overview
The ArcGIS product line provides users with a scalable and comprehensive GIS platform. ArcObjects contains many programmable components, ranging from fine-grained objects (such as individual geometric objects) to coarse-grained objects (such as map objects that interact with existing ArcMap documents), which provide developers with integrated Comprehensive GIS functionality. The new version of ArcMap introduces new features and functionality in the cartography, geoprocessing, and ArcGIS Network Analyst extensions. At the same time, many new products and business applications have been added to the platform system to facilitate scientific analysis and intelligent decision-making. The core capabilities of the platform such as 3D, big data, and artificial intelligence have been greatly enhanced, creating a smarter and more powerful geospatial cloud platform for users.
02
34 common operation skills of ArcGIS
1. Image format conversion
For example, convert jpg format to tiff format. It can be found in conversiontools-->to Raster-->Raster to Other Format multiple) in arctoolbox.
2. Preparation for vectorization
Create a .mxd project file before vectorization. This file is an index file, which records information such as relative paths of all layers and layer rendering annotations. Then create a layer of points, lines and planes through arcaltalog, and add it to the project to perform vectorization operations. The main stacking order is the point on the top, the line in the middle, and the bottom of the plane. The base map to be vectored is placed on the latest plane. In large projects, it is often necessary to establish a personal geodatabase database, mainly for the convenience of management, and it can be opened through access.
3. Vectorization setting capture function
In Editor--Snapping->SnappingToolbar, you can set the type of snapping, such as point, node, boundary, etc.
4. Set the scale displayed by the point
During vectorization, if the size of the point is set, the point will not be zoomed in and out when the layer is zoomed in and out, and the zoom scale needs to be set.
5. Merge elements
If you want to merge two point, line, and area elements into one element, you can use shift to select the element to be merged, and then in Editor->merger, you need to specify the target element to be merged.
6. Do georeferencing for the base map, image registration, spatial reference registration, georeferencing process, georeferencing
Calibration is the process of assigning geographical coordinate information to basemaps without coordinate information, such as tiff, img and other basemaps. You can right-click, select the Georeferencing tool in the function bar that pops up, and then add control points (control points) to the base map to be corrected. Generally, at least 4 corner control points are added. You can open the coordinates of the control points by clicking the connection table Information and modification, there will be residual after adding more than 3. If the accuracy is not enough, you can add more points for encryption. Only corrected images can be vectorized. This method is for image registration.
The spatial registration spatial adjustment refers to the registration of the vector layer.
7. Cropping of raster images
When working with a large remote sensing or topographic map, its full extent is often not needed. Then the basemap can be clipped according to the defined range. It can be clipped according to the existing boundary graphics (check the geometric features of the input clipping elements as the boundary, and the generated is irregular) or according to the maximum and minimum values of the boundary graphics. rectangle for cropping.
The tool is in: ArcToolbox-->DataManagerment Tolls-->Raster-->Raster Processing-->Clip.
8. Clipping of ArcGIS vector
The tool is located in ArcToolbox-->Analysis Tools-->Extract-->Clip. Among them, the input feature Input Feature is the clipped layer (can be a point, line and plane), and the clip feature clipping feature is the clipping range border (need to be a plane). Note: The number of elements after clipping is determined according to the original clipping layer. If a feature object of the original layer is clipped into multiple parts, it will be regarded as a multi-part object after clipping, and there will still be a record in the attribute table .
9. Spatial correction of ArcGIS vector data
The purpose of spatial correction is to perform matching correction processing for geographically mismatched layers, such as when there is a certain offset between two layers. First call up the spatial adjustment tool. Then turn on the editing function, and then "spatial adjustment" --> set adjust data to set the layer to be corrected. Then use the tool new displacementlink to pull out the line with the arrow to the corresponding point position. Generally, 4 corresponding points are required. After setting the corresponding points, click rectify.
10. ArcGIS coordinate points generate point layer files (also with attributes)
First prepare the data in xls or dbf format with XY coordinates, which must have the column header of XY. Just go through ArcGIS's File-->add data-->add xy data.
The imported data is dataevent, then right-click to export-->export to shapefile format.
11. ArcGIS projection conversion
Coordinate transformation refers to the conversion between different coordinate systems, such as changing from Beijing 54 to Xi'an 80 or changing from 6-degree sub-zone to 3-degree sub-zone. The tool is located in: ArcToolbox-->Datamanagerment Tolls-->Projections and Transformations-->Feature-->Project
Bandwidth across my country:
Six-degree zone my country spans 11 6° zones (13-23 zone), generally used for 1:25,000 and 1:50,000 topographic maps;
The three-degree zone spans 22 3° zones (24-45 zones) in my country, and is generally used for topographic maps of 1:10,000.
The central meridian algorithm of each zone:
The six-degree zone is: zone number × 6°-3° (for example, the central meridian in the 16-degree zone is 16×6°-3°=93°)
The third-degree zone is: zone number × 3° (for example, the central meridian of zone 31 is 31×3°=93°)
The longitude span of our country is: 73°E~135°E (on the Pamir Plateau in the westernmost Xinjiang - where the main channel of Heilongjiang and Wusuli River converge);
Therefore, the six-degree span in my country is 13-23, and the third-degree span is 24-45.
An easy-to-remember method: within the territory of the People’s Republic of China, the coordinates (Y coordinate, 8 digits, the first two digits are the band number) the band number less than or equal to 23 must be a 6-degree band, and the one greater than or equal to 24 must be a 3-degree band bring.
The first two digits of the abscissa of the kilometer network on the topographic map are the belt number, for example, the abscissa on the 1:50,000 topographic map is 20345486, of which 20 is the belt number, and 345486 is the abscissa value.
12. Intersection overlay analysis of ArcGIS overlapping data
Overlay analysis is to find out the common intersection between two layers and regenerate a new layer. Surfaces superimposed on surfaces, lines superimposed on surface lines. The attribute information is the superposition of two parts.
The tool is located at: ArcToolbox-->AnalysisTools-->overlay-->Intersect
13. Erase of ArcGIS overlapping data intersection
If the overlapping part of the two layers needs to be deleted, you can use the overlapping area analyzed by overlay or directly use one layer to erase the other layer, and a new layer is obtained after the overlay analysis.
The tool is located in: ArcToolbox-->AnalysisTools-->overlay-->Erase
14. ArcGIS picking area
Draw sub-graphics by operating on an existing line or area feature object. Line object operation: Open the editor, you can edit the reshape feature tool reshapefeaturetool in the tool to cut the line feature and cut off the excess part; or use the split tool to split a line feature into two parts (if you want to merge into one, you can use Select the merge tool after shifting multiple selections). Polygon feature operation: After opening the edit, you can choose to cut the excess part by cutting the reshape feature tool; split the polygon into multiple polygons by splitting the cut polygon tool, and its attributes are also copied; you can also draw a sub-region inside the polygon. The polygon is hollowed out, and attention should be paid to the division graphics drawn to cross and close.
15. Structure editing of ArcGIS fields
For a layer whose attribute column has been defined, if you need to modify its attributes, it is not possible in arcgis. But it can be done in other ways, for example, you can find the .dbf file corresponding to the shapefile file, and then choose to open it with excel2003, and modify the column attributes in it; if it is in the mdb database, you can use the access database to design the table. The form attribute column attribute is enough.
16. Merger union trace of ARCGIS clipping area
Merge: Merge two element objects. After opening the editor, select the element to be merged, select editor-->merge merger, and pop up the target element to be merged. After completion, multiple elements will be merged into one element ( After merging, only the attributes of the selected target features are retained).
Union: To unite another element is to retain the original element object and regenerate a new merged element. The method is similar to the above, just select the union.
Tracking and cutting: To divide a polygonal object according to the boundary of another object, you can open the editor to select two polygons, then select the cutting polygon cutpolygon tool--> select the tracking trace tool to surround the two sides of the polygon to be cut Lift up to cut.
ARCGIS clipping area
17. Establishment of ArcGIS topology and topology rules
①Topological definition: Spatial topology describes the spatial position relationship of geographic objects in nature, and is a part of the spatial attributes of geographic objects.
②The topological relationship of geographic objects mainly includes the following three types:
Adjacency: The adjacency relationship confirms whether objects overlap at a certain boundary, such as province and county data in administrative division maps.
Coincidence: The coincidence relationship confirms whether the objects overlap each other in a certain part, such as the relationship between bus lines and roads.
Connectedness: The connectivity relationship can confirm accessibility, obtain paths, etc.
③Construct topology meaning: the main meaning is to ensure data quality. Topology expresses and specifies spatial relationships between data in a spatial data model. By expressing and specifying this
Topology aligns geographic data with the real world as much as possible. Topology is an effective method to accurately express spatial data. By strictly constraining the relationship between elements, the accuracy and usability of spatial data are improved.
④Topology is implemented in arcgis software: In arcgis, only two data models, Coverage and Geodatabase, can implement topology. Let's take the personal database test.mdb as an example, create a dataset dataset in it, specify a coordinate system, and create a point-line-area feature layer. Create some points and lines, and the opposite generation can use the planarizelines tool in the topology tool to break the intersection of line segments (the set break tolerance refers to the break operation within the tolerance range) , and then use the topology tool--construction polygons tool to construct polygons from line segments. Right-click on the dataset—New——Create Topology. In the Pop-up Topology dialog box, enter the name, tolerance, layer to be topological, set the level, add a rule (the key part, the rule can define multiple), click OK Start to create the topology. After the creation, you can prompt whether to verify the verification. After the verification, you can load the topology into arcmap to check the topology errors. You can see that the errors will be marked in red. In this way, editing and modification can be carried out. After modification, the validate tool can be used multiple times to view topology errors. (For hollow polygons, you can create a polygon-tracking tool to fill in the gaps. For overlapping polygons, you can use the cutpolygons tool+trace tool to cut polygons, and then use the merge tool to merge.)
⑤Topology rules are implemented in AE: First, as a relatively advanced function, topology needs to register the corresponding function code in the program first. The interface to achieve this necessary step is: IAoInitialize, which has an Initialize method that must be used in front of any other components, and it can initialize a product code. This is the method declaration format of C#: public esriLicenseStatus Initialize(esriLicenseProductCode ProductCode); esriLicenseProductCode has six constants, and what we want to use here is esriLicenseProductCodeEngineGeoDB. Let's look at the structural flow of its topology implementation: First, you need to obtain the workspace and define the IWorkspaceFactory interface. Its function is to open the corresponding database file, then assign the IFeatureWorkspace interface, and then obtain the corresponding dataset interface IFeatureDataset, and assign the IFeatureDataset to the ITopologyContainer to obtain the belonging The topology collection of this data set, and then use the CreateTopology method of ITopologyContainer to create a specific topology class, thus creating a topology belonging to the corresponding data set. Then set the characteristics of this topology through some interfaces and functions: layer, tolerance value, precision level, and topology relationship rules, and finally execute this topology through the ValidateTopology method. It can be seen that its implementation process is the same as above.
18. Mutual conversion between ArcGIS point line area elements
The conversion between features includes the mutual conversion between point, line and area feature types. The tool is located under: arctoolbox—>datamanagerment toolsàfeature
① Surface to line: polygon to line is to convert the outline of the surface into a line object; surface to point: feature topoint is to convert only the center point of the surface object into a point element; surface vertices to points: featurevertices to points to convert the surface Convert all vertices of the contour to points.
②Line to polygon: feature to polygon is to convert a closed line into a polygon object. Line to point: feature topoint is to convert the center point of the line into a point. Convert line vertices to points: featurevertices to points converts all vertices of the line into points.
③Point to line: point to line is to convert a sequence of points into a line; (the test found that it is not ideal, and the last point of all the lines will be connected)
19. Convert CAD file (dwg) to Arcgis format (shp)
Open the corresponding CAD data layer (such as polyline), right-click the layer—export data, and save it in shapefile format. Or conversion toolsàtoshapefile –feature class to shapefile(multiple)
20. ArcGIS extension line tool (batch processing of unclosed lines)
For a polyline that should be closed or the end point of a line segment should intersect another line segment, but due to an error, there is no intersection. Feature layers can be extended in batches, and a tolerance value needs to be set. The tools are located in arctoolboxàeditingtoolsàextendlinetools.
21. ArcGIS map expression of building shadow effect (Baidu map)
You need to put the surface layer into the personal database mdb. Right-click the polygon feature—convert to a cartographic representation convert symbolology representation, and then open the property dialog box of the cartographic representation to set its color and offset. However, the map shadow set must be saved after the project is saved, because the cartographic expression does not exist in the database, but can be understood as a rendering and saved in the mxd file. (Of course, you can also make a copy of the polygon, and then move it editortool—>move to achieve the shadow effect, but this increases the amount of data.)
22. ArcGIS DEM (TIN) generates contour files
For example, if the input data is img, it can be converted to TIN through 3D analyst toolsàconversionàfromrasteràrasterto TIN; then it can be converted into contour lines through 3D analyst toolsàterrain and TIN surfaceàsurface contour; because the contour interval is more angular, you can use the smoothing tool in the advanced editing tool ( smooth lines) for smoothing. If there are too few points on the contour line, you can encrypt it with the editingtools--encryption density method.
23. DEM in ArcGI generates contour files
When generating contour files, it is recommended to use 3Danalyst toolsàrastersurfaceàcontour tool to extract contour lines from raster graphics. This method produces contours that are slightly rounder and more accurate.
24. ArcGIS line node densification, smooth line and change line direction
The function is located under editingtools. ①Encryption density is to encrypt line segments and polygons, and extend line is to extend line segments according to the specified length tolerance. ②Inverted line segment flip line is the operation of inverting the start and end points of the line segment. ③Generalize generalize is to generalize the line or surface. If it is a straight line, the nodes in the middle are deleted and only the coordinates of the inflection point are retained. ④ Trim line is to delete the suspension line without any intersection point, and delete the part beyond the intersection point beyond the specified tolerance.
25. ArcGIS text coordinate points are displayed in googleearth
Note that the label information in arcmap converted to kmz format will be displayed on googleearth. In addition, the coordinates in text format must contain X, Y coordinates, and Z coordinates are required if the elevation is displayed. The conversion tool is located at conversion toolsàTo kmlàlayerto KML. Open the display directly in Googleearth.
26. ArcGIS automatic vectorization (use of ArcScan tool)
The Arcscan tool can automatically vectorize the grayscale raster image, and the tool can be called out by right-clicking on the blank part of the tool bar à arcscan. The main base map must be a grayscale image. After opening it in arcgis, you need to set its display mode to binary display, and then you can perform vectorization on the entire area or a part of the area. The specific vectorization can be set as a plane or a line through the option set up.
27. The first contour line and DEM production process of Arcgis project
① Obtain contour files (contour files are generally vectorized from topographic maps);
② Then use 3Danalyst toolsàTINmanagermentàcreateTIN to generate tin data;
③ Then you can use the generated tin data through 3Danalyst tools—>conversionàfrom TINàTIN to raster (or directly through rasterinterprolation-->terrain to grid topo toraster);
④ Use the generated raster data to analyze the slope and aspect (spatial analysttools—>surfaceàaspect&& slope) (that is, first convert the vector data into an irregular triangulation intermediate file, and then convert it into a raster file, you can We performed various slope, aspect, shadow analysis.)
28. DEM related knowledge
DEM (digitalelevation model) is the data that expresses terrain fluctuations digitally, that is, the digital terrain model (DTM) with elevation information. DEM is a new type of topographic map relative to paper topographic maps. It is an important part of the GIS spatial database, and it is the basic data for ground performance and atmospheric process modeling, as well as GIS geoscience analysis and three-dimensional spatial data processing and Core data for terrain analysis.
There are three types of data, namely vector type (contour), regular type (grid type), irregular triangular network type (TIN),
Vector type: mainly uses similar linear elements to express DEM. The advantage is that it is more intuitive, and the disadvantage is that it is not easy to complete the analysis of the three-dimensional characteristics of space. The source is mainly obtained from the vectorization of topographic maps.
Regular grid model: also known as raster data, it mainly expresses terrain features (such as ground elevation) through regular grid cells, and its value is obtained through interpolation of sampling points. The advantage is that the data is simple, more convenient to process and store; and it is easy to combine with remote sensing data such as aviation and spaceflight. The disadvantage is that there is redundancy in the data in flat areas, and the expression in complex terrain is not fine enough.
Irregular triangular network: triangulatedirregular network, through the original sampling points, through certain rules to construct irregular triangular surface to express the terrain. The advantage is that it reduces the data redundancy of regular grids in flat areas and increases the fineness of complex terrain expression. The disadvantage is that the data is slightly more complex.
29. ArcGIS uses raster images as attributes of vector elements
First, ensure that the file is stored in a database (such as mdb), and add a field for storing pictures (such as pic) in the feature layer. Note that the type must be specified as raster. Then open the editor, you can add a picture by right-clicking on the picture field (pic) of the attribute table.
30. ArcGIS gets point coordinates from geometry
The geometric shape and coordinate values of arcgis points, lines and surfaces are stored in the shape field, but if you want to obtain the geometric information (such as the XY coordinates of the point layer, the XY coordinates or length of the middle point of the line layer, and the surface layer XY coordinates of the center point or perimeter area, etc.). You can open the feature attribute table (such as point layer), add a new field to store the information you want to obtain (such as X, Y coordinate field), and then select the column on the field, right click on the property à calculate geometry (calculate geometry) ; Similarly, related information of other feature layers can be obtained.
31. ArcGIS's layering of data elements by attribute
When a feature layer contains multiple types of elements (the point layer must contain various elements such as hospitals, schools, banks, etc.), if you want to extract them as a separate layer according to the category, you can use the query in the attribute table Function.
For example, there is a name field in the point layer, which can be
① First open the attribute table à through the attribute query, open the attribute editor,
② Edit the query formula in it, such as [NAME] LIKE'*学*', you can query all the elements containing "学" (note that single quotation marks and asterisks are in English). You can also use logical expressions, such as or, and, not like, etc. to perform more complex queries.
③ After the query is found, you can choose to export the selected element data by "right-clicking on the layer—>data—>export data". Just save it in shapefile format, and then delete and modify the unqualified elements found in the query.
32. ArcGIS automatically calculates the area length field, and a layer has multiple display styles
①After the map elements are created in the database mdb, the length and area fields can be automatically established, and the new elements will be automatically calculated.
②If you want to display a layer in multiple styles, you can set the style of the layer: right-click the layer→properties—>style, and you can set the displayed style according to different attribute values. After setting, the project file must be saved to record the current style setting, because the information is recorded in the mxd file.
33. ArcGIS multiple buffer multi-buffer
Multi-buffer polygons are often used in work, but the built-in analysis tools-proximity-buffer can only buffer once, but the multiple ring buffer often reports an error. Then the custom buffer wizard can be opened. The method is: customize--customize mode, then the commands tab--tools--buffer wizard tool can be dragged out and used.
34. Quickly create surfaces with lines
1. A surface layer needs to exist to store the converted surface elements. The method is the tool "Create Surface from Lines" under Advanced Editing
2. Table connection join: It is required to have a matching field, the name can be different, but the data type must be consistent (such as text or number). The join method is that the link is a temporary link on the view. If you want a permanent link, you need to create a new copy of the data. Commonly used for 1:1 1:M
The relation of the table: it is mostly used for one-to-many and many-to-many. After the relation, the relation cannot be displayed, and the data cannot be expanded.
4. The arcscan tool can only process black and white layers, so ① first load a single band ② divide it into 2 categories through reclassification, that is, binarization (if it cannot be classified, first calculate the unique value, and then click to classify), this Then you can use the arcscan tool. When using it, you need to open the editing tool, and then use the inverted F-shaped icon to drag an area to automatically vectorize the selected area.
Symbolic display of layers:
Classification:
①Natural split point: Automatically set breakpoints at places with large data spans, and use elements with large changes in value
② Equal interval method: the span in each interval is the same, and the situation of continuous change is used
③ Quantile method: the number in each interval is the same, and the distribution is relatively average
④Collection distance method: use elements that are geometrically distributed
⑤Standard deviation: It reflects the degree of dispersion relative to the average value, using the normal distribution of the element distribution.
⑥Custom interval method: manual segmentation.
Symbol Library: Custom-style manager, you can modify and stitch according to the existing symbols, or add your own pictures as symbols. At the same time, if you customize it yourself, you can download the FontCenter plug-in to draw it yourself. The newly created symbol library is saved in mxd, and the style symbol library needs to be added first before it can be used.
When matching, after loading, select the layer properties--category--match with the symbols in the style, select your own symbol library, and the matching fields, and then you can automatically match. For example, the classification of national land use can be displayed according to a unified cartographic standard.
ArcGIS Thematic Map
03
Summarize
Proficiency in the common operation skills of ArcGIS will be handy for your cartographic analysis and update. As a mature geographic information system platform, ArcGIS has good performance in map cartography. Rational use of tools, mastering appropriate drawing time skills, and an in-depth understanding of drawing rules all bring convenience to making beautiful maps. Mapping will become easier as technology continues to improve and people understand maps.
More content: Tree Valley Database Resource Encyclopedia