NFS（ Network File System）即网络文件系统，是 FreeBSD 支持的文件系统中的一种，它允许网络中的计算机之间通过 TCP/IP 网络共享资源。在 NFS 的应用中， NFS 的客户端应用可以透明地读写位于远端 NFS 服务器上的文件，就像访问本地文件一样。使用 NFS，可以很方便的将 PC 上编译好的程序或者一些其他文件复制到开发板上调试，省去了频繁插拔 U 盘的繁琐。要实现 NFS 文件系统，需要现在 PC 的 Ubuntu 系统搭建好 NFS 服务器，并设置共享目录，开发板挂载该共享目录，达到文件传输的功能。
在开发初期，开发者可能需要经常更改或更换 rootfs，把 rootfs 用 NFS 的方式挂载， 这样可以大幅减少开发的时程。
一、修改内核配置。
1、修改bootargs，Boot options。
Boot options --->
Default kernel coomand string
CONFIG_CMDLINE="noinitrd nfsroot=198.168.1.18:/mnt/nfs/nuc970/rootfs,v3,nolock rw ip=198.168.1.25:198.168.1.18:198.168.1.1:255.255.255.0::eth0:off init=/linuxrc console=ttyS0,115200n8 rdinit=/sbin/init mem=64M"或通ubboot过命令配置
setenv bootargs noinitrd nfsroot=198.168.1.18:/mnt/nfs/nuc970/rootfs,v3,nolock rw ip=198.168.1.25:198.168.1.18:198.168.1.1:255.255.255.0::eth0:off init=/linuxrc console=ttyS0,115200n8 rdinit=/sbin/init mem=64M说明：bootargs
a、root=/dev/nfs
/dev/nfs并非真的设备，而是一个告诉内核要通过网络取得根文件系统。
b、nfsroot=[<server-ip>:]<root-dir>[,<nfs-options>]
参数nfsroot告诉内核以哪一台机器的哪个目录以及哪个网络文件系统选项作为根文件系统使用。
<server-ip> 指定网络文件系统服务端的IP地址。如果没有指定定，则使用nfsaddrs变量指定的值。
<root-dir> 服务端上要作为根文件系统要挂载的目录名称。
<nfs-options>--标准的网络文件系统选项，所有选项都以逗号分开。如果没有给定此选项栏位则使用下列的预设值：
port = as given by server portmap daemon
rsize = 1024
wsize = 1024
timeo = 7
retrans = 3
acregmin = 3
acregmax = 60
acdirmin = 30
acdirmax = 60
flags = hard, nointr, noposix, cto, ac
c、nfsaddrs=<my-ip>:<serv-ip>:<gw-ip >:<netmask>:<name>:<dev>:<auto>
参数ip设定网络通讯所需的各种网络接口地址。 如果没有给定这个参数，则内核核会试着使用反向地址解析协议或是启动协议(BOOTP)以找出这些参数。
<ipaddr> 客户端的IP地址。
<serverip> 网络文件系统服务端的IP地址。
<gatewayip> 网关(gateway)的IP地址。
<netmask> 本地网络的网络掩码。如果为空白，则掩码由客户端的IP地址导出。
<name> 客户端的名称。如果空白，则使用客户端IP地址的ASCII标记值。
<dev> 要使用的网络设备名称。如果你只有一个设备，那么你可以不管它。一般指定为eth0。
<auto> 用以作为自动配置的方法。，可以是on可以是off。
d、init=/linuxrc
指定初始化文件
e、console=ttySAC2,115200
控制台选择
2、启动网络功能，Networking options。
[*] Networking support --->
Networking options --->
[*] IP: kernel level autoconfiguration
3、启动 NFS 文件系统的功能。
File systems --->
[*] Network File Systems --->
<*> NFS client support
[*] Root file system on NFS
4、重新编译并烧录内核。
二、挂载 NFS 网络文件系统为系统根目录。
1、复制嵌入式linux文件系统到 NFS 共享路径下。
2、直接重新启动系统。
首次系统会进行ip适配。
VFS: Mounted root (nfs filesystem) on device 0:11.
devtmpfs: mounted
Freeing unused kernel memory: 272K (c0560000 - c05a4000)
nfs: server 198.168.1.18 not responding, still trying
nfs: server 198.168.1.18 not responding, still trying
nfs: server 198.168.1.18 OK
nfs: server 198.168.1.18 OK
BusyBox v1.22.1 (2016-02-03 14:11:04 CST) built-in shell (ash)
Enter 'help' for a list of built-in commands.
~ #
第二次启动系统。
VFS: Mounted root (nfs filesystem) on device 0:11.
devtmpfs: mounted
Freeing unused kernel memory: 272K (c0560000 - c05a4000)
BusyBox v1.22.1 (2016-02-03 14:11:04 CST) built-in shell (ash)
Enter 'help' for a list of built-in commands.
~ #
3、uboot下配置uboot网络参数相关环境变量。
设置启动参数。开机 uboot 倒计时时输入任意键，进入 uboot 命令模式。
设置arm板的 ip
setenv ipaddr 198.168.1.25设置 ubuntu 服务器的 ip
setenv serverip 198.168.1.18设置子网掩码
setenv netmask 255.255.255.0保存环境变量
saveenv 测试 uboot 下是否可以接入网络。设置完成后arm板重上电，再次进入uboot 命令模式， 使用 ping 命令测试联网是否成功，若出现 host 198.168.1.18
is alive， 说明网络已经连接好了。
=> setenv ipaddr 198.168.1.25
=> setenv serverip 198.168.1.18
=> ping 198.168.1.1
Using emac device
host 198.168.1.1 is alive
=>
arm板重新上电重启。 NFS 网络文件系统加载成功如下。
..........................................nuc970-emac0 nuc970-emac0: eth0 is OPENED
...................IP-Config: Complete:
device=eth0, hwaddr=08:00:27:00:01:92, ipaddr=198.168.1.25, mask=255.255.255.0, gw=198.168.1.1
...... host=198.168.1.25, domain=, nis-domain=(none)
bootserver=198.168.1.18, rootserver=198.168.1.18, rootpath=........
ALSA device list:
#0: nuc970_IIS
........................................................................................
nt99141 2-002a: sensor_read: i2c read error, reg: 0x3000
nt99141 2-002a: sensor_read: i2c read error, reg: 0x3001
Sensor Chip_Version_H = 0x30(0x14) Chip_Version_L = 0x60(0x10)
driver i2c initial fail
nuvoton_cap_device_probe video0, main sensor registeration fail.
platform nuc970-videoin: Driver nuc970-cap requests probe deferral
VFS: Mounted root (nfs filesystem) on device 0:11.
devtmpfs: mounted
Freeing unused kernel memory: 272K (c0560000 - c05a4000)
BusyBox v1.22.1 (2016-02-03 14:11:04 CST) built-in shell (ash)
Enter 'help' for a list of built-in commands.
~ #
4、启动参数打印。
Kernel command line: noinitrd root=/dev/nfs nfsroot=198.168.1.18:/mnt/nfs/nuc970/rootfs,v3,nolock rw ip=198.168.1.25:198.168.1.18:198.168.1.1:255.255.255.0::eth0:off init=/linuxrc console=ttyS0,115200n8 mem=64M
..........................................nuc970-emac0 nuc970-emac0: eth0 is OPENED
...................IP-Config: Complete:
device=eth0, hwaddr=08:00:27:00:01:92, ipaddr=198.168.1.25, mask=255.255.255.0, gw=198.168.1.1
...... host=198.168.1.25, domain=, nis-domain=(none)
bootserver=198.168.1.18, rootserver=198.168.1.18, rootpath=........
ALSA device list:
#0: nuc970_IIS
........................................................................................
nt99141 2-002a: sensor_read: i2c read error, reg: 0x3000
nt99141 2-002a: sensor_read: i2c read error, reg: 0x3001
Sensor Chip_Version_H = 0x30(0x14) Chip_Version_L = 0x60(0x10)
driver i2c initial fail
nuvoton_cap_device_probe video0, main sensor registeration fail.
platform nuc970-videoin: Driver nuc970-cap requests probe deferral
VFS: Mounted root (nfs filesystem) on device 0:11.
devtmpfs: mounted
Freeing unused kernel memory: 272K (c0560000 - c05a4000)
BusyBox v1.22.1 (2016-02-03 14:11:04 CST) built-in shell (ash)
Enter 'help' for a list of built-in commands.
~ #
附：
1、打印uboot环境变量
=> printenv
baudrate=115200
bootcmd=nboot 0x7fc0 0 0x200000; bootm 0x7fc0
bootdelay=1
ethact=emac
ethaddr=00:00:00:11:66:88
ipaddr=198.168.1.25
netmask=255.255.255.0
serverip=198.168.1.18
stderr=serial
stdin=serial
stdout=serial
Environment size: 240/65532 bytes
=>
2、nfsroot参数详解
有关nfs的详细说明，在内核文档中：kernel//Documentation/filesystems/nfsroot.txt。
Mounting the root filesystem via NFS (nfsroot)
===============================================
Written 1996 by Gero Kuhlmann <[email protected]>
Updated 1997 by Martin Mares <[email protected]>
Updated 2006 by Nico Schottelius <[email protected]>
Updated 2006 by Horms <[email protected]>
In order to use a diskless system, such as an X-terminal or printer server
for example, it is necessary for the root filesystem to be present on a
non-disk device. This may be an initramfs (see Documentation/filesystems/
ramfs-rootfs-initramfs.txt), a ramdisk (see Documentation/initrd.txt) or a
filesystem mounted via NFS. The following text describes on how to use NFS
for the root filesystem. For the rest of this text 'client' means the
diskless system, and 'server' means the NFS server.
1.) Enabling nfsroot capabilities
-----------------------------
In order to use nfsroot, NFS client support needs to be selected as
built-in during configuration. Once this has been selected, the nfsroot
option will become available, which should also be selected.
In the networking options, kernel level autoconfiguration can be selected,
along with the types of autoconfiguration to support. Selecting all of
DHCP, BOOTP and RARP is safe.
2.) Kernel command line
-------------------
When the kernel has been loaded by a boot loader (see below) it needs to be
told what root fs device to use. And in the case of nfsroot, where to find
both the server and the name of the directory on the server to mount as root.
This can be established using the following kernel command line parameters:
root=/dev/nfs
This is necessary to enable the pseudo-NFS-device. Note that it's not a
real device but just a synonym to tell the kernel to use NFS instead of
a real device.
nfsroot=[<server-ip>:]<root-dir>[,<nfs-options>]
If the `nfsroot' parameter is NOT given on the command line,
the default "/tftpboot/%s" will be used.
<server-ip> Specifies the IP address of the NFS server.
The default address is determined by the `ip' parameter
(see below). This parameter allows the use of different
servers for IP autoconfiguration and NFS.
<root-dir> Name of the directory on the server to mount as root.
If there is a "%s" token in the string, it will be
replaced by the ASCII-representation of the client's
IP address.
<nfs-options> Standard NFS options. All options are separated by commas.
The following defaults are used:
port = as given by server portmap daemon
rsize = 4096
wsize = 4096
timeo = 7
retrans = 3
acregmin = 3
acregmax = 60
acdirmin = 30
acdirmax = 60
flags = hard, nointr, noposix, cto, ac
ip=<client-ip>:<server-ip>:<gw-ip>:<netmask>:<hostname>:<device>:<autoconf>:
<dns0-ip>:<dns1-ip>
This parameter tells the kernel how to configure IP addresses of devices
and also how to set up the IP routing table. It was originally called
`nfsaddrs', but now the boot-time IP configuration works independently of
NFS, so it was renamed to `ip' and the old name remained as an alias for
compatibility reasons.
If this parameter is missing from the kernel command line, all fields are
assumed to be empty, and the defaults mentioned below apply. In general
this means that the kernel tries to configure everything using
autoconfiguration.
The <autoconf> parameter can appear alone as the value to the `ip'
parameter (without all the ':' characters before). If the value is
"ip=off" or "ip=none", no autoconfiguration will take place, otherwise
autoconfiguration will take place. The most common way to use this
is "ip=dhcp".
<client-ip> IP address of the client.
Default: Determined using autoconfiguration.
<server-ip> IP address of the NFS server. If RARP is used to determine
the client address and this parameter is NOT empty only
replies from the specified server are accepted.
Only required for NFS root. That is autoconfiguration
will not be triggered if it is missing and NFS root is not
in operation.
Default: Determined using autoconfiguration.
The address of the autoconfiguration server is used.
<gw-ip> IP address of a gateway if the server is on a different subnet.
Default: Determined using autoconfiguration.
<netmask> Netmask for local network interface. If unspecified
the netmask is derived from the client IP address assuming
classful addressing.
Default: Determined using autoconfiguration.
<hostname> Name of the client. May be supplied by autoconfiguration,
but its absence will not trigger autoconfiguration.
If specified and DHCP is used, the user provided hostname will
be carried in the DHCP request to hopefully update DNS record.
Default: Client IP address is used in ASCII notation.
<device> Name of network device to use.
Default: If the host only has one device, it is used.
Otherwise the device is determined using
autoconfiguration. This is done by sending
autoconfiguration requests out of all devices,
and using the device that received the first reply.
<autoconf> Method to use for autoconfiguration. In the case of options
which specify multiple autoconfiguration protocols,
requests are sent using all protocols, and the first one
to reply is used.
Only autoconfiguration protocols that have been compiled
into the kernel will be used, regardless of the value of
this option.
off or none: don't use autoconfiguration
(do static IP assignment instead)
on or any: use any protocol available in the kernel
(default)
dhcp: use DHCP
bootp: use BOOTP
rarp: use RARP
both: use both BOOTP and RARP but not DHCP
(old option kept for backwards compatibility)
Default: any
<dns0-ip> IP address of first nameserver.
Value gets exported by /proc/net/pnp which is often linked
on embedded systems by /etc/resolv.conf.
<dns1-ip> IP address of secound nameserver.
Same as above.
nfsrootdebug
This parameter enables debugging messages to appear in the kernel
log at boot time so that administrators can verify that the correct
NFS mount options, server address, and root path are passed to the
NFS client.
rdinit=<executable file>
To specify which file contains the program that starts system
initialization, administrators can use this command line parameter.
The default value of this parameter is "/init". If the specified
file exists and the kernel can execute it, root filesystem related
kernel command line parameters, including `nfsroot=', are ignored.
A description of the process of mounting the root file system can be
found in:
Documentation/early-userspace/README
3.) Boot Loader
----------
To get the kernel into memory different approaches can be used.
They depend on various facilities being available:
3.1) Booting from a floppy using syslinux
When building kernels, an easy way to create a boot floppy that uses
syslinux is to use the zdisk or bzdisk make targets which use zimage
and bzimage images respectively. Both targets accept the
FDARGS parameter which can be used to set the kernel command line.
e.g.
make bzdisk FDARGS="root=/dev/nfs"
Note that the user running this command will need to have
access to the floppy drive device, /dev/fd0
For more information on syslinux, including how to create bootdisks
for prebuilt kernels, see http://syslinux.zytor.com/
N.B: Previously it was possible to write a kernel directly to
a floppy using dd, configure the boot device using rdev, and
boot using the resulting floppy. Linux no longer supports this
method of booting.
3.2) Booting from a cdrom using isolinux
When building kernels, an easy way to create a bootable cdrom that
uses isolinux is to use the isoimage target which uses a bzimage
image. Like zdisk and bzdisk, this target accepts the FDARGS
parameter which can be used to set the kernel command line.
e.g.
make isoimage FDARGS="root=/dev/nfs"
The resulting iso image will be arch/<ARCH>/boot/image.iso
This can be written to a cdrom using a variety of tools including
cdrecord.
e.g.
cdrecord dev=ATAPI:1,0,0 arch/x86/boot/image.iso
For more information on isolinux, including how to create bootdisks
for prebuilt kernels, see http://syslinux.zytor.com/
3.2) Using LILO
When using LILO all the necessary command line parameters may be
specified using the 'append=' directive in the LILO configuration
file.
However, to use the 'root=' directive you also need to create
a dummy root device, which may be removed after LILO is run.
mknod /dev/boot255 c 0 255
For information on configuring LILO, please refer to its documentation.
3.3) Using GRUB
When using GRUB, kernel parameter are simply appended after the kernel
specification: kernel <kernel> <parameters>
3.4) Using loadlin
loadlin may be used to boot Linux from a DOS command prompt without
requiring a local hard disk to mount as root. This has not been
thoroughly tested by the authors of this document, but in general
it should be possible configure the kernel command line similarly
to the configuration of LILO.
Please refer to the loadlin documentation for further information.
3.5) Using a boot ROM
This is probably the most elegant way of booting a diskless client.
With a boot ROM the kernel is loaded using the TFTP protocol. The
authors of this document are not aware of any no commercial boot
ROMs that support booting Linux over the network. However, there
are two free implementations of a boot ROM, netboot-nfs and
etherboot, both of which are available on sunsite.unc.edu, and both
of which contain everything you need to boot a diskless Linux client.
3.6) Using pxelinux
Pxelinux may be used to boot linux using the PXE boot loader
which is present on many modern network cards.
When using pxelinux, the kernel image is specified using
"kernel <relative-path-below /tftpboot>". The nfsroot parameters
are passed to the kernel by adding them to the "append" line.
It is common to use serial console in conjunction with pxeliunx,
see Documentation/serial-console.txt for more information.
For more information on isolinux, including how to create bootdisks
for prebuilt kernels, see http://syslinux.zytor.com/
4.) Credits
-------
The nfsroot code in the kernel and the RARP support have been written
by Gero Kuhlmann <[email protected]>.
The rest of the IP layer autoconfiguration code has been written
by Martin Mares <[email protected]>.
In order to write the initial version of nfsroot I would like to thank
Jens-Uwe Mager <[email protected]> for his help.