System is a commonly used graphical window system in Linux, which provides a graphical interface environment and interaction with graphics hardware and input devices. The X Window System uses a client-server model, where the X server is responsible for graphics display and input device control. Users can connect to an X server through an X client and run graphical applications on it.
6. Desktop environment
There are several desktop environments to choose from on Linux , each with its own look, features, and toolset.
For example: GNOME and KDE are two of the most popular desktop environments, which provide a complete graphical user interface and a range of applications, including file managers, text editors, terminal emulators, and more.
7. File system
Linux supports a variety of file systems for organizing and managing files and directories on storage devices. Common file systems include EXT4, XFS, etc. The file system is responsible for maintaining the metadata of the file and the physical storage location of the file data. It also provides an interface for accessing and manipulating files.
8. Network protocol stack
The Linux kernel supports various network protocols, such as TCP/IP, UDP, HTTP, FTP, etc. The network protocol stack is the collection of protocols and algorithms implemented in the kernel that enable Linux to communicate over the network. Linux provides a wealth of network tools and commands, such as ifconfig, ping, netstat, etc., for configuring network interfaces, testing connections, and monitoring network status.
Together, these components form the infrastructure of the Linux operating system. They cooperate with each other to provide users with powerful functions and flexibility, making Linux a widely used operating system.