foreword

Artificial intelligence is a vast field of study. Although we have made some progress in the theoretical research and algorithm development of artificial intelligence, our current capabilities are still very limited. Machine learning is an important field of artificial intelligence. It studies how computers simulate or implement human learning behaviors to acquire new knowledge or skills, and continuously improve their performance by reorganizing existing knowledge structures. Deep learning is a research direction in machine learning. Through multi-layer processing, the initial "low-level" feature representation is gradually transformed into a "high-level" feature representation, so that "simple models" can be used to complete complex classification and other learning tasks. Deep learning has a wide range of applications in various fields of artificial intelligence.

Column introduction

Many people are interested in AI technology, but due to its many knowledge points, it is difficult to learn systematically, and there is no direction for learning and so on. Our column aims to provide benefits for zero-based, beginners and practitioners, explore AI technology together, learn and introduce from the basics. Let you learn and master artificial intelligence technology from scratch.

column description

This feature article and the overall series of articles mainly cover a number of popular topics, including the history of artificial intelligence, applications, deep learning, machine learning, natural language processing, reinforcement learning, Q-learning, intelligent agents, and various search algorithms. This artificial intelligence tutorial provides an introduction to artificial intelligence and helps you understand the concepts behind it. Our tutorials are designed to provide beginner and intermediate readers with a complete knowledge of artificial intelligence, from basic to advanced concepts.

syllabus

In contrast to intelligence exhibited by humans, AI refers to intelligence exhibited by machines. This tutorial covers the following overall learning path content:

prerequisite

Before learning artificial intelligence, you need to have the following basic knowledge in order to easily understand some programming-related functions.

Familiar with at least one computer language, such as C, C++, Java or Python (Python is recommended).
Have a certain understanding of basic mathematics, such as calculus, probability theory, linear algebra, and mathematical statistics, etc. It’s okay if you don’t know much. I will also lead you to analyze and learn.

for readers

This course is designed for graduates, postgraduates, and beginners and intermediate-level scholars who are interested in artificial intelligence as part of their courses, but also covers some advanced concepts that professionals need to understand.

learning target

This column mainly provides an introduction to artificial intelligence, which can help you understand the concepts behind artificial intelligence and the application of artificial intelligence, deep learning, machine learning, natural language processing, reinforcement learning, Q-learning, intelligent agents, various search algorithms, etc.

After learning, you will master: the concepts of machine learning and deep learning, commonly used machine learning algorithms and neural network algorithms.
Artificial neural network, natural language processing, machine learning, deep learning, genetic algorithm and other basic concepts in various fields of artificial intelligence and how to implement them in Python.
Recognize and master the basic knowledge of related artificial intelligence and Python programming. You will also master the basic terms used in AI and some useful python packages, such as: nltk, OpenCV, pandas, OpenAI Gym, etc.

artificial intelligence

background introduction

In the rapid development of technology, human beings have developed various devices that are compact in size, fast in speed, and can greatly simplify our way of life. One of the booming technologies in computer science is artificial intelligence. Today, AI is all around us and works with a variety of subfields, from self-driving cars to playing chess, proving theorems, playing music, and drawing.

AI is a fascinating and pervasive field with a wide range of applications in the future. It has the tendency to make machines replace human work .

concept note

Artificial intelligence (Artificial intelligence) is composed of two words "artificial" and "intelligence", where "artificial" is defined as "artificial", and "intelligence" is defined as "thinking ability", so AI means "artificial thinking ability" .

definition

Artificial intelligence is a new technical science that studies and develops theories, methods, technologies and application systems for simulating, extending and expanding human intelligence. It is "the branch of computer science through which intelligent machines are created that can function, think, and make decisions like humans, with human-based skills (such as learning, reasoning, and problem solving)" .

target direction

Before learning artificial intelligence, we need to understand why AI is important and why to learn it. The following are the main application directions of AI:

Software or Devices : AI can help us solve practical problems such as health issues, marketing, transportation, etc. with ease and with improved accuracy.
Personal virtual assistants : such as Cortana, Google Assistant, Siri, etc., can provide us with personalized service and support.
Robots : Working in environments where humans cannot live, providing us with security.

Target

The ultimate goal of artificial intelligence is to enable computers to simulate human thinking and behavior .

The main goal of artificial intelligence

Replicate human intelligence and build systems that exhibit intelligent behavior
Learn new knowledge independently and solve knowledge-intensive tasks
Display, explain and provide advice to users, improve the intelligent connection between perception and action,
Build a machine that can perform tasks that require artificial intelligence, and the AI can use its own intelligent algorithms to complete the task without pre-programming

Application Fields of Artificial Intelligence

Artificial intelligence is widely used in today's society and has become a necessity to solve complex problems in various industries, such as healthcare, entertainment, finance, education, etc. By applying artificial intelligence technology, we can solve problems more efficiently and improve our quality of life and work efficiency. Here are some areas where artificial intelligence is applied:

Artificial intelligence (AI) is being used more and more in various fields. The following are some of the applications of AI in fields:

Astronomy: AI can help understand complex issues such as how the universe works and its origin.
Healthcare: AI can help doctors make faster and more accurate diagnoses, provide information on disease progression, and get medical help before hospitalization.
Games: AI can be used to play strategic games such as chess, which requires thinking about a large number of possible places.
Finance: The financial industry is applying automation, chatbots, adaptive intelligence, algorithmic trading, and machine learning to financial processes.
Data security: AI can make data more secure, such as AEG bot, AI2 platform and other applications.
Social Media: AI can organize and manage large amounts of data, analyze large amounts of data to identify the latest trends, hashtags, and needs of different users.
Travel and Transportation: AI can do a variety of travel-related jobs, from travel arrangements to suggesting hotels, flights, and the best routes to customers.
Automotive: The automotive industry is using AI to provide virtual assistants to its users for better performance. Various industries are currently working on developing self-driving cars to make journeys safer.
Robotics: AI has a remarkable role in robotics to create intelligent robots that can perform tasks with their own experience without pre-programming.
Entertainment: Some AI-based apps and entertainment services, such as Netflix or Amazon, use ML/AI algorithms to display recommendations for programs or shows.
Agriculture: Agriculture is applying artificial intelligence in agricultural robotics, solids and crop monitoring, predictive analytics, which is very helpful for farmers.
E-Commerce: AI is helping shoppers discover related products in recommended sizes, colors, and even brands, giving the e-commerce industry a competitive advantage.
Education: AI can automate grading so teachers can spend more time teaching. AI chatbot can act as a teaching assistant to communicate with students. The AI of the future can act as a personal virtual tutor for students, easily accessible anytime, anywhere.

The application of AI in various fields continues to expand and deepen, bringing many conveniences and innovations to people's life and work.

Artificial intelligence subject area

Artificial intelligence is not just a part of computer science, even though it is so vast and requires many other factors that can contribute to it. To create AI in the first place, we should know how intelligence is composed, so intelligence is the invisible part of the brain, which is a combination of reasoning, learning, problem solving perception, language understanding, etc.

To achieve the above factors of a machine or software, artificial intelligence requires the following disciplines:

mathematics biology psychology sociology computer science neuron research statistics

artificial intelligence classification

Artificial intelligence can be divided into various types, with two main classifications based on its capabilities and AI functions. Here is a flowchart explaining the types of AI:

App-Based Artificial Intelligence

There are mainly weak artificial intelligence, general artificial intelligence, and finally strong artificial intelligence.

Weak AI (weak artificial intelligence)

Weak AI is a type of AI capable of performing specific intelligent tasks. The most common and available type of AI currently is Narrow AI .

Narrow AI can only function within its specific domain or limitations because it is only trained for a specific task. Therefore, it is also called weak AI. Narrow AI can fail in unpredictable ways if its limits are exceeded.

For example, Apple Siri is a good example of a narrow AI, but its capabilities are limited and limited to predefined tasks. IBM's Watson supercomputer also falls under narrow AI because it uses an expert system approach that combines machine learning and natural language processing.

Some examples of narrow AI include playing chess, making purchase recommendations on e-commerce sites, self-driving cars, speech recognition, and image recognition.

General AI (General Artificial Intelligence)

Artificial general intelligence is an intelligence that can perform a variety of intellectual tasks as efficiently as humans.

The concept of artificial general intelligence is to build a smarter system that can think like a human. However, there is currently no such system that can perform under general AI and perform any task perfectly like a human.

Researchers across the globe are now focused on developing machines with general AI. Since systems with general AI are still in the research phase, developing such systems requires a lot of effort and time.

While fully general AI does not currently exist, a lot of progress has been made. For example, deep learning and neural network techniques have achieved many complex tasks, such as natural language processing and image recognition. However, these techniques are still somewhat limited as they can only function in specific domains.

Strong AI (Strong Artificial Intelligence)

Strong AI is the level of intelligence at which machines can surpass human intelligence and perform various tasks better than humans with cognitive attributes. This is the ultimate goal of general artificial intelligence.

A strong AI has some key characteristics, including the ability to think, reason, solve problems, make judgments, plan, learn, and communicate.

However, strong AI remains a hypothetical concept of artificial intelligence. Developing such a system in reality remains a challenging task. Although AI technology has made great progress, the realization of super AI requires more research and development. We need to address many technical and ethical issues before the concept of strong AI can truly be realized.

Ability-Based Artificial Intelligence

reaction machine

A purely reactive machine is the most basic type of artificial intelligence. Such an AI system does not store memories or past experiences for future actions, but only focuses on the current scene and reacts according to the best possible action. IBM's Deep Blue system is an example of a passive machine capable of beating a human grandmaster at a game of chess. Another example of a reactive machine is Google's AlphaGo, which was able to beat a world champion at the game of Go. These reactive machines, despite their simplicity, have shown amazing abilities at specific tasks and are an important milestone in the field of artificial intelligence.

limited memory

A limited memory machine can store past experience or some data for a short period of time, but can only use the stored data for a limited period of time. Self-driving cars are one of the best examples of systems with limited memory. These cars can store recent speeds of nearby vehicles, distances of other vehicles, speed limits, and other information to navigate the road. This type of AI system is able to use stored information to make better decisions, but there are still limitations. These machines need to constantly update and manage the stored data to better adapt to different situations. In the future, with the development of technology, this type of artificial intelligence system will become more popular and will be applied in various fields.

theory of mind

Theory of mind AI is supposed to understand human emotions, relationships, and beliefs, and be able to interact socially like humans. While this type of AI machine is not yet fully developed, researchers are constantly working on and improving it to make it a reality. Such AI machines need to be able to perceive and understand human emotions and intentions in order to better interact with humans. Applications of such AI machines will be useful in a variety of fields, including mental health, healthcare, and social entertainment. With the advancement of technology and continuous research, we believe that this type of AI machine will become the mainstream of the future and have a profound impact on the way we live and work.

self conscious

Self-aware AI is the future of artificial intelligence. These machines will be superintelligent, with their own consciousness, emotions and self-awareness. These machines are smarter than the human brain. Self-aware AI does not exist in reality, it is a hypothetical concept.

Advantages and disadvantages of artificial intelligence

advantage

AI has many advantages, including:

High precision, high speed, high reliability and usefulness for risky areas: AI machines or systems can make decisions based on prior experience or information with high accuracy and less error-prone.
AI systems can be very high speed and quick decision making, as they can beat chess champions in a game of chess.
AI machines are very reliable and can perform the same action many times with high precision.
In risky areas, such as disarming bombs, exploring the seabed, etc., AI machines can help.
AI is very useful in providing digital assistants to users, for example AI technology is currently used by various e-commerce sites to display products according to customer requirements.
Artificial intelligence is very useful for public utilities, such as self-driving cars to make our journeys safer and more worry-free, facial recognition for security purposes, natural language processing to communicate with people in human language, etc.

To sum up, artificial intelligence has broad application prospects in many aspects and will have a profound impact on the way we live and work.

shortcoming

While artificial intelligence has many advantages, it also has some disadvantages that need to be taken into account when creating AI systems.

The hardware and software requirements for AI are very expensive, making it a high-cost technology.
While AI can make smarter machines, they still can't do it out of the box, because robots can only do the jobs they've been trained or programmed to do.
AI machines are devoid of emotions and emotions and thus unable to develop any emotional attachment to humans, which can sometimes be harmful to users if proper care is not taken.
As technology increases, people become more and more dependent on devices, so they lose their mental abilities, which is another disadvantage.
AI machines lack the original creativity to be as creative and imaginative as humans.

In summary, the shortcomings of AI technologies need to be carefully considered and ways to address them need to be found to ensure that AI technologies can reach their fullest potential.

Analyzed

To sum up, in this section, we explain and illustrate the theoretical knowledge of artificial intelligence in a framework mode:

Definition of artificial intelligence : Artificial intelligence (Artificial intelligence) is composed of two words "artificial" and "intelligence", where "artificial" is defined as "artificial", and "intelligence" is defined as "thinking ability", so AI means " artificial thinking ability
The goal direction of artificial intelligence : the ultimate goal of artificial intelligence is to enable computers to simulate human thinking and behavior.
The main goal of artificial intelligence : the goal of artificial intelligence is to establish a system that exhibits intelligent behavior, solve knowledge-intensive tasks through autonomous learning of new knowledge, and improve the intelligent connection between perception and action, and finally build a system that can perform tasks that require artificial intelligence machine without pre-programming.
Applications of AI : AI has a wide range of applications in various fields, including astronomy, healthcare, gaming, finance, data security, social media, travel and transportation, automotive, robotics, entertainment, agriculture, e-commerce, and education etc. have brought great changes and progress to these fields.
Artificial Intelligence Subject Areas : Mathematics Biology Psychology Sociology Computer Science Neuron Research Statistics.
Artificial intelligence classification :
- App-Based Artificial Intelligence
  - Weak AI (Weak AI): Weak AI is a type of AI capable of performing specific intelligent tasks. The most common and available type of AI currently is Narrow AI.
  - General AI (General Artificial Intelligence): General Artificial Intelligence is an intelligence that can perform various intellectual tasks as efficiently as a human
  - Strong AI (Strong Artificial Intelligence): Strong AI is a level of intelligence where machines can surpass human intelligence and perform various tasks better than humans with cognitive attributes
- Ability-Based Artificial Intelligence
  - Reactive Machines: Purely reactive machines are the most basic type of artificial intelligence, they only focus on the current scene and react according to the best possible action, such as IBM's Deep Blue and Google's AlphaGo, show amazing ability on specific tasks , is an important milestone in the field of artificial intelligence.
  - Limited memory: Limited memory Machines can store past experience or data for a short period of time, such as self-driving cars, are able to use the stored information to make better decisions, but there are still limitations, and the stored data needs to be constantly updated and managed , will be applied in various fields in the future.
  - Theory of Mind: Theory of Mind AI should understand human emotions, relationships, and beliefs, and be able to socially interact like humans. Although it has not yet been fully developed, researchers are constantly working on and improving it. This AI machine needs to perceive and Understanding Human Emotions and Intentions
  - Self-awareness: Self-aware AI is the future of artificial intelligence. These machines will be superintelligent, with their own consciousness, emotions and self-awareness. These machines are smarter than the human brain. Self-aware AI does not exist in reality, it is a hypothetical concept.
Advantages and disadvantages of artificial intelligence
- Advantages : AI has high precision, high speed, high reliability and usefulness for risky areas, can be used for quick decision-making, perform the same action many times with high precision, provide digital assistants, public facilities, etc., such as self-driving cars, facial recognition and natural language processing, etc.
- Cons : AI is a costly technology, and while smarter machines can be made, they require training and programming, lack emotion and creativity, and can sometimes be harmful to users while also robbing people of their mental abilities.

Artificial Intelligence System and Practical Guide