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Through "Today in History", the future can be seen from the past, and the future can also be changed from the present.
Today is June 7, 2023. On this day in 1742, the Prussian mathematician Christian Goldbach wrote the following conjecture in a letter to the Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler : Any integer of 2 can be written as the sum of three prime numbers . This is one of the oldest unsolved problems in number theory, Goldbach's conjecture.
There was no progress for a long time after Goldbach's conjecture was proposed. Until the 1920s, mathematicians proposed solutions from the two aspects of combinatorics and analytic number theory, and in the following half a century A series of breakthroughs have been achieved. The best result so far is Chen's Theorem (also known as "1+2") published in 1973 by Chinese mathematician Chen Jingrun.
Looking back on June 7th in the history of computers, an event that completely affected the history of computers happened on this day-the death of Turing. Let us return to Manchester 69 years ago and look back at what happened that year.
June 7, 1924: Donald Davies, inventor of packet-switched networking, is born
Donald Watts Davies (born 7 June 1924) is a Welsh computer scientist employed by the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) in the United Kingdom. In 1965, he conceived of packet switching, establishing the primary basis for data communications in today's global computer networks; Davis proposed a commercial national network in the UK, and designed and built a local NPL network to demonstrate the technology. Many of the wide-area packet-switching networks built in the 1970s were similar in almost every respect to his original 1965 design, and the ARPANET project credits Davis for his influence on the development of the Internet to important.
From 1947, Donald Davies worked at the UK's National Physical Laboratory (NPL), where Alan Turing designed the Automatic Computation Engine (ACE) computer. Davis is said to have found an error in Turing's seminal 1936 paper On Computable Numbers, which annoyed Turing; over time, ACE struggled, causing Turing to leave and Davis to take over the project , and instead focused on the less difficult-to-design Pilot ACE computer. In May 1950, the Pilot ACE computer, which also had a commercial derivative, the DEUCE, manufactured by the British Electric Computer Company, was one of the best-selling machines of the 1950s.
Davis is also working on applications for traffic simulation and machine translation. In the early 1960s he was involved in a government technology program to stimulate the UK computer industry. In 1965, Davis introduced the concept of packet switching, which divides computer messages into packets that are routed independently, possibly via different routes, across a network, and reassembled at their destination. Davis used the term "packet" after consulting with linguists because of its ability to be translated into languages other than English without ambiguity.
Davis later worked on Internetworking protocols with his deputies Derek Barber and Roger Scantlebury. They have participated in the International Network Working Group since 1972 and published "Computer Communication Networks" in 1973. For a long time, the network engineering community has been polarized over the implementation of competing protocol suites, a debate often referred to as "protocol wars." In 1979, Davis broke away from the vortex of the network protocol wars to study computer network security; in 1983, he and David O. Clayden designed the Message Authenticator Algorithm (MAA), the first widely accepted One of the message authentication code algorithms. Davis died on May 28, 2000 at the age of 75.
Source: Wikipedia
June 7, 1954: The anniversary of Turing's death
After World War II, Turing joined the National Physical Laboratory, where he creatively designed an automatic computing engine and became one of the pioneers in the design of stored-program computers. However, much of his work was restricted by the Official Secrets Act, so his contributions were not fully recognized at the time.
Between 1945 and 1947 Turing lived in Hampton, London, where he worked on the design of the Automatic Computing Engine (ACE) at the National Physical Laboratory (NPL). He submitted a paper detailing the design of the first stored-program computer, predating von Neumann's incomplete report on the EDVAC. However, he was unable to explain how a computer installation involving a human operator would work due to Official Secrets Act restrictions, delaying the project. During his sabbatical, he completed a major unpublished work on intelligent machines.
After Turing returned to Cambridge, construction of the Pilot ACE computer was restarted. In 1948, Turing became a lecturer in the Department of Mathematics at the Victoria University of Manchester, and served as deputy director of the computer laboratory responsible for developing the software for the Manchester Mark 1 computer. He also worked as a consultant on the commercialization of the Ferranti Mark 1 machine, delving further into the field of mathematics. In his paper published in 1950, he proposed the famous Turing test, which tried to define the standard of machine "intelligence". He also collaborated with DG Champernowe on a chess program, which he attempted to implement on the Ferranti Mark 1. His Turing Test had an important and lasting impact on the field of artificial intelligence.
Despite his important achievements in science, Turing's life was not smooth. In 1952, Turing was indicted for homosexual conduct and forced to undergo DES hormone therapy (which was seen as an operation similar to chemical castration) as an alternative to incarceration. However, these injustices took a severe toll on his mental health.
On 8 June 1954, Turing's body was discovered by his butler at his home at 43 Adlington Road, Wilmslow. He had died the previous day at the age of 41 from cyanide poisoning. The butler found a half-eaten apple by his bed, and although no cyanide testing was carried out, it is speculated that Turing may have administered a fatal dose this way. An inquest determined his death was a suicide.
There are various views on the explanation of Turing's death. Philosopher Jack Copeland has questioned aspects of the coroner's historical verdicts. He believes Turing's death may have been the result of accidental inhalation of cyanide fumes from equipment used to electroplate gold onto spoons. Potassium cyanide is commonly used to dissolve gold. Copeland noted that the autopsy results were more consistent with inhalation of poison than ingestion. In addition, it is reported that Turing used to eat apples before going to bed, and often threw away half-eaten apples. Some biographers believe that Turing intentionally left the nature of his death ambiguous so that his mother would not know that he committed suicide.
Turing's body was cremated at Woking Crematorium on 12 June 1954, and his ashes were scattered in the gardens there, along with those of his father. His death has brought great grief to his family, friends and supporters, but his legacy and contributions will forever remain in the history of science as a timeless icon.
Following a public campaign in 2009, Prime Minister Gordon Brown issued a formal public apology on behalf of the British government for the "appalling treatment" Turing had received. Queen Elizabeth II granted the amnesty posthumously in 2013. The term "Alan Turing's law" is now used informally to refer to a law passed in the United Kingdom in 2017 that retroactively amnesties anyone who has been warned or convicted of homosexual behavior under historic law.
Turing has an extensive legacy that includes a statue and many things named after him, as well as an annual award for innovation in computer science. His likeness appears on the current Bank of England £50 note, which will be issued on 23 June 2021 to coincide with his birthday. A 2019 BBC series named Alan Turing the greatest figure of the 20th century, based on audience votes.
Source: Wikipedia
June 7, 2006: "World of Warcraft" landed in China
"World of Warcraft" (WoW for short), referred to as Warcraft, is a massively multiplayer online role-playing game produced by Blizzard Entertainment. The starting point of the plot of World of Warcraft is the story after the end of "Warcraft 3: The Frozen Throne". Blizzard announced World of Warcraft on September 2, 2001. World of Warcraft was publicly tested in North America in mid-2004. On November 23 of the same year, on the occasion of the 10th anniversary of the Warcraft cross-media production series, World of Warcraft was officially released in North America and Oceania. After this game landed in China, it has been generating extraordinary results. All major Internet cafes and many home computers are loaded with "Warcraft"; on August 1, 2011, CCTV once praised World of Warcraft for being very creative, and also praised the American Blizzard company. At the same time, it also accused and criticized many domestic online games for their lack of creativity, good and bad. However, before this game became popular, the story when it landed in China was very complicated.
In January 2004, The Ninth City acquired the agency rights of World of Warcraft servers in mainland China from Vivendi, the parent company of Blizzard Entertainment. World of Warcraft has achieved great success after operating in the mainland. By 2009, it had dominated the online game industry in mainland China for five years. World of Warcraft has also become the income pillar of the ninth city. A huge share of 90% of the income of the ninth city. In 2007, in order to get rid of the need to rely on Warcraft to survive, The Ninth City began to represent the games of other online game manufacturers, including the online games of Electronic Arts, a competitor of Blizzard Entertainment. On May 21, 2007, Electronic Arts invested 167 million U.S. dollars in shares The 15% stake in Ninetowns caused great dissatisfaction with Blizzard, and things gradually began to ferment.
In 2008, under the operation of The Ninth City, the latest expansion piece "World of Warcraft: The Burning Crusade" was delayed for 8 months before opening in China, and its update progress was out of touch with the world, and the poor server quality brought extremely poor The game experience, the more and more serious hacking problem, etc., many factors make Blizzard begin to consider terminating the cooperative relationship with Ninth City. On April 14, 2008, The Ninth City announced that it had reached an agreement with Blizzard to renew the right to operate "World of Warcraft: Wrath of the Lich King" in mainland China. However, at this time, Ninetowns and Netease were secretly and fiercely competing for the follow-up agent rights of the national server of World of Warcraft, and this agreement later became a dead letter. In August 2008, NetEase obtained the agency rights of StarCraft 2 developed by Blizzard Entertainment and the subsequent Battle.net set up by Blizzard in mainland China, which marked the formal breakdown of the cooperative relationship between Blizzard and Ninth City, and also the beginning of cooperation between Blizzard and NetEase.
At 15:40 pm on April 16, 2009, Blizzard Entertainment officially announced that it would transfer the agency operation rights of "World of Warcraft" in the national server from The Ninth City to NetEase for a period of 3 years, and the news was confirmed. Then the share price of Ninth City fell 24.66% on Nasdaq that day. On May 12, 2009, after the routine maintenance of the World of Warcraft national server ended, many players found that the "World of Warcraft Chinese Version Terms of Use Agreement" at the bottom of the game login interface had amended the account ownership. At that time, most players began to realize that changing agents may not be as smooth as imagined.
At 00:00 on June 7, 2009, the national server of "World of Warcraft" officially entered the agency transfer transition period. The server was closed and was taken over by Shanghai NetEase Network Technology Development Co., Ltd., a subsidiary of NetEase. Entertainment parted ways. During the month and a half of changing the agency and shutting down the server, a large number of players in the national server were lost, and other similar MMORPG online game manufacturers and agents also seized this rare opportunity to launch highly targeted advertisements, such as the swordsman love affair operated by Kingsoft On the third online version, the slogan "A door to a world is closed, but a door to martial arts is opened" is displayed. On July 30, 2009, after one and a half months of service suspension, the national service reopened.
On September 19, 2009, NetEase issued an announcement announcing that World of Warcraft would resume its official operation in mainland China, and began to charge fees and resume new account registration; however, on November 2 of the same year, the General Administration of Press and Publication issued a notice stating that NetEase The agency "World of Warcraft" started operating without permission, so the review of "World of Warcraft" was terminated, the application for introducing the "World of Warcraft" game was returned, and a penalty was imposed, requiring NetEase to immediately stop the game. It operates for a fee and closes the registration of new accounts; but a few hours later, the Ministry of Culture issued a statement again, saying that the version office violated the regulations of the Three Regulations, and only the Ministry of Culture has the right to investigate and deal with the online game market. A bigger war started, and NetEase did not stop the normal commercial operation of "World of Warcraft" during this period.
On February 7, 2010, NetEase issued an announcement announcing that it would suspend new user registration from February 8, 2010, and at the same time give players 3 hours of game time every day from February 8 to February 14. In addition, NetEase will resubmit the online game publishing application of "World of Warcraft: Burning Crusade" to the General Administration of Press and Publication (Burning Crusade has been in operation for more than two years at this time). On the second day, the General Administration of Press and Publication issued an announcement announcing the acceptance of the application and re-starting the review of game content; 4 days later, it announced the approval of the application. So far, the "World of Warcraft" in mainland China has finally fully resumed normal operation, and the agency right The replacement event is temporarily over.
Source: Wikipedia
June 7, 2014: Kubernetes open source release
Kubernetes (often shortened to K8s) is an open source system for automatically deploying, scaling and managing "containerized applications". The system was designed by Google and donated to the Cloud Native Computing Foundation (now part of the Linux Foundation) for use. It aims to provide "a platform for automatically deploying, scaling, and running application containers across clusters of hosts," supporting a range of container tools, including Docker, among others. In the past two years, Swarm and Mesos have been gradually eliminated by Kubernetes. Big companies such as BAT, Didi, JD.com, and Toutiao are all vying to focus on containers and K8S projects; K8s has become the de facto standard in the field of container management, which has greatly promoted Developments in the field of cloud native.
K8s was originally founded by Joe Beda, Brandon Burns, and Craig McClukey, and was soon joined by other Google engineers such as Brian Grant. The development and design of K8s is heavily influenced by Google's Borg system, and many of the project's top contributors have previously worked in the Borg system. The common abbreviation method "K8s" in today's information industry comes from abbreviating the eight letters of "ubernete" to "8". The core value of the Kubernetes project is a series of universal, declarative API-driven containerized job orchestration ideas and best practices. Based on this, Kubernetes provides users with a set of basic dependencies for building distributed systems based on containerization ideas.
Taking history as a mirror, we can know the ups and downs. Since the development of computer science, there have been many crucial events and characters. In " New Programmers: Our Technology Era, Our Program Life ", more than 40 technicians spanned half a century and used codes to write out real program life stories!
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