exception handling

1. What is an exception

Exceptions are signals from errors

Once the program fails, if the program does not have a corresponding processing mechanism, then the error will generate an exception and the program will run and terminate

Exceptions are mainly divided into three parts:

1. Abnormal tracking information

2. Types of exceptions

3. Unusual values

Exception classification:

1. Syntax exception

Syntax exception is the lowest level exception in programming, it will be recognized by the python interpreter when it is written, and it will be corrected before execution

#Syntax error example 1 
if 
#Syntax error example 2 
def test:
     pass #Syntax 
error example 3 
class Foo
     pass #Syntax 
error example 4 
print (haha

Grammatical errors

2. Logic exception

Common logical exceptions are as follows:
 # IndexError 
l=[ ' egon ' , ' aa ' ]
l[3]

#KeyError
dic={'name':'egon'}
dic['age']

#AttributeError
class Foo:pass
Foo.x

# TypeError: int is not iterable 
for i in 3 :
     pass

#ValueError
num=input(">>: ") #输入hello
int(num)

# ZeroDivisionError: Could not complete calculation 
res1=1/ 0
res2 = 1 + ' str '

logical exception

Different exceptions in python can be identified by different types (classes and types are unified in python, and types are classes), and an exception identifies an error

AttributeError attempting to access a tree that an object does not have, such as foo.x, but foo has no attribute x
IOError input / output exception; basically the file cannot be opened
ImportError cannot import module or package; basically path problem or wrong name
IndentationError syntax error (subclass of); code is not properly aligned
IndexError 下标索引超出序列边界，比如当x只有三个元素，却试图访问x[5]
KeyError 试图访问字典里不存在的键
KeyboardInterrupt Ctrl+C被按下
NameError 使用一个还未被赋予对象的变量
SyntaxError Python代码非法，代码不能编译(个人认为这是语法错误，写错了）
TypeError 传入对象类型与要求的不符合
UnboundLocalError 试图访问一个还未被设置的局部变量，基本上是由于另有一个同名的全局变量，
导致你以为正在访问它
ValueError 传入一个调用者不期望的值，即使值的类型是正确的

常用异常

ArithmeticError
AssertionError
AttributeError
BaseException
BufferError
BytesWarning
DeprecationWarning
EnvironmentError
EOFError
Exception
FloatingPointError
FutureWarning
GeneratorExit
ImportError
ImportWarning
IndentationError
IndexError
IOError
KeyboardInterrupt
KeyError
LookupError
MemoryError
NameError
NotImplementedError
OSError
OverflowError
PendingDeprecationWarning
ReferenceError
RuntimeError
RuntimeWarning
StandardError
StopIteration
SyntaxError
SyntaxWarning
SystemError
SystemExit
TabError
TypeError
UnboundLocalError
UnicodeDecodeError
UnicodeEncodeError
UnicodeError
UnicodeTranslateError
UnicodeWarning
UserWarning
ValueError
Warning
ZeroDivisionError

了解异常

2、异常处理

为了保证程序的健壮性与容错性，即在遇到错误时程序不会崩溃，我们需要对异常进行处理，

如果错误发生的条件是可预知的，我们需要用if进行处理：在错误发生之前进行预防

AGE=10
while True:
    age=input('>>: ').strip()
    if age.isdigit(): #只有在age为字符串形式的整数时,下列代码才不会出错,该条件是可预知的
        age=int(age)
        if age == AGE:
            print('you got it')
            break

预防处理

如果错误发生的条件是不可预知的，则需要用到try...except：在错误发生之后进行处理

#基本语法为
try:
    被检测的代码块
except 异常类型：
    try中一旦检测到异常，就执行这个位置的逻辑
#举例
try:
    f=open('a.txt')
    g=(line.strip() for line in f)
    print(next(g))
    print(next(g))
    print(next(g))
    print(next(g))
    print(next(g))
except StopIteration:
    f.close()

发生后处理

#1 异常类只能用来处理指定的异常情况，如果非指定异常则无法处理。
s1 = 'hello'
try:
    int(s1)
except IndexError as e: # 未捕获到异常，程序直接报错
    print e

#2 多分支
s1 = 'hello'
try:
    int(s1)
except IndexError as e:
    print(e)
except KeyError as e:
    print(e)
except ValueError as e:
    print(e)

#3 万能异常Exception
s1 = 'hello'
try:
    int(s1)
except Exception as e:
    print(e)

#4 多分支异常与万能异常
#4.1 如果你想要的效果是，无论出现什么异常，我们统一丢弃，或者使用同一段代码逻辑去处理他们，那么骚年，大胆的去做吧，只有一个Exception就足够了。
#4.2 如果你想要的效果是，对于不同的异常我们需要定制不同的处理逻辑，那就需要用到多分支了。

#5 也可以在多分支后来一个Exception
s1 = 'hello'
try:
    int(s1)
except IndexError as e:
    print(e)
except KeyError as e:
    print(e)
except ValueError as e:
    print(e)
except Exception as e:
    print(e)

#6 异常的其他机构
s1 = 'hello'
try:
    int(s1)
except IndexError as e:
    print(e)
except KeyError as e:
    print(e)
except ValueError as e:
    print(e)
#except Exception as e:
#    print(e)
else:
    print('try内代码块没有异常则执行我')   # try...else不能单独调用，必须与except连用
finally:
    print('无论异常与否,都会执行该模块,通常是进行清理工作')

#7 主动触发异常
try:
    raise TypeError('类型错误')
except Exception as e:
    print(e)

#8 自定义异常
class EgonException(BaseException):
    def __init__(self,msg):
        self.msg=msg
    def __str__(self):
        return self.msg

try:
    raise EgonException('类型错误')
except EgonException as e:
    print(e)

#9 断言:assert 条件
assert 1 == 1  
assert 1 == 2

#10 总结try..except

1：把错误处理和真正的工作分开来
2：代码更易组织，更清晰，复杂的工作任务更容易实现；
3：毫无疑问，更安全了，不至于由于一些小的疏忽而使程序意外崩溃了；

全面处理方式

3、异常处理的使用场合

try...except只是我们附加给程序的一种异常处理的逻辑，并不能真正的帮我们解决异常，将它在程序当中加多了只能让我们的程序的可读性变得更差，只有在错误的发生我们无法预知的情况下才应该加上try...except，在其他时候加入

会影响我们程序正常的处理

Exception handling, network programming

exception handling

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