The Linux
version number is divided into two parts, namely the kernel version and the release version. The kernel version number consists of 3 numbers: rxy
r The main version of the kernel currently released
x The even number represents the stable version; the odd number represents the version under development (testing)
y The number of bug fixes
linux user permissions
file and directory permissions
SElinux
Four software package installation methods
program? process?
front desk? Backstage?
Operation? Task?
monitor? top htop
https://rc.mbd.baidu.com/3xuajk0
https://re.mbd.baidu.com/dl8dxr6
yum ?
https://blog.csdn.net/mr_rsq/article/details/68926279
Raid ? soft Hard 0 1 5 10
disk quota?
Logical volume management //There is a knowledge omission in this
command part
ssh
ping
shutdown
-k does not really shut down the system, but only issues a warning message to all users
-r shuts down the system and restarts immediately
-c interrupts shuts down the system
-h shuts down the system without restarting the
halt
-w doesn't really reboot or shut down the system, just write "wtmp" (/var/log/wtmp) to log
reboot
init
runlevel
man
-a show all man pages instead of just the first
-f just show commands The function does not display the detailed description of the file
-w does not display the man page, only the location of the file to be formatted and displayed
type
-t: output "file", "alias" or "builtin", respectively for the given The instruction is "external instruction", "command alias" or "internal instruction";
-p: If the given instruction is an external instruction, its absolute path is displayed;
-a: In the path specified by the environment variable "PATH", Displays information for the given directive, including command aliases.
help
-s only show command syntax
help builtin commands
not builtin commands --help
whereis
-b find binary files only
-m find main files
-s find sources
-u find unusual log files
whoami
who
w
which
mkdir
-m, - -mode=mode sets the permission mode (similar to chmod) instead of rwxrwxrwx minus umask
-p, --parents Create parent directories of the target directory when needed, but do not treat as an error even if these directories already exist
-v, --verbose Display information every time a new directory is created
-Z, --context=CTX will The SELinux security environment of the created directory is set to CTX
--help show this help and exit
--version show version information and exit
cd
. .. / ~
pwd
history
ls
lhdtr S i A c -F -I
kill
pkill
alias
unalias
rm
rf (basically the same function) i (basically the same function)
Vim learn from the blog
Command line mode insert mode Last line mode
create search replace delete copy paste highlight (command)
touch
amcdt
rmdir
-p
cp
a(dpr) dfipr (basically the same function) l
mv
if
wc
lwc
ln
si
cat nbs
E
more
fcsu +num
less
head
nqv
tail
+num -num -c
sort
cdf M
uniq
du + - n
cut
fd c
comm
-1 -2 -3
diff
e(?) rcb
find +three Swordsman //I call it the Four Musketeers These four commands need to be digested and skilled to take a day to learn
vidiff
locate (not commonly used)
fqnrod
whereis
file
whatis
which
uname
amnrsv
hostname
dmesg
cal
jym
date
dsu
hwclock
echo
mesg
wall
write
clear (ctrl +l)
sync
uptime
last
sh
readonly
export
useradd
d g G m M su
passwd
-k, --keep-tokens keep auth tokens unexpired
-d, --delete delete Password for the named account ( only root can do this)
-l, --lock lock the password for the named account (root only)
-u, --unlock unlock the password for the named account (root only)
-e, --expire expire the password for the named account (root only)
-f, --force to enforce the action
-x, --maximum=DAYS maximum valid time for passwords (only root can do this)
-n, --minimum=DAYS minimum valid time for passwords (only root can do this)
-w, -- warning=DAYS How many days before the password expires to start reminding the user (only root users can do this)
-i, --inactive=DAYS How many days after the password expires the account will be disabled (only root users can do this)
-S, --status report the password status of the named account (only root can do this)
--stdin read token from standard input (only root can do this)
usermod
G l L s U ucdg
userdel
r
groupadd
gr
groupmod
gon
groupdel
gpasswd
adr
chfn
roph
chsh
su
- -l
-c
pwck
newgrp
finger
s
groups
id
g G u
chattr
who
chage
visudo
pwcov
fdisk
b l s u v
md5sum
c
mkfs
-t
mount
mount -t type dev dir
umount
r t a
stat
mkswap
free
swapon
dd
if of bs count
swapoff
chmod
u g o a + - = r w x s t
chgrp
R
df
-a, --all include dummy file systems
-B, --block-size=SIZE use SIZE-byte blocks
--direct show statistics for a file instead of mount point
--total produce a grand total
-h, --human-readable print sizes in human readable format (eg, 1K 234M 2G)
-H, --si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024
-i, --inodes display inode information instead of block usage
-k ie --block-size=1K
-l, --local only displays the local file system
--no-sync do not synchronize before getting usage data (default)
-P, --portability use POSIX-compatible output format
--sync perform synchronization action before getting usage data
-t, --type=type only display the information that the specified file system is of the specified type
-T, --print-type display the file system type
-x, --exclude-type=type only show file system information that is not the specified type
-v (ignore)
--help show this help message and exit
--version Display version information and exit
rpm
ivhqae UF l
tar //Need to improve proficiency
xfvzc rw cvf tvf xvf rvf uvf
-A or --catenate: add files to existing backup files;
-B: set block size ;
-c or --create: Create a new backup file;
-C <directory>: This option is used for decompression. To decompress in a specific directory, you can use this option.
-d: log the difference of the file;
-x or --extract or --get: restore the file from the backup file;
-t or --list: list the contents of the backup file;
-z or --gzip or --ungzip : Process the backup file through the gzip command;
-Z or --compress or --uncompress: Process the backup file through the compress command;
-f <backup file> or --file=<backup file>: specify the backup file;
-v or - -verbose: display the command execution process;
-r: add files to the already compressed files;
-u: add changed and existing files to the existing compressed files;
-j: support bzip2 decompression files;
-v: display operations Process;
-l: file system boundary setting;
-k: keep the original file from being overwritten;
-m: keep the file from being overwritten;
-w: Confirm the correctness of the compressed file;
-p or --same-permissions: restore the file with the original file permissions;
-P or --absolute-names: use the absolute name of the file name, without removing the "" before the file name /";
-N <date format> or --newer=<datetime>: only save files newer than the specified date to the backup file;
--exclude=<template style>: exclude files that conform to the template style.
ps
ae lr S wxu
[root@lk ~]# ps -l
FS UID PID PPID C PRI NI ADDR SZ WCHAN TTY TIME CMD
4 S 0 31845 31841 0 80 0 - 27102 wait pts/1 00:00:00 bash
4 R 0 32395 31845 0 80 0 - 27032 - pts/1 00:00:00 ps
[root@lk ~]# ps aux
USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND
root 1 0.0 0.1 19364 1228 ? Ss Mar26 0 :03 /sbin/init
root 2 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S Mar26 0:00 [kthreadd]
root 3 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S Mar26 0:00 [migration/0]
top //Upgrade command htop
fg
bg
art
crond
crontab
le
at
scp isof
netsat dig x ifconfig ip a traceroute arp tcpdump //Packet capture file part //There are considerable loopholes mainly due to memory problems My mobile phone 2018/4/30 15:00:21 https://rl.mbd.baidu.com/ 8rxyj7f What is a file? Meaning of each paragraph? Node block? File Permissions? ~/.bash_history ~/.bash_profile ~/.profile /etc/passwd
/etc/shadow
/etc/group
/etc/gshadow
/etc/skel
/etc/login.defs
/etc/default/useradd
/etc/sudoers
/etc/fstab
/etc/sysconfig/network
/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts /ifcfg-
/etc/services
/etc/resolv.conf
/etc/hosts.allow
/etc/host.conf
/etc/sysconfig/network
/lib/modules/2.6.32-573.el6.x86_64/kernel/fs/
File extension //This part didn't care about the need to repeat the
.conf .tar .py .sh .html
file type //Re-ldbcp-
soft and hard links //Principle difference
directory structure //The role of the directory under the root directory
/home /root /bin /sbin /dev /lib /tmp /mnt /boot /proc /opt /media /selinux /var /etc /usr /lost+found /srv
other parts
wildcards //this later will talk about
special characters/ / This will be discussed later.
Redirection
does not use the system's standard input port, output port, and error port, but re-specifies
> output >> output append < input < < input append 2> error redirection &> output and error redirection
Common shortcut keys //At present, you must be proficient with the
tab key
Edit command line //C=ctrl A=Alt
C +k delete the part from the cursor to the end of the line
C +u delete the part from the cursor to the beginning of the line
A +d delete the part from the cursor The part [!$] to the end of the current word
repeats the last parameter of the previous command ***
shell simply learns
the shell-defined environment type
user -defined variable
positional parameter //heavy
predefined variable //heavy
$0 $1 $# $? $ $ $*
parameter substitution variable (need to learn again) variable expression digital comparison //re- eq means that EQUAL is equal to nq means NOT EQUAL is not equal to
gt means GREATER THAN is greater than
lt means LESS THAN is less than
ge means GREATER THAN OR EQUAL is greater than or equal to
le means LESS THAN OR EQUAL is less than or equal
Conditional Statement
Loop Statement
version number is divided into two parts, namely the kernel version and the release version. The kernel version number consists of 3 numbers: rxy
r The main version of the kernel currently released
x The even number represents the stable version; the odd number represents the version under development (testing)
y The number of bug fixes
linux user permissions
file and directory permissions
SElinux
Four software package installation methods
program? process?
front desk? Backstage?
Operation? Task?
monitor? top htop
https://rc.mbd.baidu.com/3xuajk0
https://re.mbd.baidu.com/dl8dxr6
yum ?
https://blog.csdn.net/mr_rsq/article/details/68926279
Raid ? soft Hard 0 1 5 10
disk quota?
Logical volume management //There is a knowledge omission in this
command part
ssh
ping
shutdown
-k does not really shut down the system, but only issues a warning message to all users
-r shuts down the system and restarts immediately
-c interrupts shuts down the system
-h shuts down the system without restarting the
halt
-w doesn't really reboot or shut down the system, just write "wtmp" (/var/log/wtmp) to log
reboot
init
runlevel
man
-a show all man pages instead of just the first
-f just show commands The function does not display the detailed description of the file
-w does not display the man page, only the location of the file to be formatted and displayed
type
-t: output "file", "alias" or "builtin", respectively for the given The instruction is "external instruction", "command alias" or "internal instruction";
-p: If the given instruction is an external instruction, its absolute path is displayed;
-a: In the path specified by the environment variable "PATH", Displays information for the given directive, including command aliases.
help
-s only show command syntax
help builtin commands
not builtin commands --help
whereis
-b find binary files only
-m find main files
-s find sources
-u find unusual log files
whoami
who
w
which
mkdir
-m, - -mode=mode sets the permission mode (similar to chmod) instead of rwxrwxrwx minus umask
-p, --parents Create parent directories of the target directory when needed, but do not treat as an error even if these directories already exist
-v, --verbose Display information every time a new directory is created
-Z, --context=CTX will The SELinux security environment of the created directory is set to CTX
--help show this help and exit
--version show version information and exit
cd
. .. / ~
pwd
history
ls
lhdtr S i A c -F -I
kill
pkill
alias
unalias
rm
rf (basically the same function) i (basically the same function)
Vim learn from the blog
Command line mode insert mode Last line mode
create search replace delete copy paste highlight (command)
touch
amcdt
rmdir
-p
cp
a(dpr) dfipr (basically the same function) l
mv
if
wc
lwc
ln
si
cat nbs
E
more
fcsu +num
less
head
nqv
tail
+num -num -c
sort
cdf M
uniq
du + - n
cut
fd c
comm
-1 -2 -3
diff
e(?) rcb
find +three Swordsman //I call it the Four Musketeers These four commands need to be digested and skilled to take a day to learn
vidiff
locate (not commonly used)
fqnrod
whereis
file
whatis
which
uname
amnrsv
hostname
dmesg
cal
jym
date
dsu
hwclock
echo
mesg
wall
write
clear (ctrl +l)
sync
uptime
last
sh
readonly
export
useradd
d g G m M su
passwd
-k, --keep-tokens keep auth tokens unexpired
-d, --delete delete Password for the named account ( only root can do this)
-l, --lock lock the password for the named account (root only)
-u, --unlock unlock the password for the named account (root only)
-e, --expire expire the password for the named account (root only)
-f, --force to enforce the action
-x, --maximum=DAYS maximum valid time for passwords (only root can do this)
-n, --minimum=DAYS minimum valid time for passwords (only root can do this)
-w, -- warning=DAYS How many days before the password expires to start reminding the user (only root users can do this)
-i, --inactive=DAYS How many days after the password expires the account will be disabled (only root users can do this)
-S, --status report the password status of the named account (only root can do this)
--stdin read token from standard input (only root can do this)
usermod
G l L s U ucdg
userdel
r
groupadd
gr
groupmod
gon
groupdel
gpasswd
adr
chfn
roph
chsh
su
- -l
-c
pwck
newgrp
finger
s
groups
id
g G u
chattr
who
chage
visudo
pwcov
fdisk
b l s u v
md5sum
c
mkfs
-t
mount
mount -t type dev dir
umount
r t a
stat
mkswap
free
swapon
dd
if of bs count
swapoff
chmod
u g o a + - = r w x s t
chgrp
R
df
-a, --all include dummy file systems
-B, --block-size=SIZE use SIZE-byte blocks
--direct show statistics for a file instead of mount point
--total produce a grand total
-h, --human-readable print sizes in human readable format (eg, 1K 234M 2G)
-H, --si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024
-i, --inodes display inode information instead of block usage
-k ie --block-size=1K
-l, --local only displays the local file system
--no-sync do not synchronize before getting usage data (default)
-P, --portability use POSIX-compatible output format
--sync perform synchronization action before getting usage data
-t, --type=type only display the information that the specified file system is of the specified type
-T, --print-type display the file system type
-x, --exclude-type=type only show file system information that is not the specified type
-v (ignore)
--help show this help message and exit
--version Display version information and exit
rpm
ivhqae UF l
tar //Need to improve proficiency
xfvzc rw cvf tvf xvf rvf uvf
-A or --catenate: add files to existing backup files;
-B: set block size ;
-c or --create: Create a new backup file;
-C <directory>: This option is used for decompression. To decompress in a specific directory, you can use this option.
-d: log the difference of the file;
-x or --extract or --get: restore the file from the backup file;
-t or --list: list the contents of the backup file;
-z or --gzip or --ungzip : Process the backup file through the gzip command;
-Z or --compress or --uncompress: Process the backup file through the compress command;
-f <backup file> or --file=<backup file>: specify the backup file;
-v or - -verbose: display the command execution process;
-r: add files to the already compressed files;
-u: add changed and existing files to the existing compressed files;
-j: support bzip2 decompression files;
-v: display operations Process;
-l: file system boundary setting;
-k: keep the original file from being overwritten;
-m: keep the file from being overwritten;
-w: Confirm the correctness of the compressed file;
-p or --same-permissions: restore the file with the original file permissions;
-P or --absolute-names: use the absolute name of the file name, without removing the "" before the file name /";
-N <date format> or --newer=<datetime>: only save files newer than the specified date to the backup file;
--exclude=<template style>: exclude files that conform to the template style.
ps
ae lr S wxu
[root@lk ~]# ps -l
FS UID PID PPID C PRI NI ADDR SZ WCHAN TTY TIME CMD
4 S 0 31845 31841 0 80 0 - 27102 wait pts/1 00:00:00 bash
4 R 0 32395 31845 0 80 0 - 27032 - pts/1 00:00:00 ps
[root@lk ~]# ps aux
USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND
root 1 0.0 0.1 19364 1228 ? Ss Mar26 0 :03 /sbin/init
root 2 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S Mar26 0:00 [kthreadd]
root 3 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S Mar26 0:00 [migration/0]
top //Upgrade command htop
fg
bg
art
crond
crontab
le
at
scp isof
netsat dig x ifconfig ip a traceroute arp tcpdump //Packet capture file part //There are considerable loopholes mainly due to memory problems My mobile phone 2018/4/30 15:00:21 https://rl.mbd.baidu.com/ 8rxyj7f What is a file? Meaning of each paragraph? Node block? File Permissions? ~/.bash_history ~/.bash_profile ~/.profile /etc/passwd
/etc/shadow
/etc/group
/etc/gshadow
/etc/skel
/etc/login.defs
/etc/default/useradd
/etc/sudoers
/etc/fstab
/etc/sysconfig/network
/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts /ifcfg-
/etc/services
/etc/resolv.conf
/etc/hosts.allow
/etc/host.conf
/etc/sysconfig/network
/lib/modules/2.6.32-573.el6.x86_64/kernel/fs/
File extension //This part didn't care about the need to repeat the
.conf .tar .py .sh .html
file type //Re-ldbcp-
soft and hard links //Principle difference
directory structure //The role of the directory under the root directory
/home /root /bin /sbin /dev /lib /tmp /mnt /boot /proc /opt /media /selinux /var /etc /usr /lost+found /srv
other parts
wildcards //this later will talk about
special characters/ / This will be discussed later.
Redirection
does not use the system's standard input port, output port, and error port, but re-specifies
> output >> output append < input < < input append 2> error redirection &> output and error redirection
Common shortcut keys //At present, you must be proficient with the
tab key
Edit command line //C=ctrl A=Alt
C +k delete the part from the cursor to the end of the line
C +u delete the part from the cursor to the beginning of the line
A +d delete the part from the cursor The part [!$] to the end of the current word
repeats the last parameter of the previous command ***
shell simply learns
the shell-defined environment type
user -defined variable
positional parameter //heavy
predefined variable //heavy
$0 $1 $# $? $ $ $*
parameter substitution variable (need to learn again) variable expression digital comparison //re- eq means that EQUAL is equal to nq means NOT EQUAL is not equal to
gt means GREATER THAN is greater than
lt means LESS THAN is less than
ge means GREATER THAN OR EQUAL is greater than or equal to
le means LESS THAN OR EQUAL is less than or equal
Conditional Statement
Loop Statement